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HCSA 3/2011
香港特別行政區
高等法院
原訟法庭
小額錢債審裁處上訴2011年第3號
(原本案件編號:小額錢債審裁處申索2010年第48373號)
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有關
| 第一申索人 |
Yip Chi He (葉芷晞) |
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| 第二申索人 |
Lau, Wai Chi Stephen (劉維知) |
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及
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| 被告人 |
Cheung Pui Patricia |
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主審法官:高等法院原訟法庭法官杜溎峰内庭聆訊(公開)
聆訊日期:2011年3月17日
判決書日期:2011年3月17日
判決書
背景
1.第一與第二申索人針對審裁官應他們的要求作出的命令而提出的上訴許可申請。申索人是一項物業(以下簡稱「該物業」)的前業主。他們於2010年10月26日入禀小額錢債審裁處,向當時租該物業的租客(以下簡稱「該租客」)追討自2010年9月23日所拖欠的租金。於2010年11月11日,他們將該物業轉易給一名買家(以下簡稱「該物業的新業主」)。
2.他們指稱於2010年12月1日在小額錢債審裁處的聆訊時,審裁官向他們解說案例Elegant Profit Limited and Chung Lai Sang,小額錢債審裁處上訴2005年第8號判決書當中兩頁的撮要,並參照該案例的法律原則,建議他們中止申索。他們接納審裁官的建議,申請中止向該租客的申索。審裁官批准了他們的申請,作出命令中止該申索。他們回家後,從互聯網下載該案例。經詳細閱讀後,他們認為審裁官錯誤地詮釋該案例,誤導他們申請中止該申索。他們致函審裁處要求覆核,但遭拒絕。他們循上訴的程序,以審裁官在法律論點上犯錯為理由,向高等法院申請上訴許可。
3.申索人的理據是他們的案情與Elegant Profit Limited and Chung Lai Sang案例的有基本的事實區別。該案例的案情是原告人在物業轉讓後才追討所欠的租金,但他們在該物業轉易前已入禀小額錢債審裁處提出申索,而所申索的是該租客在該物業轉易前所欠的租金。首先,本席完全認同高等法院法官張舉能在Elegant Profit Limited and Chung Lai Sang所持的法律論點。本席亦認為申索人所依據的事實區別並不具關鍵性。申索人又指稱在該物業的買賣合約内已保留他們的權利收取該租客在該物業轉易前所欠的租金,他們強調Elegant Profit Limited and Chung Lai Sang的法律原則並不適用於他們的申索。
4.他們沒有提交2010年12月1日的聆訊謄本支持他們對審裁官的指控。由於審裁官作出的命令只是中止了他們的申索,這命令並沒有效力阻止他們就同一訴因再申索,他們可再次入禀小額錢債審裁處就他們的理據重申辯論向該租客申索,而毋須浪費金錢申請聆訊謄本以進行上訴程序。況且,他們所針對的只是審裁官應他們的要求而作出的命令。他們接納本席的建議。因此,本席撤銷了他們的上訴許可申請。
法律論點的討論
5.現在,本席就Elegant Profit Limited and Chung Lai Sang的案例稍作詮釋。在該案件的判決書,張法官詳盡地分析於英國訂立Law of Property Act 1925前,在普通法下這爭議點所涉及的法律原則及Law of Property Act 1925第141條,亦即香港法例第219章《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條,對這法律原則引致的效果。在討論這些法律論點前,本席須指出在英國的土地業權制度下,業權可分為永久業權 (freehold) 與租賃業權 (leasehold),而香港的土地業權制度僅有租賃業權。在永久業權制度下,持有永久業權土地的業主可以從他的業權中,將部份享用該土地的永久權益 (freehold interest) 的期間以租賃形式分割成為租賃業權權益 (leasehold interest) 出售,保留餘下的永久業權權益,稱為「復歸產業權」(reversionary interest)。在英國的土地業權制度下,這復歸產業權有極大的意義及受到法律的保護。但在香港的租賃業權制度下,這復歸產業權卻沒有實質意義。
6.在Law of Property Act 1925訂立前,倘若前業主在出售土地前已就該土地的權益持有訴訟因由,而該訴訟因由僅屬於一項獨立於復歸產業權的據法權產,例如:對土地造成破壞的賠償,只有前業主可以提出訴訟。租客維修土地的契諾並不屬這類訴訟因由。倘若租客在前業主出售土地前違反契諾而損害該土地的復歸產業權,只有新業主才可以向租客提出訴訟。但租客違反繳付租金的契諾則不在此例,因為有關的訴訟因由是一項獨立於復歸產業權的據法權產,只有前業主才可就出售土地前的欠租向租客提出訴訟:見Flight v Bentley (1835) 7 Sim 149。這原則亦非常合理。這也是申索人所持的上訴法律論點。
