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LDBM 210/2005
香港特別行政區
土地審裁處
建築物管理申請編號 2005 年第 210 號
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灝景灣業主立案法團
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申請人
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及
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港基物業管理有限公司
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答辯人
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主審法官: 黃一鳴暫委法官
審訊日期: 2006年7月3日
頒下判案書日期: 2006年8月2日
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判 案 書
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背景
1.申請人為香港新界青衣牙鷹洲街8號灝景灣(“該屋苑”)之業主立案法團。 答辯人為該屋苑之管理公司及經理人。 申請人的申請是要求土地審裁處作出以下的聲明:-
“a. 灝景灣公契第73條如與公契及管理協議內的有關條款有矛盾之處,第73條具有凌駕其他條款之作用。
b. 「灝景灣業主立案法團」自從於2004年5月28日註冊成立後,依照法例第344章及公契第73條規定,答辯人須將「物業」管制、管理及行政的一切權利、權力、職責與責任移交予「業主立案法團」。 答辯人為「業主立案法團」之代理人(Agent) ,須聽從「業主立案法團」之合理指示,執行公契內所訂明的屋苑管理事務包括不能以合約並非由答辯人所簽署為理由,拒絕從管理費中支附一切(i1) 項中已獲申請人批准的各項合約相關費用。
c. 除申請人另有指示外,答辯人不可再以答辯人之名義,替灝景灣之公共地方或設施進行招標或簽署合約事宜。”
2.申請人提出上述聲明申請的原因是因為申請人於2004年5月28日成立後,與答辯人在管理該屋苑的權利和責任上出現不同意見。 申請人認為在申請人成立後,所有管理的權利和責任都轉歸於申請人。 答辯人則認為在申請人成立後,答辯人仍然是經理人,有權利和責任去管理該屋苑。因此,答辯人不願向申請人交出一些屬於該屋苑的資產和資料,亦不承認一些由申請人簽署的合約和拒絕支付相關費用。 答辯人更不理會申請人的指示,繼續以其自已的名義,而不用申請人的名義去招標及簽署合約。
3.申請人在再修訂申請通知書中,曾要求答辯人將該屋苑由1998年(第一期入伙時) 至2004年12月31日之全部帳目資料交予申請人聘任之會計師審核,但在審訊時放棄這方面的申請。因此,本席只須就上述的聲明申請作出裁決。
4.雙方均沒有傳召證人,但將雙方同意的文件匣呈堂作證物。雙方並以陳詞形式進行審訊,所爭議的事項只是有關該屋苑的公契應如何解釋。
公契條文
5.與本案有關之公契條文有第11、37及73條,其條文如下:-
“11. The parties hereto have agreed with the Manager for the Manager to undertake the management, operation, servicing, cleansing, maintenance, repair, renovation, replacement and security of the Development (all or any of which activities where not inapplicable herein included under the word “management”) and the term of initial appointment of the Manager for this development is a term commencing from the date of issue of the first Occupation Permit for any of the Buildings or any part or parts thereof and expiring on a date which is two (2) years after the issuance of the full Occupation Permit for all the Buildings, and such appointment shall continue thereafter until and unless (i) terminated by the Manager upon giving to the Owners’ Committee not less than three (3) calendar months’ notice in writing to terminate the appointment and, where there is no Owners Committee, by serving such a notice on each of the Owners and by displaying such a notice in a prominent place in the Development, or (ii) the Owners’ Committee shall give three (3) calendar months’ notice in writing to the Manager to terminate its service pursuant to a resolution of the Owners pursuant to Clause 61. (i)(v) of this Deed Provided that no such notice whether given by the Manager or by the Owners’ Committee shall take effect on a date earlier than the date of expiration of the initial terms. For the avoidance of doubt, the Manager shall take up management only for those parts of the Development in respect of which an Occupation Permit has been issued. The appointment of the Manager shall be terminated forthwith whether before or after the said initial term if the Manager shall go into liquidation (except for the purpose of amalgamation or reconstruction). Upon termination of the appointment of the Manager, the Owner’ Committee pursuant to a resolution of the Owners in accordance with the provisions in Clause 12 hereof shall establish, employ or appoint such or such type of estate management company or agency as it shall in its discretion think fit as the new Manager to carry out the management and maintenance of the Development in accordance with the provisions of this Deed and any Sub-Deed of Mutual Covenant.
