譚滿堂 訴 Lucky Dragon Restaurant Ltd.

Read the full judgment text of DCCJ 1706/2001 on BabelCite. This District Court judgment was delivered on 15 August 2001.

2. 雙方均沒 有律師代表 。聆訊開始前,本席向雙方解釋過訴訟的程序及規則;可是,本席爲了確保審訊公平,曾須數次向雙方發問,並打斷他們的 盤問 及 結案陳詞 。

Cited by 1 case

Case No.DCCJ 1706/2001
Court
District Court
Date15 Aug 2001
Judge
Case Document
100%Judiciary

DCCJ001706Y/2001

[Chinese Translation - 中譯本]

DCCJ 1706/2001

香港特別行政區

區域法院

區院民事訴訟2001年第1706號

原告人 譚滿堂
被告人 Lucky Dragon Restaurant Ltd.

主審法官:區域法院暫委法官周紹和

聆訊日期:2001年7月18日

判案書日期:2001年8月15日

------------------

判 案 書

------------------

簡介

1.本申索由勞資審裁處轉介到本院處理。原告人的申索如下:

(a) 7天代通知金 $4,284.00
(b) 按比例計算的年假薪酬 6,120.00
(c) 法定假期薪酬 37,332.00
(d) 長期服務金餘款 16,316.70
總申索款額 $64,052.70

2.雙方均沒有律師代表。聆訊開始前,本席向雙方解釋過訴訟的程序及規則;可是,本席爲了確保審訊公平,曾須數次向雙方發問,並打斷他們的盤問及結案陳詞。

原告人的案情

3.原告人自1995年3月16日起受僱於被告人,職位為副經理,月薪18,360元。他在受僱期間,享有每月4天休假及每年7天有薪假期。

4.2000年8月14日下午較晚的時候,被告人其中一名董事梁振華先生(“梁先生”)叫原告人到貴賓房,告訴他說將會解僱他。梁先生對原告人說,被告人打算支付他30,000元作爲“長期服務金”;可是,梁先生認爲那並不足夠,因此他會嘗試把金額增至50,000元。

5.梁先生經過討論後,回來跟原告人說公司答應向他支付50,000元。然後,有人拿出一份文件讓他簽署,並把一張面額50,000元的支票交給他。

6.原告人記得那份文件跟被告人在審訊期間呈堂列為證物D-1的文件相若,唯一分別是當時文件上並沒有“達成和解,互不追究”這些字眼。此外,當時見證人仍未在文件上簽署。

7.原告人閲讀過該份文件後,發覺其中並未包括7天代通知金。原告人向梁先生查詢,梁先生回答說代通知金已包括在該筆50,000元款項内。梁先生答應代原告人向被告人公司查詢,並著原告人於2000年8月18日晚上回去。可是原告人再沒有回去,反而向勞工處提交申索。

被告人的案情

8.被告人同意原告人案情的大部分内容。爭議事項只屬輕微:第一,被告人說當原告人在被告人其中一名董事見證下簽署D-1時,該文件已經如呈堂時一樣,內容完整。

9.第二,根據僱傭協議第4條規定,僱員每月只可享有1天休假及1天法定假期。但在原告人加入被告人公司時,有關規定已經修改成為3天休假及1天法定假期。雖然合約沒有明確陳述,但原告人的基本薪酬已包括4天休假的薪酬。

爭議點

10.本案共有兩項主要爭議點:

- 有關的“和解協議”是否可予強制執行?

- 如果第(1)項的答案是否定的,那麽原告人有權向被告人追討的款項為多少?

有關的“和解協議”是否可予強制執行?

11.香港法例第57章《僱傭條例》(“該條例”)第31R條列明,假如僱員遭解僱時已為僱主服務了超過5年,他即有權獲得長期服務金。假如解僱乃根據該條例第9條進行,則屬豁免情況。雖然被告人曾批評原告人的工作表現,但被告人並沒有就此點援引任何證據。因此,本席裁斷原告人並非按照第9條的規定遭解僱。

12.由於雙方同意原告人遭解僱時的工資為18,360元,因此,按照該條例第31V條規定的計算方法,原告人有權獲得的長期服務金為66,316.70元。換句話說,就長期服務金而言,被告人有法律責任向原告人支付一筆高於實際付作“和解費”的款項。問題是案中有沒有任何代價存在,令有關的和解協議可予強制執行?