7.不過,在Law of Property Act 1925訂立後,Flight v Bentley的法律原則便被第141條取締了。該條與香港的《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條的規定相同。以下是《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條的條文:
「租金及承租人契諾的利益隨復歸產業權一併轉移
(1) 租契所保留收取的租金,租契內所載、涉及租地而又為承租人所須遵守或履行的每項契諾或條文的利益,以及租契內所載每項重收條件及其他條件,均須從屬於及附屬有關土地或其任何部分的租契年期的直屬復歸產業權,並須隨該直屬復歸產業權一拼轉移。即使該直屬復歸產業權被劃分,本款仍然適用,而對契諾承諾人或其遺產有所影響的法律責任,亦不受本條影響。
(2) 不時有權按租契所批年期收取租出土地的全部或任何部分(視情況需要而定)的收益的人,可追討、收取及強制執行第(1)款所述的任何租金、契諾或條文,並加以利用。
(3) 如第(2)款所述的人是藉轉讓或其他方式而有權享有該款所述權利,則即使該人是在重收條件或沒收租賃權的條件成為可予強制執行後才如此有權享有該等權利,該人仍可追討、收取及強制執行第(1)款所述的任何租金、契諾或條文,並加以利用;但如任何重收條件或其他條件在該人如上述般有權享有該等權利前已予放棄或免除,則本款的規定並不令該條件成為可予強制執行者。」
第31條第(1)款將租金及承租人契諾的利益隨復歸產業權一併轉移到新業主。第31條第(2)款清楚定明新業主有權收取及強制執行第(1)款所述的任何租金與契諾等。
8.在判案書第11至36段,張法官詳細地分析Law of Property Act 1925訂立後的具權威性的案例。本席不在此重複。簡要而言,他指出英國上訴法院的Upjohn法官與Diplock法官在Re King,Robinson and Gray [1963] 1 All ER 781認定Law of Property Act 1925已改變了普通法的法律原則,並質疑Flight v Bentley的法律原則的基礎。最後,英國上訴法院在London and County Ltd v W Sportsman Ltd [1971] Ch 764,Russell 法官明確地指出Flight v Bentley的法律原則已不再適用,只有新業主才有權益追討物業轉易前所欠的租金。Russell 法官又在Arlesford Trading Co Ltd v Servansingh [1971] 1 WLR 1080再強調上述的論點。
9.這些案例極具權威性。雖然本席亦認為針對物業轉易前所欠的租金,Flight v Bentley的法律原則較為合理,但基於《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條的詮釋,本席亦須接納Russell 法官所述的法律原則。所以,本席完全認同法官張舉能在Elegant Profit Limited and Chung Lai Sang所持的法律論點。申索人在物業轉易前或之後,才入稟小額錢債審裁處索償並不具關鍵性,不可以此區别作為上訴理由。所以,在物業轉易後,若申索人擬向該租客追討以往的欠租,他們須借用該物業的新業主名義申索。本席認為若審裁官基於Elegant Profit Limited and Chung Lai Sang案例的法律原則,建議申索人中止申索,他沒有在法律論點上犯錯。因此,本席拒絕給予申索人許可提出上訴。但倘若申索人認為基於他們所持的新理據有勝訴機會,他們可以重新入禀小額錢債審裁處申索,因為審裁官中止他們的申索的命令並沒有效力阻止他們就同一訴因再重新申索。
10.本席得悉申索人擬重新入禀小額錢債審裁申索。其間,本席亦再考慮他們的新理據。表面看來,他們可爭論《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條,並沒有將追討物業轉易前的欠租權利獨有地給予新業主,而他們可以藉着在買賣合約内所保留的權利收取該物業轉易前的欠租重新申索。但在Oriental Solution Investment Limited and Sin Ka-wing trading as CK Design Co,HCA 1116 OF 1999, unreported 17 June 1999, 聆案官施允義亦曾考慮同一論點。該案與本案的事實背景完全一樣。施聆案官在第9至14段説:
“9. I note in the present case that clause 25 (E) of the Sale and Purchase Agreement expressly reserves unto the vendor the right to claim from the tenant all arrears of rent up to the date of completion, even after completion. However, it seems that the parties to the transfer did not apply their minds to the question of subsisting breaches by the tenant when reaching agreement on the price to be paid. Instead, the Plaintiff handed over the Defendant’s rental deposit to the new landlord as if everything was in order.
