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DCPI892/2004
香港特別行區
區域法院
傷亡訴訟2004年第892宗
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Tam Moon |
原告人 |
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訴 |
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Secretary for Justice
(sued for and on behalf of the Director
Food & Environmental Hygiene
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被告人 |
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主審法官: 周兆熊法官
聆訊日期: 2006年1月6日及9日
書面陳辭日期: 2006年1月11日
頒下判案書日期: 2006年4月21日
判案書
1.原告人的申索 ,是要求被告人因疏忽及違反佔有者的一般謹慎責任導致她在柴灣街巿受傷而作出的索償。環境及食物衞生局局長負有管理柴灣街巿的權責,因此該局的局長是街巿的佔有人。
2.對原告人的申索,被告人提出以下的抗辯理由:-
“5. The Defendant avers that the Plaintiff was pushed by a crowd of people and fell onto the floor.
6. Further or in the alternative, if, which is denied, the Plaintiff did meet an accident in the manner as alleged by her in the Statement of Claim or at all, it is averred that the said accident was caused wholly or contributed to by the negligence of the Plaintiff.
Particulars of Negligence of the Plaintiff
(a) Failing to maintain any or any proper balance while entering and passing the Corridor;
(b) Walking on the Corridor when the Corridor was crowded;
(c) Falling onto the floor of the Corridor;
(d) Failing to walk in a safe and cautious manner;
(e) In the premises, exposing herself to a risk of injury of which she knew or ought to know;
(f) Totally disregard her own safety at the material time.
The Defendant will contend that the fact that the Plaintiff fell onto the floor of the Corridor was in itself evidence of negligence.”
3.2002年3月29日,約於上午9時,原告人與她的丈夫李田先生在柴灣街巿內步行,意慾購物。當他們到達在柴灣街巿檔位分佈圖中的⊗點時,她被某些東西絆倒,因而跌在地上,導致右肩膊和右大腿骨受傷,其後她被送往醫院醫治。
4.意外發生的地點是30號和44號檔攤之間 ,但較為接近44號檔攤,44號檔攤是售賣衣服的檔攤。在意外發生時,原告人是76歲 。她說她不知道把她絆倒的是甚麼東西;她看見44號檔攤外展示的衣物,她知道有一個衣架在她的前面,在兩個檔攤之間有行人,她試圖避開衣架上架著衣物 ,但當她的右腳踏前時她右腳的尾趾絆着地上的某些物件,跟着她便向前跌下,倒在衣架側的地上。
5.在意外發生時,李田正在原告人後面步行,離開她不遠。他聽到人與金屬碰撞的聲音,他看見原告人倒臥在衣架旁邊的地上 ,但衣架並無跌下來 。2005年5月1日,他的兒子李明輝拍攝意外現場的照片(第二文件盒465至475 頁),衣架的位置與意外發生時差不多。
6.被告人的陳建新先生是3個街巿的負責人;平均來說 ,他每星期巡視街巿2次,街巿有三層樓及一個底層,街巿駐有一個工頭,他承認檔攤前的石壆是檔攤的邊界,在邊界外小販不得擺放他們的貨物。就第44號檔攤而言,衣架的一部份是在石壆上,而另一部份是在石壆之外。
7.依據《佔用人法律責任條例》(“條例”),被告人作為處所佔用人對其所有訪客負有同樣責任,即“一般謹慎責任”。按條例第3(2)條的規定,“一般謹慎責任即採取在有關個案中所有情況下屬合理謹慎的措施的責任 ,以確保訪客為獲佔用人邀請或有許該訪客到處所的目的而使用該處所時是合理地安全。”
8.被告人並無提出任何證據,而本案亦無任何證據顯示原告人是被別人推倒在地上的。本庭裁定原告人所說為事實的真相,本庭亦裁定李田聽到金屬被碰撞的聲音為事實的真相。
9.在意外發生的一刻前,原告人貼近衫架而行,在她面前的地上並無任何可以絆倒她的東西。她的右腳的尾指踢到在衣架上架著的衣物的底下的一些東西,這與李田聽到金屬被撞擊的聲音的證供脗合;衣架的底部是金屬支架部份,它的形狀是“L”形。毫無疑問她的右腳的尾指踢到的就是這“L”形的部份。這部份是衣架的底部,它被衫架上的衣物所蓋着,當一個人行人行近衫架的時候,她/他的眼睛的視線水平是高於衣架,因此她/他難以看到“L”形的部份。
10.被告人指原告人疏忽,這是毫無道理的。如果不是衣架“L”形的金屬底部,她便不會跌倒而受傷。這衣架的一部份是在攤檔的範圍內,另一部份是在檔攤的範圍外。陳建新同意檔攤的檔主不應把他們的貨物置於他們的檔攤外,因為這會對購物的人造成阻礙,第44號檔攤的檔主把衣架的一部份放置在行人道上,這便縮窄檔攤與檔攤之間的空間。Box 2 的第469頁的下圖清楚顯示此點,對行近衫架的人而言,衫架“L”形的金屬底部被衣物所遮蓋,他們不會容易察覺到該底部,因此當他/她們接近衣架,很容易會被“L”形的金屬底部所絆倒。對他/她們來說,這是隱藏的危險。只要把佔用公用地方的衣架部份移離街巿的公用部份,例如移入檔攤的範圍之內,衣架的“L”形部份便不會對使用街巿內行人通道的購物者造成危險。
11.被告人在抗辯書並無提出它已合理地盡力把佔用公用地方的衣架部份移走的答辯。被告人在只在審訊中提出有關檢控的證據,它指出如果在一年中檔攤被控阻塞公用地方4次,而罪名成立,它的租約會被終止。本案的意外發生於2002年3月29日,但2005年5月1日,第44號檔攤衣架的擺放一如3年前意外發生時一樣。
