Case Document

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HCAL 2150/2023

[2026] HKCFI 4406

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 2150 OF 2023

BETWEEN
	Sirait Ernita	Applicant
	and
	Torture Claims Appeal Board	Putative Respondent

	and
	Director of Immigration	Putative Interested Party

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following:

consideration of the documents only; or

consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge Bruno Chan:

1. Extension of time for the application for leave to apply for Judicial Review of the decision of Torture Claims Appeal Board dated 11 July 2023 be refused; and

2. The application for leave to apply for Judicial Review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.The Applicant is a 34-year-old national of Indonesia who last arrived in Hong Kong on 22 July 2020 with permission to continue to work as a foreign domestic helper until the expiration of her employment contract on 24 February 2022 or within 14 days of its early termination, but when her employment was prematurely terminated on 28 October 2021, she did not depart and instead overstayed, and was arrested by police on 10 January 2022. After she was referred to the Immigration Department for investigation, she raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if she returned to Indonesia she would be harmed or killed by her mother’s creditor over her mother’s unpaid debts. She was subsequently released on recognizance pending the determination of her claim.

2.The Applicant was born and raised in Pematang Siantar, Indonesia. After leaving school she worked in the factories in her home district to make her living, and in 2017 she went to Singapore to work as a cashier in a hotel there.

3.In 2018 she returned to her home in Indonesia and learnt that her mother had borrowed a loan from some local bank to settle her previous debts, and for which her mother needed the Applicant’s help to repay her bank loan by monthly instalments and interests, and so the Applicant later in May 2018 came to Hong Kong to work as a foreign domestic helper so that she could remit money to her mother for her loan repayments.

4.However, after her last employment was terminated in October 2021, she was unable to remit any money to her mother for her loan repayments, whereupon she was told by her mother that her creditor had sent men to threaten them, and so the Applicant was afraid to return to Indonesia and therefore overstayed in Hong Kong, and upon her subsequent arrest by the police she then raised her non-refoulement claim for protection, for which she completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 30 May 2022 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation from the Duty Lawyer Service (“DLS”).

5.By a Notice of Decision dated 29 June 2022 the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap. 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of her absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap. 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

6.In his decision the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and assessed the level of risk of harm from her mother’s creditor upon her return to Indonesia as low due to the absence of any past ill-treatment on her from the creditor, that there is no evidence of any real intention of her mother’s creditor to seriously harm or kill her other than to press her to repay her mother’s debts, that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her mother and her creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in Indonesia with a large population of 275 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 1.9 million square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from her home district in large cities such as Jakarta or Denpasar where it would be difficult if not impossible for anyone to locate her.

7.On 13 July 2022 the Applicant lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which she attended an oral hearing on 6 June 2023 before the Board during which she gave evidence and answered questions raised of her claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 11 July 2023 her appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

8.In its decision[1] the Board found material inconsistencies discrepancies and implausibility in the Applicant’s evidence that it doubted the credibility of her claim of fear of harm from her mother’s creditor that caused her to overstay in Hong Kong to seek protection, that even if her account of events in Indonesia were true that there was no reliable evidence of any real intention of her mother’s creditor to seriously harm or kill her other than to press her to repay her mother’s debts, and that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her mother and her creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant upon her return to Indonesia as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for her to move safely to other parts of the country away from her home district without any risk of being located by anyone that her claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

9.On 1 December 2023 the Applicant filed her Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but no ground for seeking relief was given in her Form or her supporting affirmation of the same date in which she just repeated her claim as before but without putting forth any proper ground for her intended challenge.

10.By then the Applicant was also out of time with her application, as Order 53 rule 4(1) of the Rules of the High Court, Cap. 4A requires that an application for leave to apply for judicial review be made promptly and in any event within three months from the day when grounds for the application first arose unless the Court considers that there is good reason to extend the period within which the application shall be made.

11.As the last day of the three-month period for her to file his Form 86 fell on 11 November 2023 after discounting the month of August 2023 for court’s vacation, the Applicant was therefore some 3 weeks late with her application, and in considering whether to extend time, the Court shall have regard to (i) the length of the delay; (ii) the reason for the delay; (iii) the merits of the intended application; and (iv) any prejudice to the putative respondent and to public administration: AW v Director of Immigration [2016] 2 HKC 393.

12.In the Applicant’s case, a delay of 3 weeks must be considered as substantial and inordinate, for which she did not provide any explanation or reasons in her Form or affirmation, and as the record shows that the decision was sent on the same day to her then reported address without being returned through undelivered post, I am unable to see any good or valid reason for her serious delay.

13.As for the merits, if any, of her intended application, as noted above that the Applicant has also failed to put forward any proper ground for her intended challenge, and in the absence of any error of law or irrationality or procedural unfairness in her process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any merits in her intended application either.

14.As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

15.In the Applicant’s case, the fact is that it has been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in her claim even if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for her to relocate to other part of Indonesia, there is simply no justification to afford her with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

16.In the premises, and having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

17.It is also of note that the Applicant recently on 3 July 2026 in writing requested to “close” her case as she now wants to return to Indonesia but without any explanation as to what has happened to her claimed risk in her home country.

18.As I am for the given reasons not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, and in the absence of any good reason for her serious delay, I refuse to extend time and accordingly dismiss her leave application.

Dated the 6^th day of August 2026

(Chung Lai Fan, Christine)
for Registrar, High Court

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Notes for the Applicant: If leave has been granted, the Applicant or the Applicant’s solicitors must:
a) serve on the respondent and such interested parties as may be directed by the Court the order granting leave and any directions given within 14 days after the leave was granted (Order 53, rule 4A); b) issue the originating summons within 14 days after the grant of leave and serve it in accordance with Order 53, rule 5; and c) supply to every other party copies of every affidavit which the Applicant proposes to use at the hearing, including the affidavit in support of the application for leave (Order 53, rule 6(5)).		Sent to the Applicant on 6 August 2026 Sirait Ernita Applicant’s ref. no.: Nil.		Sent to the Putative Respondent / the Putative Respondent’s solicitors / such Putative Interested Parties as may be directed by the Court / the Putative Interested Parties’ solicitors on 6 August 2026 Torture Claims Appeal Board Putative Respondent’s ref. no.: USM 20626 Director of Immigration Putative Interested Party’s ref. no.: Immd/CR T/C 404/22 (formerly RBCZ 5000299/22) Department of Justice, Senior Assistant Law Officer (Civil Law) (Civil Litigation Unit 2)