13.這問題初看容易解答,實則不是。Chitty on Contract (28th ed) 一書的作者於3-056段指出:

" ...Much difficulty arises in determining whether a person who does, or promises to do, what he is already in law bound to do thereby provides consideration for a promise made to him. One possible view is that, as he was already bound to do the thing in question, his doing, or promising to do, it has no 'value in the eye of the law': hence it cannot amount to a legal detriment to him, or to a legal benefit to the person already entitled to performance. On the other hand the actual performance of the legal duty may amount to a factual detriment or benefit: it may be a detriment to the party performing the duty since actual performance may be more troublesome to him than the payment of (or the risk of being sued for) damages; while the other party may benefit in the sense of finding his remedy for breach of the duty less beneficial than its actual performance..."

14.Chiu Wing Hang & Others v. B.G. Lighting Co. Ltd. & B.G. Trading Co., Labour Tribunal Appeal No. 67 of 1999 是近期探討這原則的一個香港案例。

15.B.G. Lighting案中的僱主出現財政困難,欠下其僱員數月薪金。僱主跟其僱員達成協議,如果僱員答應繼續為公司工作,僱主將會分期償還欠薪,同時承諾以後會準時發薪。

16.僱員起初接受了僱主的建議;可是,後來部分僱員違背協議,離開公司。僱員聲稱由於僱主在發薪日後的一個月内仍未支付薪金,根據該條例第10A條,可當作僱主已終止了他們的協議。

17.勞資審裁處審裁官裁定,由於欠缺任何代價,有關的分期後補付款協議不可強制執行。審裁官的決定遭上訴推翻。原訟法庭暫委法官杜溎峰認爲,在眾多受僱人士失去工作之時,那些僱員卻能夠保得住工作,因此他推斷有代價存在。

18.暫委法官杜溎峰把雙方達成的有關協議與債務重整協議作比較後,認爲這類協議存有代價。他的英文判案書中第5頁載有以下裁定:

“It has long been a common practice for the creditor of an impecunious debtor to make an arrangement with him whereby each agrees to accept a stated percentage of his debt in full satisfaction. It would appear at first that payment of a smaller amount cannot be satisfaction of a greater debt as it had occurred to the presiding officer that payment by deferred instalment cannot be satisfactory discharge of the appellants' obligation to pay arrears of wages forthwith. However, the court is always ready to find a consideration to give effect to so reasonable an agreement which provides a practical solution to a real problem. An Agreement to defer payment of wages and to be paid by instalment is far less objectionable than an agreement to accept part of a debt as full and final satisfaction of the entire debt.”

19.暫委法官杜溎峰繼續指出,儘管債務重整協議中的代價,經常引起原則性的疑難問題,這些協議的約束力已穩固確立,無可置疑。

20.B.G. Lighting一案對本席具約束力,可是,本案的事實與B.G. Lighting的不同,幾乎所有有關的情況都不相同。

21.首先,B.G. Lighting案中的僱主當時陷於財政困難,面臨即時倒閉的危機。本案沒有證據顯示被告人出現同樣情況。事實上,在聆訊期間,被告人仍照常經營業務。

22.第二,B.G. Lighting案中的僱員在非常困難時期仍然能夠保住工作,由此事實可推斷該協議中有代價存在。可是,本案的原告人卻被即時解僱,他只收到一筆比他法定可獲的款項少的“和解費”,。本席無法從這些事實中推斷出任何代價。

