Ngo Van Hoan v. Torture Claims Appeal Board / Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office

HCAL 573/2021

[2026] HKCFI 1247

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST No. 573 of 2021

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge (Non-refoulement Claims) Jeffrey Chau:

1.   Form 86 be amended, naming only the Torture Claims Appeal Board/Non‑refoulement Claims Petition Office as the Putative Respondent and the Director of Immigration as the Putative Interested Party.

2.   The application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

Introduction

1.By a Form 86 dated 23 April 2021 (the “Form 86”), the Applicant applied for leave to apply for judicial review against the decision by the Torture Claims Appeal Board (the “TCAB”) dated 14 April 2021 (the “TCAB Decision”), which affirmed the decision of the Director of Immigration (the “DOI”) dated 17 March 2020.

2.I amend Form 86 on my own motion to name only the TCAB as the putative respondent and the DOI as the putative interested party.

3.The Applicant requested for a hearing of this application.  When asked, he said he had nothing to add.

Background

4.The Applicant was a national of Vietnam.  In gist, he fears that if refouled, he would be harmed or killed by his creditor or his people due to his failure to repay the debts.  The Applicant’s personal background, the relevant facts and relevant procedural history have been sufficiently set out in the TCAB Decision, which can be viewed through a hyperlink[1]. I shall therefore not repeat them.  Unless otherwise specified, TCAB’s abbreviations and descriptions are adopted herein.

Discussion

1.The leave application operates as a filtering process and there is no requirement or expectation to give elaborate reasons for my decision: Re Zunariyah [2018] HKCA 14 at [23].  It is sufficient to state my observations after considering the TCAB Decision and the materials adduced by the Applicant.

2.I remind myself that in a judicial review, this court does not provide a further avenue of appeal.  While I also remind myself that in non-refoulement cases, I would adopt an enhanced standard in scrutinizing the decision of the TCAB given the seriousness of the issue at hand, this court would not usurp the role of the TCAB, which together with the DOI are the primary decision-makers. A finding of fact is exclusively within the realm of the TCAB, and this court will not intervene by way of judicial review unless there are errors of law or procedural unfairness or irrationality in the decision of the TCAB: Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524 at [14(1)].  There must be a reasonably arguable case with a realistic prospect of success before leave for judicial review will be granted: Peter Po Fun Chan v Winnie Cheung (2007) 10 HKCFAR 676.

3.In a proper Form 86, an applicant is required to identify the grounds of judicial review clearly and succinctly: Ho Loy v Director of Environmental Protection (unreported, HCAL 21/2015, 22 December 2016) at [142], and further to make full and frank disclosure of all material facts to be verified by an affidavit.

4.The Applicant did not state any grounds on which the relief is sought other than stating in her affirmation “…Am I refouled to Vietnam, I will be faced a genuine and substantial risk of being subject to killed and torture by my creditor and his men since I am insolvent”, and hence did not point to any error of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality of the TCAB Decision.

5.As can be seen from the TCAB Decision, the TCAB took into account all the evidence available and found that on the basis of the same, applying the correct legal principles in respect of all the applicable grounds under the Unified Screening Mechanism, the Applicant’s allegations were insufficient to make out any of the applicable grounds [38-87].  Even on the Applicant’s evidence, the creditors could not locate him when he was not in his hometown [47].  It was thus clear that he could relocate to a different city [62-67].  His appeal below was bound to fail on this reason alone.  In any event, I am also of the view that the TCAB was entitled to come to the findings that (1) on the evidence, his creditor did not have the intention to seriously injure or kill him [49, 50]; and (2) state protection would be available to him should he seek assistance.  There was no evidence that the creditor was connected to the government at all [50-51], and the country of origin information showed that state protection was generally available [53-61].

5.All in all, I do not see any errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality in the TCAB Decision, despite rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny.  The Applicant’s intended challenge to the TCAB Decision is not reasonably arguable, and accordingly the application for leave to apply for judicial review is dismissed.

Dated the 20^th day of March 2026

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1