香港特别行政區 訴 梁國雄及另二人
Read the full judgment text of KCCC 8456/2002 on BabelCite. This Magistrates Court judgment.
2. 第1被告梁國雄被控於2002年2月10日舉行未經批准的公眾遊行。而第2、3被告馮家强和盧偉明則被控協助舉行該公眾遊行。3人同是違反公安條例第17A(3)(b)(i) 條。
Cites 1 case
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KCCC008456/2002 案件編號: KCCC8456/2002
______________ 裁斷理由要點 ______________ 本席已詳細考慮所有證供及證物,在現階段不打算再重複證供及控辯雙方的論據,以下是本席就事實和法律裁斷的要點: 事實裁斷 2.第1被告梁國雄被控於2002年2月10日舉行未經批准的公眾遊行。而第2、3被告馮家强和盧偉明則被控協助舉行該公眾遊行。3人同是違反公安條例第17A(3)(b)(i) 條。 3.控方共傳召12名證人,而3名被告承認案發時在現場,但選擇不作供。本席不會因3名被告不作供而對他們作出任何不利的推斷,控方有責任證明所有構成控罪的要素,令本席確信所有被告曾干犯有關的控罪。 4.本席已小心考慮各控方證人的證供,各主要證人雖然在一些細節上有出入,但當本席看過錄影帶後,這些「出入」明顯是記憶的問題,本席認為不影嚮他們的可信性。整體而言,他們作供時表現誠實、肯定,是可信的證人。 5.辯方强烈質疑點算人數的方法,本席認為警員分辨遊行人士與記者的方法是合理的,在遮打花園内點算時,由於遊行隊伍尚未成形,點算可能未必準確。但當遊行人士沿金鐘道慢線向湾仔方向前進時,錄影帶顯示他們已被分隔開,而遊行人士全在慢線中前行,本席相信人數可以準確點算。 6.其次,在遮打花園内第7控方證人對即將參與遊行人士作出的警告已十分足夠,加上第8控方證人展示相同語句的横額,本席相信在場集结的人士已知道警告的内容。至于3名被告的角色,錄影帶已表露無遺。 7.以下是事實裁斷的要點:
法律的爭議 8.3名被告 (以下簡稱辯方) 均指出公安條例第13、13A及14條違反基本法第27條和香港人權法案條例第II部第17條「比照《公民權利和政治權利國際公约》第21條」,即侵犯和平集會的權利。而第3被告更要求本席在考慮以上爭議時,應一併考慮公安條例的其他條款如第6,15,51,52,17A和17E等,因這些條文均違反基本法第27條和香港人權法案條例第II部第17條。 9.本席認為主要爭議是現行須在遊行舉行前7天通知警務處長的制度是否侵犯和平集會的權利。此問題只涉公安條例第13、13A,14,15,16及17A條,並不適合一併考慮公安條例的其他條款是否侵犯人權。 10.辯方的主要論據如下:
11.控方指出有關的制度是合理的,其主要目的是讓警方制訂應變計劃,以減少破壞公共安全或公共秩序(ordre public)的機會。這制度是香港人權法案條例第II部第17條所容許的。 12.雖然香港人權法案條例第II部第17條(以下簡稱人權法)只確認和平集會的權利,本席認為其範圍應包括和平遊行。 13.現行通知警務處長的制度限制了和平集會的權利,相信控辯雙方沒有爭議。在考慮這限制是否符合人權法之前,首先要了解限制的範圍。根據公安條例第13至16條,對舉辦公眾遊行主要有以下規定:
14.本席認為上述的通知制度並沒有要求所有公眾遊行均須通知警務處長,這制度只適用於多過30人的公眾遊行,不包括殯殮。同時該公眾遊行是要在公路,大道或公園舉行的。有關條例也沒有選擇性地針對任何個人和團體。就遊行的細節方面,警方要求包括日期、地點、時間、路線、人數和遊行目的及主題的基本資料(見證物P5)。有關條例明確規定警務處長須盡快作出反對或不反對的決定,也必須先考慮以符加條件來達到目的。無論反對或符加條件,警務處長必須表明理由,最後更有上訴機制,本席認為通知制度是有限度的限制。 15.雖然是有限度,本席必須考慮這限制是否與人權法相容。本席認為應採取以下基本原則:
16.人權法並非绝對,該條文列明:
17.無可否認,有關條例所要求的通知制度和警務處長可以反對遊行是限制了和平集會的權利。問題是此限制是否「依法律的規定」,且為「民主社會所必要的」。 依法律的規定 18.公安條例第13、13A及14條均是依法制定及頒佈的,市民應該很容易知道其内容,表面上應符合「依法律規定」的要求。辯方指出,公安條例第14條賦予警務處長反對遊行的權力,該條文是沿用人權法的詞彙,其意思含糊,沒有明確界定警務處長運用權力的準則,一般市民不能知道行使這權力的準則和範圍,違背了The Sunday Times v The United Kingdom [1979] 2 EHRR 245所定的原則。 19.一般而言,法律應該精確,令市民知道法律的要求,進而規範各自的行為,也使市民知道違反法律的後果。但太嚴格的規定,只會令法例僵化,不能與時並進。有些法律是應該用詞寬鬆一點,令法院可以在解釋法例時更有彈性。可况,有些概念是很難準確規定範圍的。在Sunday Times一案中,歐洲人權法庭也認為有此需要 4。 以公安條例第14條而言,「國家安全」、「公共安全」、「公共秩序」、「公共衞生或風化」等均難於準確規範。由其是「國家安全」和「公共秩序」兩概念必須隨時間和環境而改變。本席不接納辯方的論據,本席裁定公安條例第14條符合「依法律規定」的要求。 「民主社會所必要的」 20.控方指出有關的限制主要是維護「公共安全」和「公共秩序」。這也吻合第7控方證人的證供 5。在香港,各類團體十分多,各種形式的公眾集會和遊行示威也非常普遍,其中不乏立場不同的,甚至意見相反的。加上香港是一個人口稠密,交通繁忙的城市,本席認為警方有需要作出部署,以減低這些活動對其他公眾人士的影嚮,以及防止混亂。本席認為這些是社會的合法利益,應得到適當的保障。「公共安全」這概念相信不需要多加解釋,而「公共秩序」這概念己由終審法院首席法官在吳恭劭案詳細分析 6,在此不贅。本席裁定這些合法利益是包含在「公共安全」和「公共秩序」這兩概念之内。 21.到此階段,本席需進一步探究上述對和平集會權利的限制是否「民主社會所必要的」。有關「必要」一詞的意思,本人採用吳恭劭案的裁定 7,以一般的涵義去理解。同時,在考慮「是否必要」這問題時,本席必須對香港特别行政區立法會認為適合制定現行的公安條例的看法予以充份的考慮 8。在此問題上,立法會已於不同時間廣泛討論和修訂公安條例,對第13、13A、15和17A條的最後一次修訂是於1995年,而對第14和16條的最後一次修訂是於1997年。除非出現有力的證據,本席不應輕易以個人的意見去取代立法會的看法。 22.再者,本席必需考慮上述限制是否與需維護的目的相稱。同時,也須考慮警務處長所用的準則是否符合人權法的標準。本席認為應考慮以下幾方面:
23.綜觀以上各點,本席裁定現行的通知制度是有限度的限制,也與需維護的目的相稱。而警務處長在行使反對權所用的準則與人權法相容。本席裁定現行的通知制度符合「民主社會所必要的」要求。 結論 24.基於以上的論據,本席裁定公安條例第13、13A 及14條符合基本法第27條和香港人權法案條例第II部第17條的要求。本席確信控方已證實構成3項控罪的要素,現裁定各被告罪名成立。
