Nguyen Huy Thanh v. Torture Claims Appeal Board

HCAL 14/2023

[2026] HKCFI 3566

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST NO 14 OF 2023

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following:

Order by Deputy High Court Judge Bruno Chan:

Leave to apply for judicial review be refused.

Observations for the Applicant:

1.The Applicant is a 28-year-old national of Vietnam who entered Hong Kong illegally on 5 June 2021 and was arrested by police on 14 July 2021. After he was referred to the Immigration Department for investigation, he raised a non-refoulement claim for protection on the basis that if he returned to Vietnam he would be harmed or killed by the creditor of his parents over their outstanding debts. He was subsequently released on recognizance pending the determination of his claim.

2.The Applicant was born and raised in Hai Phong, Vietnam where his parents used to run a farm raising live stocks. After leaving university he remained residing with his parents in his family home in his home district.

3.In 2019, his parents started to experience financial difficulties and were unable to repay their debts, whereupon their creditor would send men to come to their home to threaten them, and as a result his parents then fled from their home and disappeared without any news.

4.When the men sent by their creditor were unable to find his parents, they then turned to threaten the Applicant to either disclose his parents’ whereabouts or to repay their debts, and when he was unable to do either, those men then beat him severely that the Applicant subsequently also fled from his home to hide in a friend’s place.

5.However, as he feared of being eventually located by his parents’ creditor, the Applicant on 2 June 2021 departed Vietnam for China, and from there he later sneaked into Hong Kong, and upon his arrest by the police he then raised his non-refoulement claim for protection, for which he completed a Non-refoulement Claim Form (“NCF”) on 6 December 2021 and attended screening interview before the Immigration Department with legal representation.             

6.By a Notice of Decision dated 31 December 2021, the Director of Immigration (“Director”) rejected the Applicant’s claim on all the applicable grounds including risk of torture under Part VIIC of the Immigration Ordinance, Cap 115 (“Torture Risk”), risk of his absolute or non-derogable rights under the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, Cap 383 (“HKBOR”) being violated including right to life under Article 2 (“BOR 2 Risk”), risk of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under Article 3 of HKBOR (“BOR 3 Risk”), and risk of persecution with reference to the non-refoulement principle under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (“Persecution Risk”).

7.In his decision, the Director took into account of all the relevant circumstances of  the Applicant’s claim and assessed the level of risk of harm from his parents’ creditor upon his return to Vietnam as low due to the low intensity and frequency of past ill-treatment from his parents’ creditor, that there is no evidence of any real intention of his parents’ creditor to seriously harm or kill him other than to press him to repay his parents’ debts, that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between his parents and their creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant if resorted to, and that reliable and objective Country of Origin Information (“COI”) show that reasonable internal relocation alternatives are available in Vietnam with a large population of 100 million people spread across a vast territory of more than 330,000 square kilometers that it would not be unduly harsh for the Applicant as an able-bodied well-educated young adult to move to other areas of the country away from his home district in large cities such as Ho Chi Minh City or Da Nang where it would be difficult if not impossible for anyone to locate him.

8.On 12 January 2022, the Applicant lodged an appeal to the Torture Claims Appeal Board (“Board”) against the Director’s decision, and for which he attended oral hearings on 6 and 7 of September 2022 before the Board during which he gave evidence and answered questions raised of his claim by the Adjudicator for the Board. On 8 November 2022 his appeal was dismissed by the Board which also confirmed the Director’s decision.

9.In its decision[1], the Board found material inconsistencies and discrepancies in the Applicant’s evidence that it doubted the credibility of his claim of fear of harm from some creditor of his parents over their debts that caused him to leave his country to come to Hong Kong to seek protection, that even if his account of events prior to his departure of Vietnam were true that there was no reliable evidence of any real intention of his parents’ creditor to seriously harm or kill him other than to press him to repay his parents’ debts, and that in any event it was a private monetary dispute between his parents and their creditor only without any official involvement that state or police protection would be available to the Applicant upon his return to Vietnam as well as reasonable internal relocation alternatives for him to move safely to other parts of the country away from his home district without any risk of being located by his parents’ creditor that his claim for non-refoulement protection failed on all applicable grounds.    

10.On 5 January 2023, the Applicant filed his Form 86 for leave to apply for judicial review of the Board’s decision, but no ground for seeking relief was given in his Form or his supporting affirmation of the same date in which he just repeated that his life is in danger in his home country but without putting forth any proper ground for his intended challenge, nor was he able to do so at the hearing of his application. As such, and in the absence of any error of law or irrationality or procedural unfairness in his process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any reasonably arguable basis for his intended challenge of the Board’s decision.

11.As has been repeatedly emphasized by the Court of Appeal, judicial review does not operate as a rehearing of a non-refoulement claim when the proper occasion for the Applicant to present and articulate his claim is in the screening process and interview before the Immigration Department and in the process before the Board where the evaluation of the risk of harm is primarily a matter for the Director and the Board as they are entitled to make such evaluation based on the evidence available to them that the court will not usurp their role as primary decision makers in the absence of any legal error or procedural unfairness or irrationality in their decisions being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, as judicial review is not an avenue for revisiting the assessment by them in the hope that the court may consider the matter afresh: Re Lakhwinder Singh [2018] HKCA 246; Re Daljit Singh [2018] HKCA 328; Re Mudannayakalage Chaminda Pushpa Kumara [2018] HKCA 400; and Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524.

12.In the Applicant’s case, the Board rejected his claim essentially on its adverse finding on his credibility for the thorough and detailed analysis and reasoning set out in its decision with the benefit of hearing him in his oral evidence and his answers to questions raised of his claim, and in the absence of any error of law or procedural unfairness in his process before the Board or in its decision being clearly and properly identified by the Applicant, I do not find any reasonably arguable basis to challenge the finding of the Board.

13.Furthermore, the fact is that it has also been established by both the Director and the Board in their respective decisions that the risk of harm in the Applicant’s claim even if real is a localized one and that it is not unreasonable or unsafe for him to relocate to other part of Vietnam, there is simply no justification to afford him with non-refoulement protection in Hong Kong: see TK v Jenkins & Anor [2013] 1 HKC 526.                

14.In the premises, and having considered the decisions of both the Director and the Board with rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny, I do not find any error of law or procedural unfairness in either of them, nor any failure on their part to apply high standards of fairness in their consideration and assessment of the Applicant’s claim.

15.As I am for the given reasons not satisfied that there is any prospect of success in the Applicant’s intended application for judicial review, I therefore refuse to grant leave and accordingly dismiss his application.

Dated the 22^nd day of June 2026

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1