謝家和 訴 香港品質保證局

Case No.HCLA 57/2003[2004] 1 HKLRD 899
Court
HCLA
Date20 Nov 2003
Judge
Case Document
100%

HCLA000057/2003

HCLA 57/2003

香港特別行政區

高等法院原訟法庭

民事上訴司法管轄權

高院勞資審裁處上訴案件2003年第57號

(原本案件編號:勞資審裁處申索編號2002年第11623號)

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申索人
(答辯人)
謝家和
被告人
(上訴人)
香港品質保證局

____________

主審法官:高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官杜溎峰

聆訊日期:2003年11月20日

判決書日期:2003年11月20日

__________________

判決書

__________________

背景

1.本案是一宗勞資審裁處的上訴案件。上訴人是原案的被告人,而上訴答辯人是原案的申索人。申索人於1995年8月14日受僱於被告人的核數公司任職審核員。於2002年6月3日他被被告人按照《僱傭條例》第9條即時解僱。他入稟勞資審裁處索償(一)解僱代通知金、(二)有薪年假及(三)遣散費或長期服務金。他獲勝訴,而被告人提出上訴。

案情

2.被告人解僱申索人的理由源於申索人於2002年4月24日到被告人所按排的客戶Hoe Wah Engineering Services Limited (「該公司」)進行審核事宜。當日,申索人按指示到達該公司,但由於該公司的代表楊先生要去地盤工作,不能留在該公司,所以該天的審核不能如期進行。楊先生提議申索人先行拿走文件進行文件審核,然後在週末進行審核面見。申索人不想將該審核改期以免影響其他工作的安排,所以他接納了楊先生的建議,把文件拿回家中進行審核並於2002年4月27日與楊先生進行審核面見。為了省卻向上司多作解釋,申索人便在他的紀錄及報告中虛報有關的審核是在2002年4月24日進行的。因此被告人根據這資料向該公司發出收費單收取一天的審核費用。其後,該公司向被告人投訴,指該收費單的內容不正確,並指申索人僅於2002年4月27日做了半天的審核工作,因此要求被告人減收費用。於2002年6月3日被告人就該投訴接見了申索人。被告人不接納申索人的解釋,便把他即時解僱。楊先生得悉申索人被解僱後,便將實情以傳真方式向被告人解釋及撤回減費的要求。

3.被告人解僱申索人的理由為(一)他對楊先生所傳真的解釋信的真實性有所懷疑及(二)縱使申索人所解釋的均屬事實,他也犯上非常嚴重過失,須以即時解僱處分。

審裁官的裁決

4.審裁官信納申索人為一名誠實可靠的證人並信納他的證供。他認為雖然申索人應客戶要求把審核分兩次進行,他不將實情向上司報告而訛稱所有審核程序於2002年4月24日進行,申索人是犯了過失。他亦了解到被告人對於該事件的關注及明白到被告人身為一間品質認證機構對員工的誠信有高度要求。另一方面,他考慮到申索人已在被告人的公司任職逾六年,他的表現一貫良好,從沒有因他的工作表現或行為遭口頭或書面警告,在這事件中申索人沒有得益,除審核報告及紀錄的日期錯誤外,申索人確實進行了審核而審核內容正確。他考慮到若申索人遭即時解僱,申索人所損失的補償金額將超過200,000元。他亦考慮到被告人決定是否即時解僱員工時所持的標準不一致,因為有些審核員在考試時作弊亦沒有遭即時解僱處分。審裁官認為考試作弊比申索人的過失更加嚴重。

5.審裁官引用楊振權法官(當時官階)在Tsang Tak Chi v. China Wall Ltd, 高等法院勞資審裁處上訴案件1998年第33號第四頁所述的判詞:

"But summary dismissal is a very serious step to take against any [employee]. It is the 'capital punishment' in that if the dismissal is justified, the employee will be deprived of all the protection provided by the Employment Ordinance. There will be no wages in lieu of notice, no annual leave pay, no severance payments, no end of year payment, no long service payment no matter how long the employee has been in employment.

