Case Document

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HCAL 2160/2023

[2026] HKCFI 4698

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 2160 OF 2023

BETWEEN

	Astria-Amelia	Applicant
	and
	Torture Claims Appeal Board	Putative
		Respondent
	and
	Director of Immigration	Putative
		Interested Party

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following:

consideration of the documents only; or

consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge Bruno Chan:

The application for leave to apply for Judicial Review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.The Applicant is a 31-year-old national of Indonesia who arrived in Hong Kong on 17 December 2021 with permission to work as a foreign domestic helper until the expiration of her employment contract on 17 December 2023 or within 14 days of its early termination, but when her employment was prematurely terminated on 3 May 2022, she did not depart and instead overstayed, and was arrested by police more than 10 months later on 30 March 2023. After she was referred to the Immigration Department for investigation, she raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if she returned to Indonesia she would be harmed or killed by her mother’s creditor over her mother’s debts.

2.The Applicant was born and raised in Village Pondok Kacang, Pondok Aren, South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, and in 2003 after her parents’ divorce, she moved with her mother to her new husband’s home at Village Chihuni, Purwakarta, West Java.

3.After leaving school she ran her own food stall to make her living in her home village where her mother in late 2021 borrowed a loan from a local money-lender to pay for her step-father’s medical expenses, and for which her mother required her to find a higher paid job to help her to repay the loan by monthly instalments, and so the Applicant applied to come to Hong Kong to work as a foreign domestic helper, which she did on 17 December 2021 when she arrived in Hong Kong to start her new employment and to remit money to her mother in Indonesia every month for her loan repayments.

4.However, after her employment was prematurely terminated on 3 May 2022, the Applicant was unable to remit any money to her mother in Indonesia, whereupon her mother’s creditor then demanded her mother to marry the Applicant to him in settlement of the outstanding debts.

5.As a result, the Applicant was afraid to return to Indonesia and therefore overstayed in Hong Kong, and upon her subsequent arrest by the police she then raised her non-refoulement claim for protection, for which she completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 26 April 2023 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation from the Duty Lawyer Service (“DLS”).

6.By a Notice of Decision dated 13 June 2023 the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of her absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

7.In his decision the Director took into account all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and assessed the level of risk of harm from her mother’s creditor upon her return to Indonesia as low due to the absence of any past ill-treatment from her mother’s creditor, that there is no evidence of any real intention of her mother’s creditor to seriously harm her other than to press her to marry him in settlement of her mother’s debts, that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her mother and her creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) shows that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in Indonesia with a large population of 279 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 1.9 million square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from her home district in large cities such as Bali or Surabaya where it would be difficult if not impossible for anyone to locate her.

8.On 23 June 2023 the Applicant lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which she attended an oral hearing on 18 August 2023 before the Board during which she gave evidence and answered questions raised of her claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 1 November 2023 her appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

9.In its decision[1] the Board found no reliable evidence of any real intention of her mother’s creditor to seriously harm the Applicant in the absence of any threats being made directly against her, and that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her mother and her creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant upon her return to Indonesia if resorted to as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for her to move safely to other parts of the country away from her home district without any risk of being located by anyone that her claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

10.On 4 December 2023 the Applicant filed her Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, and in her supporting affirmation of the same date she put forward the following grounds for her intended challenge:

(1)  That the Adjudicator did not consider her claim at all and just directly dismissed it without taking time to think about her life;

(2)  That the Adjudicator unreasonably refused to allow her to submit her supporting documents without translations and also failed to give her time to arrange for their translations;

(3)  That the interpreter was impatient and unhelpful to her during her appeal hearing before the Board.

11.These are however just some bare and bald assertions of the Applicant without any relevant or necessary particulars or specifics or elaborations as to how they apply to her case or how the Board or the Adjudicator had erred in the decision, or in what way was the decision unfair or unreasonable or that the Adjudicator had acted procedurally unfair or irrational, or how did documents that she was not allowed to submit without translation when the record shows no such request by her during her hearing before the Board, or in what way was the interpreter impatient or unhelpful to her during the hearing. As such, and as none of these assertions were properly elaborated or presented with any relevant particulars or specifics by the Applicant, I do not find any of them reasonably arguable for her intended challenge.

12.As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate her claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

13.In the Applicant’s case, the fact is that it has been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in her claim if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for her to relocate to other parts of Indonesia, there is simply no justification to afford her with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

14.Having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

15.Moreover, the Applicant has recently on 14 July 2026 requested in writing to withdraw her application as her issues in her home country have been resolved that she now wants to return to Indonesia as soon as possible.

16.In the premises, as I am for the given reasons not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, and in view of her latest confirmation that there is no more issue for her to return to her home country, I accordingly dismiss her leave application.

Dated the 26^th day of August 2026

(Joyce Ooi)
for Registrar, High Court

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Notes for the Applicant: If leave has been granted, the Applicant or his solicitors must:
a) serve on the respondent and such interested parties as may be directed by the Court the order granting leave and any directions given within 14 days after the leave was granted (Order 53, rule 4A); b) issue the originating summons within 14 days after the grant of leave and serve it in accordance with Order 53, rule 5; and c) supply to every other party copies of every affidavit which the Applicant proposes to use at the hearing, including the affidavit in support of the application for leave (Order 53, rule 6(5)).		Sent to the Applicant on 26 August 2026 Astria-Amelia Applicant’s ref. no.: Nil.		Sent to the Putative Respondent / the Putative Respondent’s solicitors / such Putative Interested Parties as may be directed by the Court / the Putative Interested Parties’ solicitors on 26 August 2026 Torture Claims Appeal Board Putative Respondent’s ref. no.: USM 21864 Director of Immigration Putative Respondent’s ref. no.: QA T/C 332/23 (formerly RBCZ 5000337/23) Department of Justice, Senior Assistant Law Officer (Civil Law) (Civil Litigation Unit 2)