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DCCJ 2924/2010
香港特別行政區
區域法院
民事訴訟2010年第2924號
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| 原告人 |
CHINESE ESTATES (WINDSOR HOUSE) LIMITED |
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|
及
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| 被告人 |
LEUNG CHUN KEUNG (梁振強) |
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| ____________ |
主審法官: 區域法院聆案官黎達祥(法庭聆訊)
聆訊日期: 2013年1月21日
判決書日期: 2013年2月20日
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判決書
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引言
1.本案的原告向被告申索違反租約的賠償。
2.原告與被告簽訂了一份日期為2007年12月13日的租約〔下稱“該租約”〕。根據該租約,被告向原告租用銅鑼灣皇室堡地庫B55商舖〔下稱“該商舖”〕。租期由2007年11月28日至2009年11月27日。租金每月$32,000.00。除租金外,被告每月需支付服務費$2,121.00及推廣費$303.00。被告亦需支付該商舖的差餉。
3.根據該租約,被告向原告支付了相等於3個月租金、服務費及推廣費共$103,272.00的抵押按金〔security deposit〕。
4.原告在申索陳述書中稱,被告由2008年7月1日起沒有向原告支付租金、服務費及推廣費,並於約2008年7月24日起放棄使用該商舖。原告在2008年10月15日取回該商舖的管有權。
5.原告在2010年8月25日向被告提出本申索。
6.被告沒有對原告的申索發出擬抗辯通知書。法庭在2010年10月6日發出最終及非正審判決,判令被告須向原告支付$127,423.35,並須就其中的$109,996.16支付由2010年8月25日起計的利息。法庭亦判令被告須就違反該租約支付賠償,及按彌償基準賠償原告的訟費損失,數額有待法庭評估。
7.原告於2012年5月22日,發出評估損害賠償通知書〔下稱“該通知書”〕。法庭在2012年10月17日頒下命令,將損害賠償評估的審訊日期定為2013年1月21日〔下稱“該命令”〕。
8.原告已將該通知書、該命令、排期通知書、審訊文件册、原告的書面陳詞及法律典籍表,以普通郵件方式寄至被告最後為人所知的地址,送達予被告。並於2012年6月15日及12月24日和2013年1月10日及18日,將送達誓章存檔於法庭。
9.本席滿意上述的送達安排。被告應已知悉2013年1月21日的審訊日期。被告沒有出席當日的審訊,是被告自已作出的選擇。
10.本席於2013年1月21日聽取了有關損害賠償的證據。當日只有原告的證人出庭作供。本席現頒下判決。
原告的案情及證據
11.除了獲法庭在2010年10月6日判決的款額外,原告向被告申索的損害賠償尚有下述幾項:
(1) 2008年10月16日至2009年11月22日的租金損失;
(2) 2008年10月16日至2009年11月22日的服務費損失;
(3) 2008年10月16日至2009年11月22日的推廣費損失;
(4) 2009年4月1日至2009年11月22日的差餉;
(5) 將該商舖的狀況還原的費用;
(6) 欠租查封程序〔distraint action〕的費用;及
(7) 原告因本案而支出的,按彌償基準評估的訟費。
12.原告亦向被告申索獲評定的賠償的利息,利率按滙豐銀行的最優惠利率加3%計算。
13.原告的證人是原告的高級租務主任鄭子穎小姐〔下稱“鄭小姐”〕。
14.鄭小姐在審訊時,確認了她在2012年7月27日存檔的證人陳述書之内容為真確。
15.鄭小姐在其證人陳述書中,確認該租約對支付租金、服務費及推廣費的規定及數額。鄭小姐亦確認被告由2008年7月1日起沒有支付上述租金及費用。被告在沒有取得原告的同意下,於2008年7月24日單方面放棄管有該商舖。被告亦沒有按該租約的規定將該商舖還原至原來的狀況。原告於2008年9月4日展開欠租查封程序。原告於2008年10月15日取回該商舖的管有權,並將該商舖的狀況還原。
16.鄭小姐在審訊時供稱,原告的工程部確認原告支付了$19,900.00的工程費還原該商舖的狀況。鄭小姐向法庭出示了原告的工程部確認還原工程費數額的電郵。原告向被告申索上述的還原工程費$19,900.00。
17.鄭小姐稱,由於被告欠租,原告在2008年9月對被告展開欠租查封程序,查封程序未能成功查封到有價值的物品,但卻産生了$1,234.80的費用。〔扣押財物案件編號:DCDT 3482/2008〕原告向法庭提交了原告支付上述費用的證據文件。原告向被告申索上述的欠租查封程序的費用$1,234.80。
18.鄭小姐在證人陳述書中稱,原告在取回該商舖的管有權後,透過地産代理及向原告管理的其他商場的租户發出招租通知,嘗試將該商舖再次租出。原告亦於皇室堡地庫走廊及該商舖的玻璃牆上貼上招租啟示。原告亦以電話通知超過250間零售租户該商舖招租。原告向法庭呈交了,由2008年11月24日至2009年8月20日,原告就皇室堡地下及地庫空置商舖〔包括該商舖〕發出的招租啟示。
19.鄭小姐在審訊時供稱,雖然曾接獲洽租查詢,原告亦曾將該商舖的租金要求下調至每月$21,210.00,但最終都無法將該商舖再次租出。故此,原告根據該租約訂定的數額,向被告申索2008年10月16日至2009年11月22日的租金損失、服務費損失及推廣費損失。
20.鄭小姐稱,原告在2009年8月決定將皇室堡地庫重新裝修,並通知地庫所有租户最遲在2009年11月22日遷出,而地庫亦如期於2009年11月23日開始裝修工程。在這情況下,如果被告沒有違反該租約,該租約亦會因原告行使下述該租約第7(e) 條的權利,在2009年11月22日終止。故此,原告只向被告追討截至2009年11月22日的損失。
21.鄭小姐稱,除欠交租金、服務費及推廣費外,被告亦由2008年7月1日起,沒有支付該商舖的差餉。除了政府寬減了的部分,截至2009年11月22日該商舖應付的差餉為$5,216.58,有關款項已由原告支付。原告向法庭呈交了原告支付有關差餉的證據文件。原告亦向被告申索上述的$5,216.58。