Immediate dismissal of an employee by reason of one single act of misconduct, in my view can only be justified in very exceptional circumstances. It may also be necessary to balance the impact of the summary dismissal on the employee with the effect of the employee's 'misconduct' on the employer to decide if summary dismissal is justified."

6.雖然該案例涉及行為不當 (misconduct) 的解僱理由,但審裁官認為該案例的原則亦適用於不忠實行為 (dishonesty) 的解僱理由。於衡量過所有有關的考慮後,審裁官認為申索人的行為雖然有錯,但以《僱傭條例》第9條即時解僱的處分則過於嚴厲。所以他裁定被告人不可按照《僱傭條例》第9條即時解僱申索人並裁定申索人有關解僱代通知金、有薪年假及長期服務金的申索勝訴。

上訴

7.上訴人的主要上訴理由是審裁官裁定被告人不可按照《僱傭條例》第9(1)(a)(ii) 及/或 (iii) 條即時解僱申索人是任何合理審裁處不會作出的裁定。文大律師的主要論點是申索人所犯的並非一般的過失而是一項故意不誠實的行為。他指審裁官錯誤地引用 Tsang Tak Chi v. China Wall Ltd 的原則,因為該原則只適用於因行為不當的解僱而不適用於因不誠實行為的解僱。所以他認為審裁官錯誤地考慮了一些沒關連的因素如申索人以往的表現或申索人沒有因不誠實的行為而得益等,並給予這些考慮過份的比重。相反,他指審裁官應考慮到被告人是一間品質認證的機構,因而對僱員在執行職務時的誠信有極高的要求。所以他認為被告人可按照《僱傭條例》第9(1)(a)(ii) 及/或 (iii) 條即時解僱申索人。他亦引述英國上訴庭Davies 法官在Sinclair v. Neighbour [1966] 3 All ER 988第990D頁的判詞及 Browne-Wilkinson 法官在Schering Chemicals Ltd v. Maginn, EAT 180/83在第3-4頁的判詞支持他的論據。

8.本席認為這兩案例亦不足以支持文大律師的論據。在Sinclair v. Neighbour 一案中,一名博彩公司的經理從公司的錢箱內取去15英鎊而放回一張他本人的借據。原審法官認為經理的行為不算不誠實。博彩公司不滿該裁定而提出上訴。上訴法庭推翻原審法官的裁定。上訴法庭的Davies 法官在第990D頁指出:

"With the greatest respect to the judge, I think that he fell into error in attaching too much weight to the label and not enough to the facts. The facts were established. The fact that the employee did take the money from the employer's till behind his back knowing that the employer would not consent, was established, and it seems to me that it does not really matter very much whether that justifies the label 'dishonest' or not. The judge ought to have gone on, in my judgment, to consider whether, even falling short of the label of 'dishonesty', it was nevertheless conduct of such a grave and weighty character as to amount to a breach of the confidential relationship between master and servant, such as would render the servant unfit for continuance in the master's employment and give the master the right to discharge him immediately. On the facts of this case the employee's conduct clearly fell within that latter category; and I have no doubt at all that the employer was therefore entitled to dismiss him."

從上述判詞可見Davies 法官裁定僱主可以即時解僱該經理的原因是基於他認為該經理的行為屬嚴重性及有損僱員與僱主之間的機密關係,而非基於經理的行為屬不誠實。

9.Schering Chemicals Ltd v. Maginn 一案,Maginn 是一名營業代表。他的僱主懷疑他沒有出訪醫生的診所推銷藥物,特地派地區經理在Maginn的家附近監察。經理發覺於某天Maginn沒有離開寓所而只在他的汽車附近工作。後來Maginn虛報在當天到訪醫生的診所紀錄。英國的工業審裁處裁定Maginn的行為不誠實,但並不算嚴重,而且他亦沒有因此而受惠。審裁處並裁定以Maginn過往十一年的良好紀錄,僱主不應採取極端解僱的處分。Browne-Wilkinson法官說:

"We must stress that, in our view, in the overwhelming majority of cases, where an employee has been guilty or reasonably considered to be guilty of conscious and deliberate dishonesty, it will be within the band of reasonable responses for an employer to dismiss that employee since such dishonesty strikes at the root of the relationship between employer and employee. Nothing we say in this decision should be taken as casting any doubt on what, in our experience, is a well accepted and rightly accepted approach to good industrial relations practice.

