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HCLA000094/2001
HCLA 94/2001
香港特別行政區
高等法院
原訟法庭
高院勞資審裁處上訴案件2001年第94號
(原本案件編號:勞資審裁處申索2001年第3707號)
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| 第一申索人 |
林樹彬 |
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| 第二申索人 |
林靜詩 |
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| 被告公司 |
華雋國際有限公司 |
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主審法官:高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官張舉能
聆訊日期 :2002年7月17日
判案書日期 :2002年8月16日
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判案書
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1.這是被告人針對勞資審裁處游德康暫委審裁官(當時官階)於2001年11月20日的裁斷,提出上訴。
2.兩名申索人本為被告人公司之百分之二十五股權的股東及董事,公司其餘百分之七十五股份由姚永祺及姚永麟兄弟二人持有。根據審裁官之裁斷,兩位申索人是公司的“受薪董事”,月薪HK$35,000。案情顯示,2001年3月5日姚氏兄弟要求收購申索人在公司百分之二十五的股份,並即時終止申索人在公司作為“受薪董事”之身份及工作。申索人並未即時同意,在其後時間亦試圖繼續回公司工作,但遭姚氏兄弟阻撓。其後雙方多次會面商談,最後在2001年3月26日,姚氏兄弟及兩名申索人(第二申索人由其丈夫郭先生為代表)簽署一份“協議書”。協議書內容如下:
姚永祺,姚永麟(下稱甲方)與林樹彬,林靜詩(下稱乙方)就結束雙方在華雋國際有限公司(下稱華雋)有合股關係達成此協議書,具體條款如下:
1. 甲方向乙方支付港幣壹拾肆萬元正,於2001年3月26日支付。
2. 乙方將其華雋的股份全部轉讓給甲方,及結束其與華雋的僱傭關係;乙方與華雋及甲方再無瓜葛。
3. 乙方在華雋工作時負責找顧紀鈞小姐拍的時裝宣傳照片及海報等,華雋於2001年4月15日後不能再貼於店鋪內;甲方也不能採用這些照片做商業用途;違約一方向另一方支付港幣伍萬元正的違約罰款。
4. OLZUMA商標乃華雋公司擁有,乙方不能再採用;甲方也不得用乙方名字為OLZUMA作宣傳。
此協議書一式四份,每人各執一份,簽字後生效。
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乙方: |
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[簽名]
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[簽名]
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[簽名]
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[簽名]
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姚永祺
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姚永麟
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林樹彬
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林靜詩
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2001年3月26日”
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3.根據協議書,姚氏兄弟支付申索人HK$140,000。
4.然而,2001年5月22日,申索人在勞資審裁處向被告人提出申索,追討其僱傭合約終止之一個月代通知金HK$35,000;2001年3月1日至3月26日之欠薪HK$29,354.80;及按比例之有薪年假補薪,分別為HK$4,631.50及HK$4,318.20。申索理由基本是被告人公司單方面於2001年3月26日終止申索人之有薪董事的僱傭關係,故必須補償申索人各人一個月之薪金為代通知金。而申索之欠薪及按比例有薪年假補薪,皆以2001年3月26日為僱傭關係終止日期計算。
5.被告人的答辯理由,乃是申索人所追討的代通知金、欠薪及有薪年假補薪,及其他一切可能擁有之勞工福利,皆已包含在2001年3月26日簽署之協議書內。具體來說,被告人之案情,乃是指根據協議書所付給申索人的HK$140,000,不單包括被告人公司股份轉讓之代價,亦已包含申索人與被告人公司因僱傭關係結束所需計算之所有代通知金、欠薪、有薪年假補薪,及其他一切僱員福利。
6.審裁官在聆聽雙方之案情及雙方證人之證供,尤其是導致雙方最後簽署3月26日協議書的談判過程及內容後,裁定協議書並未包括兩位申索人的代通知金、欠薪或有薪年假補薪。此外,審裁官亦裁斷申索人與被告人公司之僱傭關係,在2001年3月5日已因姚氏兄弟代表公司之單方面解僱行動,告一斷落,故被告人須支付申索人一個月薪金之代通知金。但另一方面,申索人關於欠薪及有薪年假補薪之申索,則以雙方僱傭關係在2001年3月5日,而非3月26日終結,作為計算。故關於欠薪方面,審裁官判定每位申索人可獲HK$5,645。另外,按比例有薪年假補薪方面,兩名申索人可分別獲得HK$4,161.64及HK$3,848.40。
7.在本上訴中,雙方就整個案情幾方面有共識。首先關於申索人的僱傭關係終結方面,雙方接納審裁官的裁斷,即僱傭關係在 2001年3月5日終結。關於這方面,尤其是被告人一方,在上訴陳詞時,願意放棄爭辯究竟在2001年3月5日姚氏兄弟雖然作為公司之大股東及董事,是否有權代表公司即時終止兩名申索人作為有薪董事的權力。就這個問題,雖然《公司條例》(香港法例第32章)第157B條對董事的免任有特別的程序規定,代表被告人的黃大律師在庭上表示,被告人願意放棄爭辯這點,接受申索人在2001年3月5日被被告人公司單方面終止其僱傭關係,故若非協議書內的協定,申索人可依照《僱傭條例》(香港法例第57章),向被告人追討一個月薪金的代通知金。
8.其次,各方面都同意雖然2001年3月26日簽署的協議書乃是由姚氏兄弟及兩名申索人以個人名義簽署,但姚氏兄弟事實上亦代表被告人簽署該份協議書,故協議書之內容不單對個人有約束力,亦對被告人有約束力。關於這方面,審裁官雖然沒有作出直接的事實裁斷,但很明顯審裁官在處理被告人的有關答辯理由時,已作出上述之假設。
9.被告人的上訴理由,主要是指審裁官就協議書內容的解釋方面出錯。更具體的說,被告人指出審裁官在解釋協議書內容,尤其是協議書是否已包含申索人關於代通知金、欠薪及補假方面之權利時,錯誤地將雙方口頭談判過程及雙方(尤其是申索人一方)之主觀理解包恬在考慮之列,以致影響其對協議書內容解釋的正確性。