23.第三,原告人是唯一一名被解僱的僱員,案中沒有其他經過雙方協議願意放棄追討部分債項的“債權人”。債務重整協議所需的代價也不存在於本案。

24.雖然暫委法官杜溎峰在處理B.G. Lighting一案時,拒絕接納In re Selectmove Ltd. [1995] 1 WLR 474案中英國上訴法院的決定,可是,他並沒有交代其中理由。

25.In re Selectmove一案中,涉案公司拖欠稅務局一筆款項,而該筆款項乃公司從僱員薪金中扣除作交稅之用的。該公司一名董事與收稅主任達成協議,承諾該公司以後會準時繳交一切款項,而欠款則會分期償還。其後,該公司沒有準時繳款,稅務局就要求該公司清還整筆欠款。案件上訴時,法庭裁定有關協議缺乏代價,不可強制執行。

26.英國上訴法院法官Gibson以連串案例為參考,詳細考慮過有關原則的發展,案例從Foakes v. Beer (1884) 9 App. Cas. 605到Vanbergen v. St. Edmunds Properties Ltd [1933] 2 K.B. 223;還有D. & C. Builders Ltd. V. Rees [1966] 2 Q.B. 617,以及William v. Roffey Bros. & Nicholls (Contractors) Ltd. [1991] 1 Q.B. 1.

27.D. & C. Builders判案書的其中一段最能準確說出有關原則,英國上訴法院法官Danckwerts的裁定如下:

" ...(It is) settled definitely the rule of law that payment of a lesser sum than the amount of a debt due cannot be a satisfaction of the debt, unless there is some benefit to the creditor added so that there is an accord and satisfaction. "

28.可是,英國上訴法院在William一案卻作出以下裁定:

" (i) if A has entered into a contract with B to do work for, or to supply goods or services to, B in return for payment by B; and (ii) at some stage before A has completely performed his obligations under the contract B has reason to doubt whether A will, or will be able to, complete his side of the bargain; and (iii) B thereupon promises A an additional payment in return for A's promise to perform his contractual obligations on time; and (iv) as a result of giving his promise, B obtains in practice a benefit, or obviates a disbenefit; and (v) B's promise is not given as a result of economic duress or fraud on the part of A; then (vi) the benefit to B is capable of being consideration for B's promise, so that the promise will be legally binding."

29.In re Selectmove一案中,英國上訴法院法官Gibson拒絕把William案中的原則,引伸至包括B的責任只是付款這種情況在内,並裁定必須維持D. & C. Builders一案所述的原則。

30.在以該條例作為背景來考慮有關原則時,這點尤為真確。該條例的目的是要賦予僱員一些特定的利益,即使透過訂立合約條款也不可剝奪該等利益。該條例第70條的規定如下:

“ 僱傭合約的任何條款,如看來使本條例賦予僱員的任何權利、利益或保障終絕或減少,即屬無效。”

31.該條例第70條清楚反映立法的用意:必須保障該等僱員的利益,即使他簽署的僱傭合約内有相反的條款,他的有關利益仍不能被剝奪。

32.原告人提出申索的所有項目,包括長期服務金、年假、代通知金及法定假期薪酬,均屬該條例所賦予的利益及該條例第70條所涵蓋的範圍之内。如果有關的“和解協議”包含於僱傭協議内,根據該條例第70條,很明顯那是必屬無效,不可強制執行。假如法庭容許僱主單憑僱傭協議之外的一份文件,就可取消或減少僱員根據該條例可享有的權利,則該條例下所有關於僱員利益的條文均會變成無效。

33.因此,本席認爲必須依循In re Selectmove一案的裁定,而B.G. Lighting一案則由於其事實而有所分別。本案的和解協議並無代價,因此在法律上不可強制執行。

原告人有權向被告人追討的款項為多少?