Where we have difficulty is in going with Mr Shepherd so far as to say that there is an absolute rule to that effect. ... Also, it appears from the remarks of Ackner LJ in British Leyland (UK) Ltd v. Swift [1981] IRLR 91 that his view was that the response to gross dishonesty did not always include dismissal as a possible option. At the beginning of his judgment he says this:

"Where an employee is guilty of gross dishonesty, as the respondent was so held to have been, there is generally speaking available to the employer a number of options which he can reasonably take. It depends entirely on the circumstances of the case whether dismissal is one of the penalties which a reasonable employer would impose."

That seems to us to indicate that there are cases in which a decision by an industrial tribunal that an employee guilty of dishonesty was not reasonably dismissed is not wrong in law. There can therefore be no general proposition of law: it must be a matter of degree, depending on the facts of each case. ... Dishonesty is always serious. However, there are undoubtedly degrees of dishonesty, stretching from the deliberate conscious pursuit of fraud of the employer down to minor dishonesty such as the removal of the employer's pencil. Those are matters of degree which, in our judgment, an industrial tribunal must weigh."

雖然Schering Chemicals Limited v. Maginn 所涉及的法律問題是不公平的解僱 (unfair dismissal) 而並非不合法的解僱 (wrongful dismissal),但本席認為Browne-Wilkinson 法官所引述法律原則亦同樣適用於不合法解僱的情況。

10.從上述兩案例可見,在普通法中並沒有一個界定法律原則賦予僱主權力可基於僱員的不誠實行為即時解僱僱員。表面看來,不誠實的行為比不當的行為較嚴重。但任何行為均涉及不同程度的嚴重性。例如:僱員盜用僱主受托予僱員的財物與擅取僱主的文具和紙張同屬不誠實行為,但前者則遠比後者嚴重。同樣而言,不同的不當行為亦有不同程度的嚴重性。但不當行為的嚴重性不一定比不誠實的行為的嚴重性低。例如:僱員的疏忽導致僱主財物的損失可比擅取僱主的文具帶來的損失更嚴重。所以本席認為把不誠實的行為標籤為「可即時解僱的行為」難免過分普通化。歸根究底,僱主可否即時解僱一名僱員,視乎該僱員的行為是否等同或可被視為他已背棄了僱傭合約內的重要條款。Lord Browne-Wilkinson 在英國樞密院在Henry v. Mount Gay Distilleries Limited (Privy Council, unreported 21 July 1999) 第2頁所載:

"... It is well established that summary dismissal is only justifiable where there has been a breach of one or more duties of the employee and such breach constitutes a repudiation of the contract of employment as being inconsistent with the continued employment of the employee. Thus a single act of carelessness or negligence can provide grounds for summary dismissal if the negligence itself or the circumstances surrounding it show that there has been a 'deliberate flouting of the essential contractual conditions': Laws v London Chronicle (Indicator Newspapers) Limited [1959] 2 All ER 285, [1959] 1 WLR 698, at page 287 of the former report. The question whether misconduct is such as to justify summary dismissal is a question of fact and degree. ..."