10.本席認為,審裁官在嘗試正確解釋協議書之內容,尤其是協議書第2段的真正意思時,參考協議書之背景環境及客觀情況,不單無可厚非,而且完全正確。關於這方面適用的普通法內容,十分清楚;案例及法律典籍甚多,可參看Prenn對Simmonds [1971] 1 WLR 1381; Reardon Smith Line Ltd對Yngvar Hansen-Tangen [1976] 1 WLR 989; Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd對West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896; Chitty on Contracts (第28版) 第1冊 第12-092段起;及Lewison, The Interpretation of Contracts (第2版) 第2.05段起。而其中賀輔明大法官在Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd一案的判詞中(第912頁H至913頁F)對有關之適用法律原則,有十分清楚及詳盡之分析,現摘錄如下:
"The principles may be summarised as follows.
(1) Interpretation is the ascertainment of the meaning which the document would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would reasonably have been available to the parties in the situation in which they were at the time of the contract.
(2) The background was famously referred to by Lord Wilberforce as the "matrix of fact," but this phrase is, if anything, an understated description of what the background may include. Subject to the requirement that it should have been reasonably available to the parties and to the exception to be mentioned next, it includes absolutely anything which would have affected the way in which the language of the document would have been understood by a reasonable man.
(3) The law excludes from the admissible background the previous negotiations of the parties and their declarations of subjective intent. They are admissible only in an action for rectification. The law makes this distinction for reasons of practical policy and, in this respect only, legal interpretation differs from the way we would interpret utterances in ordinary life. The boundaries of this exception are in some respects unclear. But this is not the occasion on which to explore them.
(4) The meaning which a document (or any other utterance) would convey to a reasonable man is not the same thing as the meaning of its words. The meaning of words is a matter of dictionaries and grammars; the meaning of the document is what the parties using those words against the relevant background would reasonably have been understood to mean. The background may not merely enable the reasonable man to choose between the possible meanings of words which are ambiguous but even (as occasionally happens in ordinary life) to conclude that the parties must, for whatever reason, have used the wrong words or syntax: see Mannai Investments Co. Ltd v Eagle Star Life Assurance Co. Ltd [1997] AC 749.
(5) The "rule" that words should be given their "natural and ordinary meaning" reflects the common sense proposition that we do not easily accept that people have made linguistic mistakes, particularly in formal documents. On the other hand, if one would nevertheless conclude from the background that something must have gone wrong with the language, the law does not require judges to attribute to the parties an intention which they plainly could not have had. Lord Diplock made this point more vigorously when he said in Antaios Compania Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB [1985] AC 191, 201:
"if detailed semantic and syntactical analysis of words in a commercial contract is going to lead to a conclusion that flouts business commonsense, it must be made to yield to business commonsense.""
