Nguyen Thi Tuyet v. Torture Claims Appeal Board

HCAL 2214/2020

[2025] HKCFI 5204

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 2214 OF 2020

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review
NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following:

	consideration of the documents only;            or
	consideration of the documents and oral submissions by the Applicant in open court / the Applicant being absent in open court;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge Bruno Chan:

1.  Extension of time for the application for leave to apply for Judicial Review of the decision of Torture Claims Appeal Board dated 15 June 2018 be refused; and

2.  The application for leave to apply for Judicial Review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.The Applicant is a 56-year-old national of Vietnam who entered Hong Kong illegally on 17 November 2013 and more than 4 months later on 31 March 2014 surrendered to the Immigration Department and raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if she returned to Vietnam she would be harmed or killed by her creditor over her outstanding debts. She was subsequently released on recognizance pending the determination of her claim.

2.The Applicant was born and raised in Hai Phong, Vietnam. After leaving school she worked as a causal worker, married her husband and raised a family with 2 children in her home district.

3.In 2005, she and her husband used their life savings to purchase a piece of land and instructed a local builder to build a house for their family, but upon completing the construction, the total costs had exceeded their budget that they were unable to pay for the balance, and when the builder/creditor pressed for their payment, her husband then fled from their home and departed Vietnam for Hong Kong, but was eventually repatriated back to Vietnam in 2008, whereupon their creditor continued to press them for payment with threats, and when they still failed to do so, their creditor then sent men to beat them.

4.Eventually, in May 2013, the Applicant and her family fled from their home to hide in her in-laws’ place, and on 7 November 2013 she departed Vietnam for China, and from there she later sneaked into Hong Kong and subsequently raised her non-refoulement claim for protection, for which she completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 30 June 2017 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation from the Duty Lawyer Service (“DLS”).

5.By a Notice of Decision dated 19 July 2017, the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of her absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

6.In his decision, the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of the Applicant’s claim and assessed the level of risk of harm from her creditor and followers upon her return to Vietnam as low due to the low intensity and frequency of past ill-treatment from them, that there is no evidence of any real intention of her creditor to seriously harm or kill her or her husband other than to press them to repay their debts, that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her and her husband and their creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in Vietnam with a large population of 94 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 331,000 square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied adult with working experience to move to other areas of the country away from her home district in large cities where it would be difficult if not impossible for her creditor to locate her.

7.The Applicant then lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which she attended an oral hearing on 19 March 2018 before the Board during which she gave evidence and answered questions raised of her claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 15 June 2018, her appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

8.In its decision[1], the Board found material inconsistencies and discrepancies in the Applicant’s evidence that it doubted the credibility of her claim of fear of harm from any builder or creditor over any outstanding debts incurred by her and her husband for the construction of their house that caused her to leave her country to come to Hong Kong to seek protection, that even if her account of threats from her creditor over the debts owed by her and her husband for the construction of their house prior to her departure of Vietnam were true that there was no reliable evidence of any real intention of her creditor to seriously harm or kill her other than to press her and her husband to repay their debts, and that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between her and her husband and their creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant upon her return to Vietnam as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for her to move safely to other parts of the country away from her home district without any risk of being located that her claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.

9.On 15 October 2018, the Applicant filed her first Form 86 under HCAL 2243/2018 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but before it was heard by the Court, the Applicant on 4 December 2019 requested to withdraw her application, and on 12 December 2019 her leave application was accordingly withdrawn.

10.However, almost one year later on 4 November 2020, the Applicant again filed a Form 86 in these proceedings for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but no ground for seeking relief was given in her Form or supporting affirmation, nor did she explain why having one year ago already withdrawn her application that she now wanted to make the same application again.

11.By then the Applicant was also out of time with her application, as Order 53 rule 4(1) of the Rules of the High Court, Cap. 4A requires that an application for leave to apply for judicial review be made promptly and in any event within three months from the day when grounds for the application first arose unless the Court considers that there is good reason to extend the period within which the application shall be made.

12.As the last day of the three-month period for her to file her Form 86 fell on 15 September 2018, the Applicant was therefore more than 2 years late with her application, and in considering whether to extend time, the Court shall have regard to (i) the length of the delay; (ii) the reason for the delay; (iii) the merits of the intended application; and (iv) any prejudice to the putative respondent and to public administration: AW v Director of Immigration [2016] 2 HKC 393.

13.In the Applicant’s case, a delay of more than 2 years must be considered as extremely substantial and inordinate, for which she did not provide any explanation or reasons in her Form or affirmation or as noted above why having already withdrawn her previous application that she now wants to make her application again, nor did she request any oral hearing for her application. As such I am unable to see any good or valid reason for her such serious delay.

14.As for the merits, if any, of her intended application, as noted above that the Applicant has failed to put forth any proper ground for her intended challenge, and in the absence of any error of law or irrationality or procedural unfairness in her process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any merits in her intended application either.

15.As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

16.In the Applicant’s case, the fact is that it has been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in her claim even if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for her to relocate to other part of Vietnam, there is simply no justification to afford her with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.

17.In the premises, and having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

18.For all these reasons, I am not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, and in the absence of any good reason for her such serious delay, I refuse to extend time and accordingly dismiss her leave application.

Dated the 7^th day of November 2025

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1