香港的法庭也採用相同的測試: 見So Ching t/a South Sea Co. v. Kwan Hang Ching & Anor [1987] 2 HKC 297。所以本席認為這才是最終的測試。一般而言,僱員對僱主負上忠誠責任。所以僱員在執行工作時犯上不誠實的行為往往可被視為他背棄了僱傭合約內的重要條款而被視為他已把該合約作廢。所以若僱員犯上某些不誠實的行為,基於該行為的性質及嚴重性,他可被視為背棄了僱傭合約內的重要條款,而可被視為他已把該合約作廢。但本席認為,並非所有涉及不誠實的行為均會導致這效果。

11.文大律師指申索人所犯的並非一般過失而是明知及刻意地虛報審核日期。這是一項故意的不誠實行為。他指申索人把客戶的檔案帶回家中審核而沒有返回公司工作。他的陳述為考慮到被告公司是一所對準確誠實有高度要求的品質認證的機構,申索人所犯的不誠實行為有損公司的聲譽,尤其當這行為是涉及申索人所受僱用的工作。本席認為申索人所涉及的不誠實行為只是虛報了審核日期,而不涉及審核數據的準繩。他所虛報的審核日期亦只差數日而已,對他的審核報告全無影響。此外,他的行為亦是因應僱主的客戶的方便及要求而作出。他所犯的過失只不過是沒有把審核的日期正確地紀錄在審核報告中及沒有向僱主申報。他在整個過程中沒有得益。如果他當天按本子辦事,拒絕客戶的要求而返回公司向被告公司?報,他於2002年4月24日的工作便會白廢,被告公司可能白白付給他當日的工資。客戶亦可能需要付上當天花去的審核費用。雖然他當日沒有返回被告公司,但他當日在家中進行文件審核工作及在週末用他私人時間與該公司進行審核面見。綜合總體情況,申索人雖然故意虛報審核日期,縱使他的行為是不誠實及不當,但不可視為他背棄了他與被告公司的僱傭合約。不管他的行為屬於過失或不誠實行為,本席認為並不屬嚴重違反他對僱主的忠誠責任,他亦沒有背棄了他與被告公司的僱傭合約。被告公司不可以按照《僱傭條例》第9(1)(a) 條即時解僱申索人。

12.審裁官引用了楊振權法官(當時官階)在Tsang Tak Chi v. China Wall Ltd 的原則,裁定即時解僱的處分過於嚴厲。文大律師指這原則只適用於行為不當的過失而不適用於不誠實行為的過失。他指審裁官在法律論點上犯錯。基於本席上文的裁定,本席本應無須處理這個論點。本席認為僱主可否即時解僱僱員的最終測試是僱員有沒有背棄了他與僱主的僱傭合約。在明顯的情況下,若僱員的過失不屬於嚴重違反僱傭合約或僱員的過失屬於嚴重違反僱傭合約,審裁官無需衡量即時解僱對僱員帶來的衝擊與僱員過失的效果。若僱員的過失不屬於嚴重或他沒有背棄了僱傭合約,僱主便沒有權力把他即時解僱。他應考慮其他處分。同樣,若僱員的過失屬於嚴重,如盜用僱主的財物,他已明顯地背棄了他與僱主的僱傭合約,他應負上這行為帶來的必然效果及衝擊,僱主無需對他網開一面。若僱員雖犯上嚴重的過失,但他的行為亦涉及一些減輕這過失責任的情況,僱主才需考慮衡量解僱對僱員的衝擊與過失的效果;如僱員犯上嚴重疏忽,但卻盡力及積極作出補救工作以減低對僱主的損失,僱主可對他網開一面,而無需施以極端處分。本席認為申索人所犯的過失或不誠實行為不算嚴重,所以審裁官無需就解僱對申索人的衝擊與過失的效果作平衡。雖然如此,審裁官作出的衡量亦沒有影響到他的裁決結果。

13.基於以上理由,本席駁回被告公司的上訴。被告公司並須付申索人的訟費,而申索人的訟費則須按法律援助規則評定。

(杜溎峰)
高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官

控方:由西盟斯律師行轉聘文本立大律師代表上訴人

辯方:由高覺輝律師行轉聘林清培及陳漢光大律師代表答辯人

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