12.被告人有舉証的責任,証明它的檢控情況。衣架擺外在公用通道是明顯不過的事。被告人的巡視必會發現衣架佔用行人道的事。但3年後情況如舊。被告人沒有提供檢控第44號檔攤的數據,它的抗辯書內沒有提出它已合理地盡力把佔用公用地方的衣架部份移走的抗辯理由,這顯示它沒有意圖提出這方面的抗辯理由。本席裁定這方面的理由不成立,被告人沒有合理地盡力去消除由衣架造成的障礙,該障礙藏有隱蔽的危險,而這危險是導致原告人受傷的因素。
13.被告人提出的案例,與本案的事實有不同的地方,因此對它的案情沒有實質的幫助。其中的案例是Lakeman v Mayor and Aldermon London Borough of Tower Hamlets and Anor. (unreported, 81/NJ/4148, QB Division, 13 December 1983, per A Machin QC)。被告人引述該案法官的判詞:-
“… the bottom step was … in similar condition that I would not have thought that the condition of the step presented any particular hazard. In any event the plaintiff has not satisfied me that anything to do with the condition of the step caused him to fall when using it. It is one of the facts of life that people slip and trip on steps and stairs without there being any fault either on the part of those responsible for the steps or stairs or on the part of the person tripping. The mere fact that someone trips is not presumptive of fault. I think that the Plaintiff was merely the victim of an unhappy accident, and sympathetic though I am with him for having suffered a nasty cut to his hand I do not find it possible to say that he is entitled to be compensated for it…”
14.上述的判詞對被告人沒有幫助。在該案,沒有人須為有關人仕的跌倒而負責,但在本案被告人沒有合理地盡力把佔用行人通道的阻障(即衣架)移去,導致原告人受傷;她的跌傷是由於被告人的不作為而導致的,本席裁定被告人須負起原告人受傷的全部責任。
賠償款額
15.就痛若及喪失生活情趣的賠償方面,雙方同意以100%責任作為賠償基礎的款額是 $350,000 ,而特別賠償(聘請家務助理除外)的款額是 $39,246。雙方的唯一爭議是原告人應否因她的受傷而聘請一位家務助理。被告人要求本庭對原告人聘請家務助理一事小心考慮;在它的書面陳辭,它說:-
“39. The remaining issue is whether the Plaintiff needs a domestic helper – because of the accident in question. The Defendant submitted that such a claim is not recoverable – for reasons stated in the Answer and for the simple fact that it was about time for the Plaintiff’s children to bear responsibility for the expenses of taking care of their elderly parents. A domestic helper is the least they could do and the domestic helper not only serves the Plaintiff but the whole household as well.
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43. Given the circumstances, the Plaintiff’s case on quantum should be treated with caution. The Plaintiff did not personally incur any expenses for the domestic helper and her daughter might simply be filial and it was indeed time for a domestic helper to not only look after the Plaintiff, but also her aging husband.
44. Yet, the Plaintiff did not seem to be easily satisfied and had made many changes of domestic helpers.
45. The Defendant respectfully submits that the claim for care and attention is not only unrelated to the accident, but also an indication of how the younger generations should take care of their elderly parents in any event. The grand-children also benefit from the service of the domestic helper.”
16.就聘請家務助理一事,原告人的女兒李月玉在她的陳述書說:-
“2. 原告人2002年5月3日出院回家後,她的身體狀況大不如前,本人發現她自己不能照顧自己日常生活,例如她不能做家務、要人協助洗澡、不能單獨出外、上落樓梯時都感吃力。
3. 由於上述原因及本人擔心原告人會在家中發生意外而沒人知。本人便透過智美家傭,於2002年5月21日開始聘請第一個印傭來照顧原告人。聘請印傭時,本人支付了港幣880元給她作身體檢查。第一個印傭由2002年8月1日開始上班。自此原告人便依賴該印傭協助她自己日常活動。”
17.有關在2002年3月29日的的傷勢,蔡智華醫生在他的2004年2月25日的醫生報告說:-
“X Rays were taken and revealed dislocation right shoulder and fracture shaft of right femur. The dislocation shoulder was closely reduced. The fracture right femur was treated by operative fixation with intramedullary nail.
