Maya Khairun Nesa v. Torture Claims Appeal Board / Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office

HCAL 2499/2020

[2026] HKCFI 158

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST No 2499 of 2020

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review
NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge (Non-Refoulement Claims) Vincent Lung:    

The application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

Introduction

1.By a Form 86 filed on 28 December 2020 (the “Form 86”), the Applicant applied for leave to apply for judicial review against the decision by the Torture Claims Appeal Board (the “TCAB”) dated 18 December 2020 (the “TCAB Decision”), which affirmed the decision of the Director of Immigration (the “DOI”) dated 28 December 2018.

2.The Applicant requested for a hearing of this application and she attended the same.  When asked if she had anything to add she confirmed that she had not.

Background

3.The Applicant is a national of Bangladesh. She seeks non-refoulement protection on the basis that she would be harmed or even killed by her political opponents in Awami League (“AL”, which was the ruling party).  The Applicant’s husband and his family were affiliated with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (which was AL’s political rival).  In 2016, some AL supporters broke into the Applicant’s house and began to tear it apart.  The Applicant’s husband tried to stop them and was killed.  The Applicant’s personal background, the relevant facts and relevant procedural history have been sufficiently set out in the TCAB Decision, which can be viewed through a hyperlink[1]. I shall therefore not repeat them.

Discussion

4.The leave application operates as a filtering process and there is no requirement or expectation to give elaborate reasons for my decision: Re Zunariyah [2018] HKCA 14 at [23].  It is sufficient to state my observations after considering the TCAB Decision and the materials adduced by the Applicant.

5.I remind myself that in a judicial review, this court does not provide a further avenue of appeal.  Though in non-refoulement cases an enhanced standard in scrutinizing the decision of the TCAB is required given the seriousness of the issue at hand, this court should not usurp the role of the TCAB, which together with the DOI are the primary decision-makers.  A finding of fact is exclusively within the realm of the TCAB, and this court will not intervene by way of judicial review unless there are errors of law or procedural unfairness or irrationality in the decision of the TCAB: Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524 at [14(1)]. There must be a reasonably arguable case with a realistic prospect of success before leave for judicial review will be granted: Peter Po Fun Chan v Winnie Cheung (2007) 10 HKCFAR 676. 

6.In a proper Form 86, an applicant is required to identify the grounds of judicial review clearly and succinctly: Ho Loy v Director of Environmental Protection (unreported, HCAL 21/2015, 22 December 2016) at [142], and further to make full and frank disclosure of all material facts to be verified by an affidavit.

7.The Applicant did not point to any error of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality of the TCAB Decision in the Form 86.  In her affirmation in support she merely stated that she did not agree with the TCAB Decision.

8.As can be seen from the TCAB Decision, the TCAB took into account all the evidence available [1-12] and found that on the basis of the same, applying also the correct legal principles in respect of all four applicable grounds [15, 16-23, 27-30, 32-35] and properly considering Country of Origin information [13, 15, 25d, 25e], the Applicant’s allegations were insufficient to make out any of the applicable grounds [24-26, 31, 36].  In particular, the TCAB found that the centerpiece of the Applicant’s case to be lacking independent support, with her evidence “inconsistent” and “defy[ing] logic” [13-14].  There were conclusions that the TCAB was fully entitled to come to.  With only the factual findings accepted by the TCAB [14], there was no factual or evidential basis to support the Applicant’s claims [25a].

9.The TCAB also concluded that state protection and internal relocation were available on the evidence [25d, 25e]. 

10.All in all, I do not see any errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality in the TCAB Decision, despite rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny.  The Applicant’s intended challenge to the TCAB Decision is not reasonably arguable, and accordingly the application for leave to apply for judicial review is dismissed.

Dated the 26^th day of January 2026

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1