Kanappan Rajiv v. Torture Claims Appeal Board

HCAL 969/2020

[2025] HKCFI 2857

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 969 OF 2020

Application for leave to apply for judicial review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Order 53, rule 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only; or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the applicant or counsel in open court;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge Michael WONG:

1.  On this court’s own motion, the name of the putative respondent be amended to “Torture Claims Appeal Board” and “Director of Immigration” be added as the putative interested party. 

2.  The applicant’s application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the applicant:

The Leave Application

1.By way of Form 86 dated and filed on 22 May 2020, the applicant applied for leave to apply for judicial review (“the Leave Application”) in respect of the decision of the Torture Claims Appeal Board ("the Board") dated 21 February 2019 (“the Board’s 2^nd Decision”), which was issued in the form of a letter dated 21 February 2019.

2.As stated in the Board’s 2^nd Decision, the Board had considered the applicant’s application to withdraw his appeal/petition against the decision of the Director of Immigration (“the Director”) dated 4 October 2018 (“the Director’s 2^nd Decision), which rejected the applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds under the Unified Screening Mechanism (‘the USM”) except Torture Risk[1].

3.After consideration, the Board was satisfied that the applicant’s application to withdraw was freely sought and that the applicant understood the consequences of the withdrawal. The Board was also satisfied that there was good reason for the applicant’s proposed withdrawal, namely the applicant considered it safe for him to return to India.

4.Under the circumstances, the Board gave the directions that the applicant’s appeal/petition was withdrawn and the Director’s 2^nd Decision was confirmed.

5.The applicant had previously lodged a torture claim under Article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (now contained in Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115) on 24 August 2006, which was rejected by the Director on 28 January 2013 (“the Director’s 1^st Decision”).

6.The applicant appealed against the Director’s 1^st Decision on 5 February 2013, but the appeal was dismissed by the Board on 2 May 2013 (“the Board’s 1^st Decision). Thus, the Board had already assessed and rejected the applicant’s Torture Risk previously in the Board’s 1^st Decision. The Board’s 1^st Decision can be viewed in the following hyperlink:-

https://legalref.judiciary.hk/doc/judg/html/vetted/other/en/2020/HCAL000969_2020_files/the_Board's_Decision.pdf

7.The applicant made further claim for non-refoulement protection under the USM on 19 February 2013. Since Torture Risk had already been assessed and rejected, the Director assessed the applicant’s claim under the USM on all the other applicable grounds, ie BOR 2 Risk[2], BOR 3 Risk[3] and Persecution Risk[4] .

8.As aforesaid, the applicant’s claim under the USM was rejected by the Director’s 2^nd Decision. The applicant then filed a Notice of Appeal/Petition against the Director’s 2^nd Decision to the Board on 16 October 2018.

9.Subsequently, the applicant applied to withdraw his appeal/petition by way of a Notice for Withdrawal/Abandonment of Appeal/Petition dated 18 February 2019 (“the Notice”).

10.Thus, the Board’s 2^nd Decision was dealing with the applicant’s withdrawal application by way of the Notice.

Amendments

11.The applicant wrongly named “The Director of Immigration and Adjudicatros [sic] Torture Claims Appeal Board” as the putative respondents and did not name any putative interested party in Form 86, when only the Board should be named as the putative respondent and the Director should be named as the putative interested party.

12.Thus, on this court’s own motion, the name of the putative respondent is amended to “Torture Claims Appeal Board” and “Director of Immigration” is added as the putative interested party.

Late application

13.By virtue of Order 53, rule 4(1) of the Rules of the High Court, Cap 4A, the applicant has to make the Leave Application within 3 months when the grounds for the Leave Application first arose, ie when the Board’s 2^nd Decision was made.

14.However, the applicant filed Form 86 on 22 May 2020, which was more than 15 months after the Board’s 2^nd Decision (made on 21 February 2019). The applicant was hence late for more than 12 months in making the Leave Application, and this court has to consider whether there is any good reason to extend the time for the applicant to make the Leave Application.

15.As held in AW v Director of Immigration [2016] 2 HKC 393, the criteria for granting an extension of time are:

(i)  the length of the delay;

(ii)  the reason for the delay;

(iii)  the merits of the intended application; and

(iv)  any prejudice to the putative respondent and to public administration.

16.The applicant did not make any application for extension of time. A delay of more than 12 months is very substantial, and there is no justification for the delay when no explanation was given by the applicant. There is also no merits of the intended judicial review as discussed below. Having considered the above criteria, this court is not prepared to grant any extension of time to the applicant to file the Leave Application, even if an application for extension of time was made. The Leave Application can therefore be dismissed on the ground of being made out of time alone.