37. The management of the Development shall subject to Clause 11 of this Deed be undertaken by the Manager and each Owner hereby irrevocably APPOINTS the Manager as agent for all Owners in respect of any matters concerning the Common Areas and Facilities duly authorized in accordance with the provisions of this Deed with full power of delegation to enforce the provisions of this Deed against the other Owner or Owners. In addition to the other powers expressly provided in this Deed, the Manager shall have full and unrestricted authority to do and to discharge all such acts and things as may be necessary or expedient for or in connection with the Development and the management thereof including in particular but without in any way limiting the generality of the foregoing:-
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(ab) To enter into contracts and to engage, employ, remunerate and dismiss solicitors, architects, accountants and other professional advisers and consultants, contractors, workmen, servants, agents, watchmen, caretakers and other building staff and attendants and to commence, conduct, carry on and defend in its own name legal and other proceedings touching or concerning the management of the Development, Provided that where any major contract involves sums in excess of (1)HK$200,000.00 or such other sum in substitution therefor as the Secretary for Home Affairs may specify by notice in the Gazette or (2) 20% of the total amount of the relevant annual budget, whichever is the lesser, such major contract shall be awarded in accordance with the provisions in Clause 19.(b) above;
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(al) Subject to the prior approval of the Owners’ Committee (if formed), to grant franchises, leases, tenancy agreements and licences to other persons to use such of the Common Areas and Facilities and on such terms and conditions and for such consideration as the Manager shall in its reasonable discretion consider appropriate Subject Always to the provisions of the Conditions and this Deed PROVIDED THAT all income arising therefrom shall form part of the management funds and be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of this Deed and PROVIDED FURTHER THAT the grant of such franchises, leases, tenancy agreements and licences shall be for the benefit of the Development and shall not interfere with an Owner’s right to hold, use, occupy and enjoy the part of the Development which he owns or impede or restrict the access to and from any such part of the Development and that the Owner’s rights and interests shall not be adversely affected;
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73. No provisions contained in this Deed shall prejudice in any way the operation of the Building Management Ordinance (Cap. 344) and any amendment or amendments thereof or any substitutions thereof. If any Owners Incorporation is formed under the provisions of the Building Management Ordinance (Cap. 344), the Owners Incorporation shall be vested with all the rights, power, duties and obligations for the control, management and administration of the Development conferred by this Deed or any sub-Deed of Mutual Covenant on the Manager and subject to any provisions herein in extension or modification thereof and the Owners Incorporation may require the Manager to assign the Undivided Shares allocated to the Common Areas and Facilities and transfer the management responsibilities to it free of costs or consideration, in which event, the said Owners Incorporation must hold them on trust for the benefit of all Owners. The provisions contained in the Second Schedule of the said Ordinance shall apply to the management committee following incorporation of the Owners thereunder which shall take the place of the Owners’ Committee formed under this Deed hereunder and the provisions contained in the Third Schedule of the Building Management Ordinance (Cap. 344) shall apply to all general meetings of the Owners Incorporation which shall take the place of the Owners Incorporation which shall take the place of the Owners’ meetings provided herein and all references to the Owners’ Committee throughout this Deed shall be construed and read as referring to the management committee of the Owners Incorporation.”