10. As was said by Russell LJ in London and County Ltd v W Sportsman Ltd (C.A) 1971 Ch. Div. 1 at page 783:
“Similarly it seems to me that the condition for reentry for failure to make those payments of rent is apparently so annexed and made incident and to go. Equally, it would seem correct to say that subsection (2) provides that the third party, as the person after the assignment of the reversion entitled to the income of the land, is entitled to recover that rent and enforce its payment. Similarly, subsection (3) appears to me to provide that that person may recover that rent, notwithstanding that he became entitled after the condition of re-entry or forfeiture had become enforceable unless it had previously been waived. That last subsection seems to me in terms to refer to entitlement to rent that had accrued due and payable before the assignment of the reversion, being indeed so much in arrears as to have produced an occasion of forfeiture.”
11. This passage is helpful in assessing the legislative intent of the expression “by the person from time to time entitled” in subsection (2). It also reasserts that the ultimate sanction against a tenant in breach of covenant is to forfeit the deposit, determine the lease and re-enter upon the demised premises, none of which remedies is open to the Plaintiff in the present case, but all of which are available to Madam LING as “the new landlord” under clause 25 of the Sale and Purchase Agreement.
12. So far we have seen that Madam LING acquired the right to sue in respect of breaches of covenant whensoever committed. But does she have exclusive right to sue? There is remarkably little decided authority for this proposition in English case law and none whatsoever in reported Hong Kong decisions. Apart from the majority decision of Upjohn J. in Re: King's case (referred to above) there is also the decision of Russell L.J. in Arlesford Trading Co Ltd v Servanasingh (1971) 1 W.L.R. 1080, where he held that:
“The Defendant’s (tenant's) liability as the original lessee, under the lessee's covenants remained throughout the lease and the ability to enforce them against him passed to the Plaintiffs (new landlord) with the reversion although there had never been privity of estate between the Plaintiff and the Defendant.”
13. In the present case I find that the Plaintiff lost his right of action upon the assignment of his reversion to Madam LING who then acquired exclusive right to sue in respect of breaches of covenant whensoever committed. Any purported reservation of the right to sue contained in clause 25(E) of the Sale and Purchase Agreement is of no benefit to the Plaintiff in these proceedings as they have chosen to sue in their own name rather than in the name of Madam LING, i.e. the party “from time to time entitled” under section 31(2) of the Conveyancing of Property Ordinance.
14. Accordingly I dismiss the Plaintiff's summons herein dated 5 March 1999. Further, this determination being a complete answer to the Plaintiff's claim herein, I dismiss the Plaintiff's claim with costs of the entire action including costs of this application to the Defendant, to be taxed in default of agreement.”
11.施聆案官同樣引述Russell法官在London and County Ltd v W Sportsman Ltd 與Arlesford Trading Co Ltd v Servanasingh有關《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條的詮釋,即隨着物業的轉易,全部與有關物業的權益亦一併轉移到新業主,而新業主才有權向租客追討物業轉易前的欠租。本席也認為,基於英國上訴法院在London and County Ltd v W Sportsman Ltd與Arlesford Trading Co Ltd v Servanasingh對Law of Property Act 1925第141條,即相等於《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條的詮釋,前業主在買賣合約内保留向前租客收取物業轉易前的欠租的權利,亦隨轉着物業轉易轉移到新業主手上。前業主須借用新業主的名義,才可以向租客追討物業轉易前的欠租。雖然申索人可重新入禀小額錢債審裁處向該租客提出申索,但他們亦須考慮前述的案例以衡量他們的勝訴機會。
12.倘若前業主須借用新業主的名義才可以向前租客追討物業轉易前的欠租,這程序會對前業主構成不便,而且他亦未必能獲得新業主的協助。本席也認為將《物業轉易及財產條例》第31條施用於前業主追討物業轉易前的欠租的情況,對前業主不公平。但第31條的詮釋已是既定的法律原則。業主只好在物業轉易前,採取恰當的步驟保障自己的利益,例如:先行從按金中扣除欠租或先取得新買家的承諾協助追討欠租才將物業轉易。
總結
13.由於審裁官只是應申索人的申請中止申索作出命令,他所依據的法律原則亦屬正確,沒有在法律論點上犯錯。因此,本席拒絕申索人的上訴許可申請。
第一與第二申索人:無律師代表,親自應訊。
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