……………. Subsequently X ray revealed solid healing of the fracture. However, the right lower limb became weaker than before and she had to use a stick to assist walking.
…………….. Unfortunately Madam injured her left thigh after another fell in June 2004. While doing morning exercise, she noticed sudden weakness of her right lower limb and fell down.
9. Madam Tam was so unfortunate that she fractured her left femur in another accident in June 2004. The weakened right lower limb after the captioned accident was probably an attributing factor to her accord injury.”
(底線後加)
18.蔡智華醫生在2005年9月16日撰寫了另一份醫生報告:-
“1. The accident in June 2004 was a separate entity. However, Madam Tam would have been in better general health had she not met with her first accident on 29th March 2002. If the right lower limb was as strong as before the first accident, the second accident might have been prevented, or the degree of injury might have been less severe. I opine that there was an indirect or a weak relation between the two accidents.”
19.代表被告人的 Au Ka Kau醫生在2005年6月8日選寫了一份醫生報告,以下是其中的片段:-
“8.2.4 …… According to the incident report and report by Dr. Chan Mong Wah, Madam Tam slipped and fell and sustained fracture shaft of left femur on 15th June 2004. It is obvious the second accident on 15th June 2004 was either due to tripped and fell as narrated by Madam Tam or slipped and fell as noted in the reports. Based on a reasonable degree of medical certainty, the accident happen on 29th March 2002 had not contributed to the accident on 15th June 2004.
9. ………………..
(i) ………………
(ii) I opine the two accidents are unrelated to one another because there was a definite history of tripped-and-fell or slipped-and-fell during the 2nd accident, but Dr. Tsoi thinks the first accident has contributed to the second one, which I do not agree.”
20.Au Ka Kau醫生沒有闡明medical certainty的內容。本案關鍵之點在於原告人第二次跌到的原因:她的右大腿骨是否不夠力度,因而成為她再次跌倒的因素?蔡智華醫生在他的2005年9月16日的醫生報告指出二者的關係,但Au Ka Kau醫生沒有針對此點作出清楚的反駁,只是提及她絆倒或滑倒的事實。如果Au Ka Kau醫生能夠進一步說明她絆倒或滑倒的事實與她的右腳無力沒有關係,並且說明其原因,本席才能夠就此點與蔡智華醫生在這方面的結論作出比較,但Au Ka Kau醫生沒有這樣做,因此本席接納蔡智華醫生的判斷及結論。本席裁定,申請人的第一次跌倒是構成她第二次跌倒的間接原因,因此她需要家務助理以幫助她在日常生活中的活動。雖然家務助理亦有照料原告人的孫女,但這不是聘用家務助理的主要原因。在申請人第一次受傷之後不久,她的女兒便為申請人聘請家務助理,可見這是因為原告人第一次跌到受傷而不是因為她的女兒需要家務助理照料小孩而作出的。
21.在Yan Shun Sim v Kai Muk Yim & Anor [2004] HKEC 566一案原告人因車禍受傷,當時她是75歲,法庭裁決她可得到家務助理的服務7年。在該案,原告人的傷勢嚴重,而本案原告人的傷勢較輕,因此本庭採納3年作為原告人需要家務助理作為將來護理由的年期。2002年8月1日至2005年12月,原告人家務助理的支出是$128,180 ($91,480 + $3,670 x 10)。
賠償款額
| 痛苦及失去生活情趣的賠償 |
$350,000 |
| 特別損失的賠償 |
$39,246 |
| 家務助理支出 |
$128,180 |
| 將來護理($3,670 x 3 x 12) |
$132,120 |
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總數:
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$649,546 |
利息
22.被告人須支付 $350,000的利息,利息由2004年9月7日起計直至2006年4月20日為止,利率為年息2%;$167,426 ($39,246 + $128,180)的利息則由29.3.2002起計直至2006年4月20日為止,利率為判決利率的一半;$649,546的利息由2006年本日起計直至債項清償為止,利率則按終審法院首席法官藉命令所決定者計算。
訟費
28.本庭頒下臨時訟費的命令。被告人須支付原告人本案的訟費(包括聘請大律師的費用)。如與訟雙方未能同意訟費的款額,該款額由法庭訂評定。如在14天內與訟任何一方不向本庭提出申請,是項命令作實。
原告人 : 由M/S. Foo, Leung & Yeung轉聘Lau Wai Man Raymond大律師代表
被告人 : 由Yip & Partners轉聘 Victor Gidwani大律師代表
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