第一項聲明
6.申請人要求的第一項聲明是要宣告該屋苑公契第73條凌駕予其他公契及管理協議的條文。 申請人認為公契第73條與公契第37條有所抵觸,但應以第73條為依歸。 申請人並沒有詳述第73條為何凌駕管理協議,不過由於答辯人曾提出該屋苑公契亦是一份管理協議,可能申請人亦認為第73條凌駕了公契內之管理協議。
7.雙方對於公契第11條其實並沒有爭議。 第11條只是說明答辯人同意執行管理工作,其委任最先由發出入伙紙後為期兩年,而其後則繼續至被中止為止。 雙方亦同意答辯人的委任並沒有被中止。
8.雙方爭議的地方只是公契第37及73條應如何解釋。 申請人認為第37條是適用於申請人未成立之前,而在申請人成立之後,則第73條才適用。 申請人認為根據第37條,答辯人只是該屋苑業主的代理人(agent),在申請人成立之後,答辯人必須根據第73條將管理該屋苑的權利和責任交給申請人。 申請人的理據是基於第73條以下的字句:-
“the Owners Incorporation shall be vested with all the rights, powers, duties and obligations for the control, management and the administration of the Development conferred by thisDeed or any Sub-Deed of Mutual Covenant on the Manager” (底線加上)
9.答辯人則不同意申請人的解釋,認為在申請人成立後,申請人及答辯人均具有管理該屋苑的權利和責任。 在第73條中的“vested”一字不應解釋為“transferred”,申請人應該是取替所有業主的身分,而不是取替答辯人的身份。 再者,一般解釋合約的原則是以合約的整體來作考慮,但在迫不得已的時候,先出現的條文應凌駕予後出現的條文(見Lewison: The Interpretation of Contracts, 第9.08段),即是說第37條應凌駕予第73條。
10.本席同意解釋合約的基本原則是要考慮合約的整體性,正如 Chitty on Contracts (29th ed. Vol.1 第 12-063段) 一書中所述:-
‘Every contract is to be construed with reference to its object and the whole of its terms, and accordingly, the whole context must be considered in endeavouring to collect the intention of the parties, even though the immediate object of inquiry is the meaning of an isolated word or clause. “It is a true rule of construction that the sense and meaning of the parties in any particular part of an instrument may be collected ex ante-cedentibus et consequentibus; every part of it may be brought into action in order to collect from the whole on uniform and consistent sense, if that may be done.” And so Lord Davey said in N.E. Railway v Hastings, quoting Lord Waston: “The deed must be read as a whole in order to ascertain the true meaning of its several clauses, and the words of each clause should be interpreted as to bring them into harmony with the other provisions of the deed if that interpretation does no violence to the meaning of which they are naturally susceptible.” ’
11.不過,本席認為第37及73條並沒有互相矛盾的地方,亦不涉及某一條條文應該凌駕另一條條文的問題。管理大廈的權利和責任應該是在所有業主的身上,第37條只是將這些權利和責任交給經理人去執行,但經理人的身分在第37條中亦已說明只是業主的代理人(agent)。 業主不會因為第37條而喪失了管理大廈的權利和責任。 所以,在申請人成立之前,業主和經理人是共同擁有管理大廈的權利和責任,不過業主會是主事人(principal) ,而經理人則是代理人(agent)。
12.在申請人成立後,根據<<建築物管理條例>> (“該條例”) 第16條,該屋苑業主有關公契部分的權利、權力、特權、職責,便會轉至由申請人行使。 本席認為該屋苑公契第73條的原意便是要說明申請人擁有管理大廈的權利和責任。這是取代業主的身分去擁有這些權利和責任。本席認為第73條中的“vested” 一字並不表示將經理人的權利和責任轉介(transferred)至申請人,而是申請人亦會同樣擁有這些權利和責任。 即是說,申請人及答辯人均同時擁有這些權利和責任。不過,在擁有這些權利和責任的時候,申請人會如同業主一樣,是主事人(principal),而答辯人,根據第37條,仍然是代理人(agent)。
13.其實根據第73條下半部的條文亦可說明這點。 第73絛下半部的條文是說申請人可以(may)要求答辯人免費將公用部分及設施的業權份數及管理責任轉至申請人。 換句話說,申請人是可以選擇要不要答辯人將管理責任轉給自己,而在未作出這項選擇時,答辯人仍然有管理責任。 但當申請人作出這項選擇時,答辯人便必須將管理責任轉至申請人。
14.因此,本席裁定公契第37及73條並沒有任何矛盾之處,而第73條亦不會凌駕其他條款。 申請人要求的第一項聲明並不成立。
第二項聲明
15.申請人要求的第二項聲明可以分為兩部分,第一部分是要求宣告自申請人成立後,答辯人便必須按該條例及公契第73條將管理的權利和職責轉交申請人。不過正如上述一樣,第73條並沒有即時在申請人成立的時候取去答辯人管理的權利和責任。 申請人可以選擇這樣做,但在申請人作出這選擇之前,答辯人仍然擁有管理的權利和責任。
16.該條例第18條雖然有說明申請人有職責及權力去管理該屋苑,但這並不等於在申請人成立後,根據公契所委任的經理人便喪失這方面的權力和責任。 正如上述一樣,本席認為申請人及答辯人兩者均具有管理的權利和責任。
17.因此,本席裁定申請人要求的第二項聲明上半部分不能成立。
18.至於第二項聲明的下半部分,申請人是要求宣告答辯人為申請人的代理人(agent),須聽從申請人的合理指示,執行公契內所訂明的屋苑管理事務包括不能以合約並非由答辯人所簽署為理由,拒絕從管理費中支付已獲申請人批准的各項合約相關費用。
19.正如上述一樣,本席認為答辯人是申請人的代理人。 作為代理人,答辯人理應聽從申請人的合理指示去執行公契內所訂明的屋苑管理事務。 申請人作為主事人同樣有權去管理事務,包括批准及簽署各項相關合約。 答辯人作為代理人不可能違反主事人的合理指示,更不能單以合約並非由答辯人所簽署而拒絕付款。
20.答辯人認為公契內並沒有明文的條款要求答辯人聽從申請人的指示,並指出如果有這樣的隱含條款,便會抵觸第37條的明文條款,因為第37條是說明答辯人有“full and unrestricted authority”去執行其職責。公契亦已說明答辯人只須在那種情況下才須取得預先批准,例如第37(al) 條所述的情況之下。公契其他條款,例如第37(ab) 條,亦說明答辯人可不須預先批准便可執行其職責。
21.答辯人又引用該條例附表7,認為附表7內並沒有說明法團可直接簽署合約,而經理人反而可以不須諮詢法團便能擬備預算草案及有關工作,並可簽署合約。 答辯人亦引用容耀榮法官在The Incorporated Owners of Provident Centre v. Whampoa Property Management Ltd., LDBM268/2002一案中的判詞:-
“A building manager has its own duty to perform and must exercise its own independent judgment in building management matters.”
