Virk Ranjeet Singh v. Torture Claims Appeal Board

HCAL 50/2018

[2025] HKCFI 1191

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 50 OF 2018

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review
NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord. 53 r. 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only;            or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge Bruno Chan:

The application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.The Applicant is a 36-year-old national of India who arrived in Hong Kong on 23 August 2012 as a visitor with permission to remain as such up to 6 September 2012 when he did not depart and instead overstayed, and was arrested by police almost 2 years later on 24 June 2014. After he was referred to the Immigration Department for investigation, he raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if he returned to India he would be harmed or killed by his paternal uncle and cousins over their land dispute in his home district. He was subsequently released on recognizance pending the determination of his claim.

2.The Applicant was born and raised in Jagarpura, Amritsar, Punjab, India. After leaving school he assisted his father in farming on the farmland which his father inherited from his grandfather but was subsequently rented out to his uncle for income after the Applicant had gone to Delhi to work as a driver.

3.In 2009 the Applicant returned to his home village and discovered that his uncle had failed to pay any rent for his father’s farmland, and when he accompanied his father to demand his uncle for payment, they were assaulted by his uncle and cousins that both of them suffered cuts and bruises all over their body.

4.In March 2012 the Applicant decided to resume farming on his father’s farmland, but soon his uncle and cousins came to demand him to leave, and when the Applicant refused, they then beat him and drove him off the land, and threatened to kill him if he dared to reclaim the land again, and so the Applicant became fearful for his life and fled to Delhi, and in August 2012 he departed India for Hong Kong where he overstayed, and upon his subsequent arrest by the police he then raised his non-refoulement claim for protection, for which he completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 11 January 2016 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation from the Duty Lawyer Service (“DLS”).

5.By a Notice of Decision dated 17 June 2016 and a Notice of Further Decision dated 10 July 2017 the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of his absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

6.In his decision the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and assessed the level of risk of harm from his uncle and cousins over their land dispute upon his return to India as low due to the low intensity and frequency of past ill-treatment from them, that there is no evidence of any real intention of them to seriously harm or kill him other than to deter him from reclaiming his father’s farmland, that in any event it was a private land dispute within their family only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in India with a large population of 1.2 billion people spread across a vast territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from his home district in large cities where it would be difficult if not impossible for his uncle and cousins to locate him.

7.The Applicant then lodged his appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decisions, and for which he attended an oral hearing on 21 November 2017 before the Board during which he gave evidence and answered questions raised of his claim by the Adjudicator. On 5 January 2018 his appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decisions.

8.In its decision the Board found material inconsistencies and discrepancies in the Applicant’s evidence that it doubted the credibility of his claimed fear of harm from his uncle and cousins over any land dispute that caused him to leave his country to come to Hong Kong to seek protection, that his credibility was further undermined by his failure to raise his claim upon first arriving in Hong Kong until almost 2 years later and only after his arrest by police, and that in any event even if his claimed risk were real that it arose from some private land dispute between his family and his uncle only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to him upon his return to India as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for him to move safely to other parts of the country away from his home district without any risk of being located by his uncle or cousins that his claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

9.On 10 January 2018 the Applicant filed his Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but no ground for relief was given in his Form or his supporting affirmation of the same date in which he just repeated his claim as before but without putting forth any proper ground for his intended challenge, nor did he request any oral hearing for his application. As such, and in the absence of any error of law or irrationality or procedural unfairness in his process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any reasonably arguable basis for his intended challenge.

10.As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

11.In the Applicant’s case, the fact is that it has been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in his claim even if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for him to relocate to other part of India, there is simply no justification to afford him with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

12.In the premises, and having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

13.For all these reasons I am not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, I therefore refuse to grant leave and accordingly dismiss his application.

14.As the Court has recently been informed by the Immigration Department that the Applicant has subsequently been removed from Hong Kong to his home country, I therefore direct that a request be made to the Director to use his best endeavour to forward a copy of this decision together with the sealed order to the Applicant in India.

Dated the 3^rd day of April 2025

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1