Riyanto Agus v. Torture Claims Appeal Board

HCAL 362/2024

[2025] HKCFI 2748

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 362 OF 2024

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review
NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only;            or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge Bruno Chan:

The application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.The Applicant is a 45-year-old national of Indonesia who arrived in Hong Kong on 17 December 2019 as a visitor with permission to remain as such up to 16 January 2020 when he did not depart and instead overstayed, and was arrested by police on 27 May 2020. After he was referred to the Immigration Department for investigation, he raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if he returned to Indonesia he would be harmed or killed by his younger brother due to their dispute over their father’s estate. He was subsequently released on recognizance pending the determination of his claim.

2.The Applicant was born and raised in Desa Pucanganom, KEC: Kebon Sari, KAB: Madiun, Jatim, Indonesia. After leaving school he worked as a farmer, married his wife and raised their family in his home district.

3.In August 2017 his father distributed his estate amongst the Applicant, his elder sister and his younger brother, but of which his brother was not pleased, and in March 2019 they had a quarrel over the distribution of their father’s estate when his brother attacked the Applicant by punching and kicking him all over the body.

4.After the incident as his brother continued to make threats against him, the Applicant fled from his home to take shelter in various places of his relatives, and on 17 December 2019 he departed Indonesia for Hong Kong where he subsequently overstayed, and upon his arrest by the police he then raised his non-refoulement claim for protection, for which he completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 15 October 2020 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation from the Duty Lawyer Service (“DLS”).

5.By a Notice of Decision dated 13 April 2021 the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of his absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

6.In his decision the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and assessed the level of risk of harm from his brother upon his return to Indonesia as low due to the low intensity and frequency of past ill-treatment from his brother, that there is no evidence of any real intention of his brother to seriously harm or kill him other than angry words and empty threats, that in any event it was a private and personal dispute within the family between him and his brother only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in Indonesia with a large population of 260 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 1.9 million square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from his home district in large cities such as Jakarta where it would be difficult if not impossible for his brother to locate him.

7.On 20 April 2021 the Applicant lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which he attended an oral hearing on 13 October 2023 before the Board during which he gave evidence and answered questions raised of his claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 1 November 2023, his appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

8.In its decision the Board found no evidence of any real intention of his brother to seriously harm or kill the Applicant over what was essentially a private and personal dispute between the 2 of them only within their family without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant to negate any risk that may arise from such private dispute that it is not accepted that the Applicant will face any real risk of harm upon his return to Indonesia that his claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

9.On 22 February 2024 the Applicant filed his Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but no ground for seeking relief was given in his Form or in his supporting affirmation of the same date in which he just repeated as before his claim of fear of being harmed or killed by his brother over their dispute but without putting forth any proper ground for his intended challenge.

10.By then the Applicant was also out of time with his application, as Order 53 rule 4(1) of the Rules of the High Court, Cap 4A requires that an application for leave to apply for judicial review be made promptly and in any event within three months from the day when grounds for the application first arose unless the Court considers that there is good reason to extend the period within which the application shall be made.

11.As the last day of the three-month period for him to file his Form 86 fell on 1 February 2024, the Applicant was therefore some 3 weeks late with his application, and in considering whether to extend time, the Court shall have regard to (i) the length of the delay; (ii) the reason for the delay; (iii) the merits of the intended application; and (iv) any prejudice to the putative respondent and to public administration: AW v Director of Immigration [2016] 2 HKC 393.

12.In the Applicant’s case, a delay of 3 weeks must be considered as significant, for which he did not provide any explanation or reasons in his Form or affirmation, and as the record shows that the decision was sent on the same day of 1 November 2023 to his then reported address without being returned through undelivered post, I am unable to see any good or valid reason for his delay.

13.As for the merits, if any, of his intended application, as noted above that the Applicant has also failed to put forward any proper ground for his intended challenge, and in the absence of any error of law or irrationality or procedural unfairness in his process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any merits in his intended application either.

14.As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

15.In the Applicant’s case, the Board rejected his claim based on its finding that it arose from some private dispute within the family between him and his brother only without any official involvement that state protection would be available to the Applicant to negate any risk that may arise from his claim, and in the absence of any error of law or procedural unfairness in his process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any reasonably arguable basis to challenge the finding of the Board.

16.Furthermore, the fact is that it has also been established by the Director in his decision that the risk of harm in the Applicant’s claim if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for him to relocate to other part of Indonesia, a decision also agreed and confirmed by the Board, there is simply no justification to afford him with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

17.Having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

18.Moreover, the Applicant recently on 19 February 2025 in writing requested to withdraw his application as his problem in his home country has been resolved that he now wants to return to Indonesia.

19.In the premises, as I am for the given reasons not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, and in view of his latest confirmation of no more problem for him to return to his home country, I accordingly dismiss his leave application.

Dated the 8^th day of July 2025

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1