22.答辯人認為在申請人成立後,所有重要合約的決定可由管理委員會通過,而申請人亦可根據該條例附表7第7段中止答辯人的委任,因此無須要求答辯人在執行職務時必須跟從申請人的指示。
23.不過,本席不同意答辯人的論點,答辯人雖然有“full and unrestricted authority”去執行其職責,但第37條已清楚說明答辯人是代理人。 雖然公契並沒有說明代理人必須聽從主事人的合理指示,但這原則在普通法下是一項很清楚的法律原則。 本席認為將這項法律原則引入為公契的隱含條款絕無不可。即使不引入為隱含條款,答辯人作為代理人亦必須遵從這法律原則。
24.公契內當然可以說明某些情況可以不用預先批准,而某些情況則須要預先批准,但這並不等於申請人作為主事人不能作出其他合理指示。 正如上述一樣,申請人同樣有權利和責任去執行管理工作。 在申請人未有特別指示之前,答辯人當然可以根據公契及該條例去執行其工作,但當申請人提出特別指示時,如果這些指示是合理的話,答辯人亦理當遵從。
25.同樣,該條例附表7即使沒有說明法團可以簽署合約,但法團既然是管理大廈的主事人,不可能沒有權力去簽署合約。法團可能需要管理委員會去通過某些決定,但當法團通過有效的決定後,經理人不可能不接受這決定。 法團有權中止經理人的委任亦不等於經理人可不聽從法團的合理指示。
26.因此,本席認為答辯人絕對不能以合約並非由答辯人所簽署而去拒絕聽從申請人的合理指示。
27.基於上述理由,本席裁定申請人要求第二項聲明的下半部分得直。
第三項聲明
28.申請人要求的第三項聲明是宣告除申請人另有指示外,答辯人不可再以答辯人的名義進行招標或簽署合約。 答辯人不同意這項申請的論點與上述的論點一樣。雖然本席不同意答辯人上述的論點,但有關這項聲明,本席認為申請人的申請並不合理。
29.申請人作為主事人當然可以給予答辯人指示,但這些指示必須要合理。 申請人現時要求的聲明,如果頒發的話,便會使答辯人不能簽署任何合約,包括一些日常要處理的事項,例如一些簡單或緊急的維修,除非得到申請人的另外指示。 這樣的話,答辯人根本不能有效地去履行其管理職務。
30.本席認為申請人應清楚列明那些指定工作答辯人不得用自已名義去招標或簽署合約才為合理,而不應慨括性地不准答辯人以其名義去履行其職責。
31.因此,本席裁定申請人要求的第三項聲明不成立。
總結
32.基於上述裁決,本席現頒令如下:-
(1) 宣告答辯人為申請人的代理人,須聽從申請人的合理指示,執行公契內所訂明的屋苑管理事務,包括不能以合約並非由答辯人所簽署為理由,拒絕從管理費中支付已獲申請人批准的各項合約相關費用。
(2) 撤銷申請人的其餘聲明申請。
33.至於訟費方面,由於雙方各有勝負,本席認為雙方應各自負責本身之訟費。因此,本席頒發以下臨時訟費命令:-
(3) 臨時訟費命令: 無訟費命令。如果雙方不在14天內提出訟 費申請,則此項臨時訟費命令作實。
申請人:由楊寶林,黎雅明律師行轉聘李耀宗大律師代表應訊。
答辯人:由何柏生,馬華潤律師行轉聘曾國基大律師代表應訊。
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