2002年11月25日 1 HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu and Another (1999) 2 HKCFAR 442 at 455H, the Chief Justice commented, "Freedom of expression is a fundamental freedom in a democratic society. It lies at the heart of civil society and of Hong Kong's system and way of life. The courts must give a generous interpretation to its constitutional guarantee. This freedom includes the freedom to express ideas which the majority may find disagreeable or offensive and the freedom to criticise governmental institutions and the conduct of public officials." In Stankov and The Untied Macedonian Organisation Ilinden v Bulgaria (Application Nos. 29221/95 and 29225/95), the European Court of Human Right, at page 23 of the judgement, cited with approval the following, "Freedom of expression constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and for each individual's self-fulfilment. Subject to paragraph 2 of Article 10, it is applicable not only to "information" or "ideas" that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb. Such are the demands of pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness without which there is no "democratic society".....Like wise, the freedom of assembly as enshrined in Article 11 of the Convention protects a demonstration that may annoy or give offence to persons opposed to the ideas or claims that it is seeking to promote." 2 In Stankov above, the European Court of Human Right, at page 24 of the judgement, cited with approval the following, "One of the principal characteristics of democracy is the possibility it offers of resolving a country's problems through dialogue, without recourse to violence, even when those problems are irksome. Democracy thrives on freedom of expression." 3 這詞是根據香港人權法案條例的中譯本,英文原文為public safety。而該詞在公安條例則譯作「公共安全」,為統一起見,以下一概用後者。 4 At paragraph 49 of the report, the Court commented, ".....Again, whilst certainty is highly desirable, it may bring in its train excessive rigidity and the law must be able to keep pace with changing circumstances. Accordingly, many laws are inevitably couched in terms which, to a greater or lesser extent, are vague and whose interpretation and application are questions of practice." 5 見第7(i)段。 6 請參看HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu and Another (1999) 2 HKCFAR 442 at 457D to 460D. In particular, the following paragraph at 459I: " The following points can be drawn from the materials referred to above. First, the concept is an imprecise and elusive one. Its boundaries cannot be precisely defined. Secondly, the concept includes what is necessary for the protection of the general welfare or for the interests of the collectivity as a whole. Examples include: prescription for peace and good order; safety; public health; aesthetic and moral considerations and economic order (consumer protection, etc.). Thirdly, the concept must remain a function of time, place and circumstances." 7 請參看HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu and Another (1999) 2 HKCFAR 442 at 460F to 460G.