17.However, for the sake of completeness, this court will still examine the merits of the Leave Application.

The applicant’s case

18.It is not necessary for this court to discuss the details of the applicant’s non-refoulement claim here as the Leave Application is only about the applicant’s challenges regarding the Board’s decision in allowing his withdrawal of his appeal/petition to the Board and the Board’s confirmation of the Director’s 2^nd Decision.

Grounds for judicial review

19.The applicant is required to identify clearly the grounds for the intended judicial review (see Ho Loy & Another v Director of Environmental Protection, HCAL 21 of 2015, dated 22.12.2016).

20.The applicant did not advance any ground for his intended judicial review in Form 86, nor in his supporting affirmation dated 22 May 2020. The applicant merely stated in his supporting affirmation that the decision made by the Director of Immigration and the adjudicator of Torture Claims Appeal Board was very unreasonable and he was not satisfied with the decision made by them. They were depending on web reports and some Indian authorities’ reports to make a decision but not going into the source relevant to his torture claim in India. These allegations are simply irrelevant to the Leave Application.

Discussion

21.The role of the court in judicial review is not to re-assess the non-refoulement claims afresh. The primary decision-makers in a claim for non-refoulement are the Director and the Board. They alone assess the evidence and find facts including those relating to the matters allegedly giving rise to the non-refoulement claim, risk of harm, availability of state protection and viability of internal relocation. The court will scrutinize the Board’s decision and intervene by way of judicial review only for errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality (see Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524).

22.Thus, despite that the applicant did not advance any valid ground for the intended judicial review, this court will still scrutinize the Board’s 2^nd Decision for any errors of law, procedural unfairness and irregularities.

23.In the Notice, the applicant stated as follows:

“Notice for Withdrawal/Abandonment of Appeal/petition

I KANAPPAN RAjiv withdraw my appeal/petition

the reason for my withdraw is are I want to go back to my country INDIA FOR SAFE

I understand that by withdrawing my appeal/petition, the decision which I had appeal and petitioned against will remain in force. I understand this is a final disposal of my appeal and petition before the Torture Claims appeal Board and non-Refoulement Claims Petition OFFice.”

24.The main question here is whether the withdrawal/abandonment of the applicant’s appeal/petition was valid or not. As held by the Court of Appeal in Re Das Purnima Rani [2019] HKCA 669, if the withdrawal or abandonment of the appeal is a valid one, in the sense of being the result of a deliberate and informed decision, the appeal is no longer extant and the Board becomes functus officio with no jurisdiction to take any step regarding the appeal. On the other hand, where a withdrawal or abandonment is invalid, it would logically be a nullity and, as such, could and would have no effect on the appeal which remains extant so that the Board can and should resume processing the same upon the applicant’s application.

25.In the Notice, the applicant indicated clearly the reason for his withdrawal, ie it was safe for him to return to his country India, and the applicant also confirmed his understanding of the consequences of his withdrawal, ie the Director’s 2^nd Decision would remain in force and it was a final disposal of his appeal and petition. Clearly, the applicant did make a deliberate and informed decision to withdraw his appeal/petition.

26.There is also no evidence to show that the applicant made the above withdrawal application other than out of his own volition. The withdrawal or abandonment of the appeal by the applicant was therefore a valid one.

27.This court fails to see how the Board erred in acceding to the applicant’s request to withdraw or abandon his appeal/petition. The appeal/petition is therefore no longer extant and the Board becomes functus officio.

28.Moreover, section 37ZTA(2) of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115, stipulates that an appeal against a decision is withdrawn once a notice to withdraw the appeal is received by the Board. The Board did receive the Notice. Thus, irrespective of whether the Board gave the direction that the applicant’s appeal/petition was withdrawn or not, the appeal was withdrawn by virtue of section 37ZTA(2). There is simply no substance in the applicant’s intended judicial review when the applicant had withdrawn the appeal/petition.

29.Having rigorously examined the Board’s Decision with anxious scrutiny, this court is satisfied that there was no errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality in the Board’s 2^nd Decision. The Board’s 2^nd Decision does satisfy the enhanced Wednesbury test, ie it is not Wednesbury unreasonable or irrational for the Board to reach its decision.

30.In Po Fun Chan v Winnie Cheung (2007) 10 HKCFAR 676, the Court of Final Appeal held that for the court to grant leave to apply for judicial review, the claim had to be a reasonably arguable claim which enjoyed realistic prospects of success. It is the view of this court that the applicant has failed to establish such a claim and hence leave must be refused.

Conclusion

31.For reasons aforesaid, the Leave Application is dismissed for being made out of time and also for lack of merits.

Dated the 8^th day of July 2025

Where leave to apply has been granted, applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1