34.本席已經處理過原告人對長期服務金的享有權,並述明他應獲得66,316.70元的全數款項。被告人已支付50,000元,因此原告人有權獲得餘款16,316.70元。

35.至於代通知金方面,雙方同意當時是沒有給予通知,因此原告人應獲支付7天代通知金,款額為4,284.00元。

36.關於按比例計算的年假薪酬,按照該條例第41AA條,原告人在受僱期間,有權獲得共45.167天年假。原告人聲稱在終止合約時,他仍享有10天年假。

37.在聆訊期間,被告人把原告人的書面僱傭合約呈堂作證據,列為證物D-2。原告人承認在D-2中有書面備註他在受僱期間實際所放年假的日數,已放年假的日數為30天。按此計算,原告人仍享有15.167天年假。可是,本席受他的狀書所約束,因此,本席只可按照申索陳述書的內容,裁斷原告人可獲10天之薪酬共6,120.00元。

38.最後,本席要處理原告人就法定假期薪酬所提出的申索。雖然有關申索是以法定假期薪酬之名提出,但事實上,僱傭協議內已特別就法定假期訂定條文。

39.僱傭協議第4條規定原告人可享有1天休假(雙方同意事實上他獲得3天休假),以1天休假代替其法定假期。由於申索款額相同,無論原告人在申索陳述書內提出哪項申索,對案件並無影響。

40.案中僱傭協議第4條,是酒樓員工僱傭合約中常見的合約條款。這類條款曾經成為兩宗高院上訴案件的爭議點。

41.Fu Hong Choi v. Ho King Restaurant Ltd Trading as Ho King Restaurant, LTA No. 131 of 1995一案中,當時的原訟法庭法官梁紹中裁定,根據該條例第70條,僱傭協議內其中一條條款無效,該條款看來顯示僱員同意以休假薪酬替代法定假期。該案的判案書述明:

“The effect of these sections is that employer must provide a rest day each week for the employee, although the employee may work for the employer on his rest day on a voluntary basis. However, these rest days are in additional to the statutory holidays which the employee is entitled under s.39 of the Ordinance . It is beyond doubt both under s.17 and s.39 that statutory holidays cannot be substituted by rest days. Another effect of these provision is that no payment can be substituted for statutory holidays..."

42.Hang Fook Lau Seafood Restaurant O/B Come Koon Investment Ltd. V. Kwok Sik Yuen, LTA No. 2 of 2000一案中,原訟法庭法官袁家寧裁定,根據該條例第70條,合約內其中一條條款無效,該條款列明“僱員須於每月2天(休假)工作,有關薪酬已包括在基本薪酬之內”。原訟法庭法官袁家寧指出:

“Section 19 and 20 complement each other. They show that, unless there is unforeseen emergency work, an employee has the right to choose whether or not to work on a rest day even though his employer wants him to work. If an employer wants the employee to work on a rest day, the employer has to "request" the employee to do so, and obviously with any request, the person who receives a request has the freedom to say "Yes" or "No"...

...

Thus by clause 6, it became a term of the contract of employment that the employee had to work on 2 out of 4 rest days a month. Should he fails to do so, he would be in breach of the contract of employment and liable to be dismissed or disciplined.

The effect of this clause is to reduce the right conferred upon every employee by the Ordinance to choose whether to work or to rest on all 4 rest day a month.

It is therefore void under s.70 of the Ordinance, which provides that 'any term of a contract of employment which purports to extinguish or reduce any right, benefit or protection conferred upon the employee by this Ordinance shall be void.'"

43.基於相同理由,本席裁斷根據該條例第70條,本案的僱傭協議第4條是無效的。因此,原告人有權討回此申索項目的全數款項,即37,332.00元。

判決

本席判原告人勝訴,判決如下:

(1) 代通知金 $4,284.00
(2) 按比例計算的年假薪酬 6,120.00
(3) 法定假期/休假薪酬 37,332.00
(4) 長期服務金餘款 16,316.70
(5) 利息,以判決利率由2000年10月13日(在勞資審裁處提出申索之日)起計至付款日為止。
(6) 有關訟費方面,法庭不作命令。

區域法院暫委法官周紹和

原告人無律師代表

被告人由其中一名董事梁振華先生代表

Cited by 1 case

Other judgments that cite this case

Other Judgments in This Case

Further hearings and rulings under DCCJ 1706/2001