8 請參看HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu and Another (1999) 2 HKCFAR 442 at 460I to 460J.
9 公安條例第44A(6)條規定:「上訴委員會於接獲任何上訴通知後,須盡快就上訴作出考慮和裁定,以確保不會因上訴委員會的決定被延遲至擬舉行公眾遊行的日期後作出,而令上訴的目的不能逹致。」 10 At section [163] of the judgement, Mr. Justice Harlan commented, ".....In contrast, timing is of the essence in politics. It is almost impossible to predict the political future; and when an event occurs, it is often necessary to have one's voice heard promptly, if it is to be considered at all. To require Shuttlesworth to submit his parade permit application months in advance would place a severe burden upon the exercise of his constitutionally protected rights......I do not mean to suggest that a State or city may not reasonably require that parade permit applications be submitted early enough to allow the authorities and the judiciary to determine whether the parade proposal is consistent with the important interests respecting the use of the streets which local authority may legitimately protect. But such applications must be handled on an expeditious basis so that rights of political expression will not be lost in a maze of cumbersome and slow-moving procedures." (my emphasis) 11 African National Congress (Border Branch) and Another v Chairman, Council of State of the Republic of Ciskei and another 1992 (4) SA 434. In this case, section 43 of the National Security Act of the Republic of Ciskei prohibits gathering more than 20 persons. In gist, this section requires gathering to be authorised in writing by the magistrate of the district. A magistrate shall refuse the holding of a gathering if he is satisfied that such refusal is necessary in the interests of national security or public safety or for the safeguarding of public health etc. A magistrate or a commissioned officer of the police has reason to believe that the public peace or national security would be endangered. The court ruled that this section violates freedom of association and assembly saying, "It grants wide power of prohibition to magistrates and certain police officers. Moreover, since it is basically aimed at political gatherings, it also violates s.9 of Schedule 6, which grants all persons the right to participate peacefully in political activities 'intended to influence the policies of government'. Obviously this would affect a political party opposed to the government of the day who must ask permission from a magistrate who is an officer of the State. Furthermore, the right to impose conditions given to a magistrate is totally unrestricted. It is the kind of unfettered discretion already referred to under the discussion of what a law is by which restrictions may be imposed. The same criticism is applicable to the situation of a police officer given those wide discretionary powers." (my emphasis) 12 a) In Mulundika and Others v the People [1996] 2 LRC 175, section 5(4) of the Public Order Act of Zambia provided that any person who wishes to convene a procession in any public place shall first make application to the regulating officer. If the officer is satisfied that such procession is unlikely to cause or lead to a breach of the peace, he shall issue a permit in writing authorising such procession. The supreme Court of Zambia ruled that s 5(4) of the Public Order Act is unconstitutional as there were no guidelines as to the exercise of the discretion; there was no procedural safeguard for an aggrieved unsuccessful applicant; the wording of the provision which stated that a permit would be issued only if the regulating officer was satisfied that a breach of the peace was unlikely, was a clear recipe for arbitrariness and abuse. b) In Kunz v People of the state of New York 340 US 290, the appellant was convicted for holding a religious meeting on a public street without a permit in violation of a city ordinance. The Supreme Court of the United State held that the ordinance was unconstitutional. The reasons being that the ordinance did not require reasons to be given for refusal. It allowed an administrative official to have control over the right to speak on religious subjects where there was no appropriate standards to guide his action. c) In Shuttlesworth v Birmingham (1969) 394 US 146, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled the related ordinance unconstitutional commenting inter alia that the power of the City Commission to refuse a parade permit was absolute. The City Commission indicated to the appellant that there was no circumstance that the appellant's group would be allowed to hold a demonstration. The City Commission was not even prepared to issue a permit even if a time and place were selected that would minimize traffic problems. 13 現行上訴委員會的成員表見證物P13。 |
Cases cited in this judgment