To Thi Tham v. Torture Claims Appeal Board / Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office

HCAL 738/2020

[2025] HKCFI 3739

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST No. 738 of 2020

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review
NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord. 53 r. 3)

Following;

	consideration of the documents only;            or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions from the Applicant in open court;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge (Non-refoulement Claims) YW Hew:

1.  The Form 86 is amended on the Court’s own motion, naming only the Torture Claims Appeal Board/Non-Refoulement Claims Petition Office as the Putative Respondent and only the Director of Immigration as the Putative Interested Party, and by replacing “08-04-20” with “9 April 2020”;

2.  Application for leave to apply for Judicial Review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

Introduction

1.The Applicant is a national of Vietnam. By a Form 86 filed on 22 April 2020 (“Form 86”), and a supporting affirmation also filed on 22 April 2020 (“the Affirmation”) she sought leave to apply for judicial review.

2.The Applicant sought an oral hearing of her application. She appeared at such and confirmed that the relevant decision relating to her application for leave was a decision dated 9 April 2020, which was one of the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“TCAB”)/Non‑Refoulement Claims Petition Office (“NCRPO”) (“TCAB Decision”) [1]. She said she had nothing else to add.

3.I have hence amended the Form 86 of my own motion to reflect the identity of the proper putative respondent and interested party, and the decision in respect of which relief is sought. I will use the abbreviations and definitions from the TCAB Decision unless otherwise specified herein.

Background

4.The Applicant’s background and case as to the incidents underlying her claim for non‑refoulement relief are set out in the TCAB Decision. I will not repeat them but, in essence:

a.  The Applicant claimed non-refoulement protection on the basis that if she were sent back to Vietnam she would be harmed or killed by her creditor and his underlings for failing to pay her debt;

b.  The claim was assessed on the grounds of Torture Risk[2], BOR 2 Risk[3], BOR 3 Risk[4], and Persecution Risk[5] and was rejected by the Director of Immigration (“Director”) in a decision dated 27 November 2019 (“Director’s Decision”);

c.  The Applicant then petitioned/appealed to the TCAB/NRCPO, which held a hearing in relation to the Applicant’s non-refoulement claims on 31 March 2020; and

d.  The TCAB/NRCPO then handed down the TCAB Decision which rejected the Applicant’s petition/appeal, and confirmed the Director’s Decision.

Legal Principles

5.An applicant, even one acting in person, is required to identify the grounds of judicial review clearly and succinctly in the Form 86, and to fully and frankly disclose all material facts and potential legal answers (Ho Loy & Another v Director of Environmental Protection, unrep. HCAL 21/2015, 22 December 2016, Chow J. (as he was then) at §142; Leung Kwok Hung, unrep., HCAL 83/2012, 28 September 2013, Lam J. (as he was then) at §35; Begum Khadija [2018] HKCA 571; Khan Kamran [2020] HKCA 380).

6.It is trite that the role of the Court in a judicial review is not to provide a further avenue of appeal, and that the Court should not usurp the role of the TCAB/NRCPO which is (and together with the Director are) the primary decision‑makers. The assessment of evidence, COI materials, and credibility, risk of harm, state protection and viability of internal relocation are primarily within the province of the TCAB/NRCPO and the Director, which are entitled to make evaluations based on the evidence available and to decide the weight to be given to them. While the Court will adopt an enhanced standard in scrutinising the decision of the Board due to the seriousness of the issue at hand, the court will not intervene by way of judicial review unless there are errors of law or procedural unfairness or irrationality in the decision of the TCAB/NRCPO. (Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524; Re Kartini [2019] HKCA 1022; Re Rupinder Singh [2021] HKCA 886).

7.In order for me to give leave for judicial review, I have to be satisfied that there is an intended ground of review which is reasonably arguable, which is one that enjoys a realistic prospect of success (Po Fun Chan v Winnie Cheung (2007) 10 HKCFAR 676). As a leave application of this sort is meant to be a filtering process, I am not expected to give elaborate reasons for my decision (see Re Zunariyah [2018] HKCA 14, at §23).

Discussion

8.As the Applicant has not identified or set out any grounds of judicial review in the Form 86 or Affirmation, there is no allegation of any procedural unfairness in relation to, of any error of law in, and/or of any irrationality/failure to meet the enhanced Wednesbury test in, the TCAB Decision.

9.However, given the seriousness of the issues at hand, I have considered the TCAB Decision with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, applying the enhanced Wednesbury standard and bearing in mind the need for a high standard of fairness.

10.The TCAB/NRCPO began by setting out the Applicant’s case underlying her non‑refoulement claims, as well as her immigration and procedural history (Paragraphs 1 to 5), followed by the order in which the decision-maker would assess the claim (Paragraph 6).

11.The decision-maker then assessed the Applicant’s evidence, finding that her statements as to the borrowing of money, running a business, and being pursued for a debt (including incidents of violence) were vague, unsupported by specific details, and contradictory. She did not accept the Applicant’s core claim that she had borrowed money to run a business, and held that the Applicant’s claims could not be accepted even to the applicable standard of proof. Moreover, even if the existence of the debt and the attendant incidents of threat and harassment were accepted, the evidence did not establish that there was a genuine or foreseeable risk that she would be seriously harmed or killed (Paragraphs 7 to 24).

12.The TCAB/NRCPO then went on to find that in any event state protection was available (Paragraphs 25 to 26), and that Torture Risk, BOR 3 Risk, BOR 2 Risk, and Persecution Risk were not made out, having regard to relevant principles and the evidence before it (Paragraphs 27 to 41). Moreover, even if there was a risk of harm, it was localised, there was no evidence to suggest that the creditor had the manpower and resources to search for and harm the Applicant in every part of Vietnam, and internal relocation (in particular to Danang or Ho Chi Minh City) was available and would not be unduly harsh nor unreasonable (Paragraphs 42 to 46). The TCAB/NRCPO hence dismissed the appeal/petition and confirmed the Director’s Decision (Paragraphs 47).

13.I do not, from my examination and scrutiny, see that the Applicant has any reasonably arguable case that there was procedural unfairness (bearing in mind the need for a high standard of fairness), an error of law, and/or irrationality/failure to meet the enhanced Wednesbury test sufficient to vitiate the TCAB Decision. This is especially so as to the assessment, reasoning, and findings regarding the Applicant’s credibility and evidence, risk of harm, Torture Risk, Persecution Risk, BOR 3 Risk, BOR 2 Risk, and internal relocation, which are all matters primarily within the province of the decision-making body.

14.There is hence no basis for the court to intervene by way of judicial review, and I am not satisfied that there are any reasonably arguable grounds for judicial review which enjoy a realistic prospect of success.

Conclusion

15.In the circumstances I have ordered that the application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed and made the other orders above.

16.The Applicant may make an appointment with my clerk for this decision to be interpreted to her in Chinese, if she wishes.

Dated the 26^th day of August 2025

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1