11.再者,假若雙方所爭議的,牽涉到協議書的主體內容範圍(subject matter),則根據法律原則,法庭可參考外在或口頭證據,以確定雙方協議書的主體內容的真確範圍。這方面的法律,在關乎和解協議書一類協議書的真實主體內容範圍爭議方面,即和解的真確範圍方面,尤其適用。換句話說,若在一和解協議書中所載之和解範圍有含糊,則法庭應考慮和解協議的目的、和解協議的字眼、和解協議的背景及客觀情況,才對和解協議的真實和解範圍作出正確解釋。關於這方面的適用法律,本席在Mak Kee Ltd對Sam Woo Bore Pile Foundation Ltd小額錢債審裁處上訴2002年第HCSA 4號,2002年5月15日宣布的判案書內,第16段至第20段中,有如下之分析:
"16. In my judgment, the concession is correct. This can be looked at from different angles. First, there is a dispute or ambiguity relating to the scope of settlement. This concerns the subject matter of agreement between the parties. As such, this constitutes an exception to the parol evidence rule: Chitty on Contracts (28th ed) Vol 1 Para 12-121.
17. Second, there is an ambiguity relating to the confirmation letter's reference to invoices that are being settled. As explained above, one is driven to refer to the list to find out what are the invoices covered. But the list itself contains an ambiguity relating to whether it is meant to be an exhaustive list or not. For that reason, in my judgment, again one is entitled to turn to extrinsic evidence to resolve the ambiguity: C.f. Chitty at para 12-115 et seq.
18. Third, there is authority under the law of compromise that whilst evidence of the parties' negotiations is normally inadmissible for the purpose of construing their agreement, it may be admissible to explain the meaning to be attached to an ambiguous word or expression; and along with other extrinsic evidence, to show the dispute which the parties, by the agreement, were endeavouring to resolve: Foskett, The Law and Practice of Compromise (5th ed) para 5-14 and footnote 20; Dattani v Trio Supermarkets Ltd [1998] ICR 872, discussed in Foskett at para 1-15, where the Court of Appeal took into account the object, language, context and background of an out-of-court compromise to determine the true scope of the compromise.
19. The relevant principles are conveniently summarized in Foskett at paras 6-04, 6-07 and 6-08, which received the Court of Appeal's express approval in Dattani (at pp. 880F to 881H):
"Where a compromise is effected other than by a consent order or judgment, the court will have a variety of materials to examine: first and foremost, of course, will be the agreement itself, whether comprised in some formal document or merely the one or two letters which crystallised (or evidenced) the agreement. Indeed if the agreement was oral, the precise words used on the material occasion must be examined. However, the phraseology of the agreement may not always yield the answer to the question in hand. As observed previously, in the normal course of events the parties' negotiations are inadmissible as an aid to construction of an agreement. However, they are relevant and admissible to assist in resolving any ambiguity of phraseology in the agreement or to identify the disputes it was the common intention of the parties to resolve. It is axiomatic that the analysis of these materials is an objective one, the subjective intentions of each party being irrelevant. An objective analysis of the "factual matrix" that formed the background to the compromise is required to enable the disputes settled to be identified.
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Not infrequently the analysis of the appropriate materials will disclose that the parties expressly or by necessary implication compromised certain matters of dispute but not others. In some cases it will be clear that certain matters were expressly or by implication not made part of the compromise. However, there may be cases where, on any objective view, the parties could and should have dealt with a particular matter but neglected to do so. To what extent will they be permitted by the court to litigate that matter on some future occasion?
It is submitted that there is, in principle, a distinction between a compromise of a dispute achieved before the commencement of proceedings and one achieved thereafter. In the former case (which will be governed solely by the law of contract), unless the court can imply a term that the particular matter was compromised, the agreement as construed must stand: the court will not re-write the parties' bargain. It may be quite possible for the agreement to be effective without the matter in question having been embraced within it."
20. This being the case, the Tribunal below was perfectly right in admitting evidence from the parties relating to the background negotiations and discussions between the parties which led to the preparation of the various statements and lists and eventually the signing of the confirmation letter. All this would have to be examined in order to find out the true scope of settlement between the parties."
12.在本案中,經過詳細考慮審裁官在判案當天的口頭判案理由,及其後審裁官為本上訴所書寫的判斷理由書後,本席認為審裁官並未有在判斷協議書的正確解釋時,受到雙方對協議書內容的主觀理解所左右。審裁官判案的步驟,是首先從證據中找出究竟在談判期間,雙方就什麼內容及項目作出談判,然後再對協議書的內容,根據協議書的字眼及審裁官所裁斷的談判內容及項目作出解釋。這可從上訴文件冊第151頁D至M的口頭判案理由錄音謄本及判斷理由書第24及第25段中清楚可見。這兩段判案理由現摘錄如下:
“跟住就係個重點,就算係話要畀代通知金,就算係話要畀番假期錢,就算係話要畀番每日人工,到底喺3月26號嗰一個協議書裏面,有冇大家協議咗係所有之前由於嗰個僱傭關係衍生出嚟嘅申索都係包含喺嗰14萬裏面呢?我裁定喺相對可能性之下,同埋係睇番呢一個文件真真正正睇落去一個演繹,佢係並冇包括到嗰個代通知金同埋年假同埋薪酬嘅銀碼喺裏面,嗰個協議書裏面嘅第二條款就只係講咗話「乙方將其華俊 [雋,下同] 嘅股份全部轉讓畀甲乙,及結束其與華俊嘅僱傭關係;乙方與華俊同埋甲方再無瓜葛。」呢個純粹顯示出嚟佢哋係已經終止咗,係確認番已經終止咗呢個僱傭關係,內容係完全冇提到話終止個僱傭關係嘅情形之下,所有銀碼亦都包含喺呢個14萬裏面。因為呢一個終止僱傭關係嘅銀碼可以係好大,所以理論上就應該係大家考慮得咁清楚,尤其是係公司咁小心去考慮啲問題嘅情形之下應該係加埋落去,我相信相對可能性之下,公司係並冇--當其時雙方係並冇意願加埋落去話代通知金、嗰啲薪酬,又或者係嗰個有薪年假,嗰個大假嘅銀碼喺裏面。
我亦都好小心咁考慮過公司嗰方面嘅證人,分別係姚永祺、姚永麟同埋楊榮江先生嘅證人,但係佢哋三位似乎都唔係真係可以好肯定咁樣講到喺3月26號嗰個會議裏面,嗰一個14萬嘅和解協議銀碼係真真正正、的的確確、講到明明白白係要包括埋代通知金、欠咗嘅人工同埋嗰個有薪嘅假期。亦都確認番我之前嘅裁斷,就係話嗰個協議書係並無包含埋作為佢哋解僱咗,受薪董事解僱咗之後,佢哋根據《僱傭條例》應得嘅銀碼。”
“24. 本席認為在3月5,12及26日的會議上雙方均為己方的利益據理力爭。假若3月26日的協議寫得明確一點的話,大家根本不用對簿公堂。然而,就正是因為雙方據理力爭,本席認為到最後雙方只就股份作價達至共識。在僱傭補償方面,被告公司當然希望已包括在14萬元內,但申索人由始至終均未有同意。以姚永祺先生在庭內顯示出的清淅思路,協議書若是包括所有補償的話,內容不會如此含糊。
25. 在小心考慮過所有證據後,本席裁定第一、第二申索人及證人郭鈞德為完全誠實及可靠之證人,並毫無保留地接納他們的證供為事實的真相。本席裁定2001年3月26日之協議並未包括兩位申索人的代通知金,欠薪或有薪年假補薪。被告公司證人之間有關3月5,12及26日的會議內容的證供出入實在太大,導致本席只能有一個比較可能的結論:就是公司及申索人未有就本案件中的申索項目達成和解協議。“乙方與華雋及甲方再無瓜葛”純粹指雙方的關係告終,並非指申索人同意不再追討解僱後他們根據《僱傭條例》應得之賠償。”
13.本席認為,基於審裁處之角色、功能及審訊的過程,無可避免地審裁官在審訊時聽取雙方證人之證供,證供中有提及他們主觀上對協議書內容字眼的理解,這種情況實屬無可厚非。重要的是審裁官在判決協議書的真實解釋時,絕不能受任何有份參與商談協議書的人士的主觀理解,左右其判決。本席認為從審裁官口頭的判案理由及書面的判案理由中,清楚可見審裁官並未將任何人關於協議書內容的主觀理解,包括在其就協議書的正確解釋的考慮之列。換句話說,本席認為審裁官在這方面沒有犯上任何錯誤。
14.此外,本席認為雖然協議書牽涉股份轉讓及終結僱傭關係,但在某一程度上,亦可看為一和解協議,即協議書就雙方因終止在公司的股東合伙關係,及申索人與被告人的僱員關係告終所引起之金錢計算及糾紛,作出和解。案情顯示,雙方對被告人公司生意是賺是蝕及程度如何,並無達至什麼共識;故就股份轉讓,股價方面是有爭議的地方。同樣,申索人就姚氏兄弟單方面代表公司將他們即時解僱一事,亦並非完全同意,雙方之間的爭議,若根據被告人之說法,是藉著協議書進行解決。故最低限度,從被告人的角度看,協議書是一和解協議。故本席前文所提及關於如何處理和解協議書內之和解範圍爭議的判例,對本協議書亦適用。無論如何,本席亦認為,本協議書即使嚴格來說不是一和解協議書,但亦與和解協議書相類似。本席認為適用於和解協議書之普通法原則,亦適用於正確解釋本協議書。
15.本席認為,從上面兩段判案理由中清楚可見,審裁官所作的,完全是與本席在Mak Kee Ltd一案判詞中指出,如何判斷一個和解協議的真實和解內容,完全一樣;當中並不牽涉審裁官依靠協議書任何一方的主觀理解,判決協議書的真實主體內容範圍,或和解範圍。
16.本席不同意代表被告人的黃大律師的陳詞,指稱協議書之內容清晰,並無模梭兩可之處。協議書開宗明義地指出,協議書之達成是為“結束雙方在華雋國際有限公司(下稱華雋)有合股關係達成此協議書”。這裏沒有提到協議書之達成,是為解決申索人因與被告人僱傭關係結束,而可從被告人討回之各項金錢的問題。協議書第1條關於姚氏兄弟支付原告人HK$140,000,條款並沒有說明這筆HK$140,000的款項是用作股票轉讓或是包含了解決僱傭關係結束,申索人可從被告人方面討回之金錢。
17.再者,黃大律師所極力依賴之第2段,雖然既提及股份轉讓,亦提及結束申索人與被告人的僱傭關係,然後明載申索人與被告人“再無瓜葛”,但第2條並沒有說出究竟申索人與被告人在哪一方面“再無瓜葛”。當然,本席同意黃大律師的陳詞,由於第2條提及申索人與被告人結束僱傭關係,故當第2條繼續規定申索人與被告人再無瓜葛時,必定是指再無僱傭關係方面的瓜葛,是一有說服力的說法。但本席不能排除單從第2條來看或從整個協議書來看,另外一種可行的解釋是,“再無瓜葛”只是指申索人與被告人公司在申索人轉讓所有公司股份後,作為公司前股東與公司這方面再無瓜葛。例如,他們不能向公司追討任何股息,又或反過來說,公司不能向他們再追討任何未支付的資本投資。
18.在這種情況下,即協議書或和解協議的主體內容範圍既然有含糊不清,審裁官參考雙方之談判過程及內容去判案,實屬正確。
19.審裁官所作出的事實裁斷,即在談判過程中雙方並未就申索人因僱傭關係結束所應得之代通知金、欠薪及有薪年假補薪,達成任何協議或共識,在本上訴中不能推翻。既然如此,根據這個事實裁斷,亦如審裁官所說,根據協議書的字眼,審裁官對協議書的主體內容範圍、或和解範圍,所作出的裁定,並無犯上任何錯誤。而本席亦在審裁官的事實裁斷基礎上,並考慮過協議書的用字造句後,同意審裁官的裁定。套用賀輔明大法官在Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd一案中判詞內所提到的第5點法律原則,鍳於審裁官就雙方談判內容的範圍的事實裁斷,協議書內所用“再無瓜葛”的字句,不可能是指在簽署協議書後,申索人便放棄了對被告人追討代通知金、欠薪及有薪年假補薪賠償的權利。換句話說,既然審裁官裁斷雙方在談判過程中,在這方面根本並無達成任何協議,“再無瓜葛”一詞在協議書中,不應解釋為申索人就其該等向被告人追討金錢的權力,已因協議書之簽署,而視為解決或了結。
20.基於上述原因,本席撤銷被告人的上訴。訟費方面,本席頒令被告人付申索人本上訴之訟費;除非雙方能夠同意訟費金額,否則由本法院聆案官評定。
21.本判案書緩引及節錄若干段以英文書寫之判詞。在上訴聆訊中,兩位申索人皆向本席表示,他們對閱讀英文,包括相關之英文案例,並無困難。故本席認為沒有需要將上述摘錄之英文判詞翻譯成中文,以免耽延本判案書的宣布。但在判案書宣布之後,若申索人對理解上述英文判詞的摘錄有任何困難,可聯絡法庭登記處,以便為申索人提供口頭中文翻譯,作出安排。
第一及第二申索人:並無律師代表,親自應訊
被告人:由黃潘陳羅律師行轉聘黃佩琪大律師,代表被告人
上訴法庭撤銷被告公司的上訴。請參閱CACV351/2002 日期:2003年3月14日 |