22.原告亦向法庭呈交了其循簡易程序評估訟費的訟費陳述書。原告向被告申索訟費$120,760.00。
租約條款
23.原告向法庭呈交了該租約的文本。該租約中與本次損害評估有關的幾項條款,本席引述其原文如下:
(1) “The rent(s) payable hereunder is (are) exclusive of rates and shall be paid in advance without any deduction or set off on the 1st day of each and every successive calendar month the first such payments of rent to be made on the signing of this Agreement.
Without prejudice to any other remedy available to the Landlord if and so often as any rent reserved pursuant to the terms and provisions of this Agreement (Whether formally demanded or not) or any other money due from the Tenant under the terms and provisions of this Agreement shall be unpaid after becoming due and payable the Tenant shall also pay on demand by way of rent interest on such unpaid rent and other moneys from the due date until payment at the rate of three per cent per annum above the rate from time to time quoted by The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited as its prime rate or best lending rate for Hong Kong Dollars in Hong Kong.”(Clause 1)
(2) “The Tenant shall also pay to the Landlord by way of further or additional payments for the provision by the Landlord of the maintenance and management of the Building the sums specified in and calculated in accordance with Part II of the Third Schedule hereto (hereinafter collectively called “the Service Charges”) such sums to be paid monthly in advance throughout the term and on the days and in the manner as the payment of rent hereinbefore mentioned … .” (Clause 2)
(3) “The Tenant hereby covenants with the Landlord as follows, namely:-
To pay the rent and Service Charges hereby reserved in Hong Kong Currency in the manner herein stipulated.
(a) To pay to the Landlord punctually throughout the term in advance the contribution towards the promotion levy 〔“Promotion Levy”〕 in respect of the Premises the initial rate of which as set out in Part III of the Third Schedule hereto subject to the following:-
(i) such contribution shall be paid by the Tenant to the Landlord in advance on the first day of each and every calendar month during the term without any deduction, abatement, set off, counterclaim or reduction whatsoever;
(ii) …
(iii)…
(c) To pay rates charged on the Premises as assessed by the Government quarterly in advance which shall be or be deemed to be payable and due on the first day of the months of January, April, July and October … ” (Clause 5(a) and (c))
(4) “To yield up the Premises quietly at the expiration or sooner determination of the term in good clean substantial and proper repair and condition … and in bare-shell condition AND thereupon … to remove at the Tenant’s sole expense all fixtures, fittings, additions, partitions, floor coverings, erections, and alterations whether the same were made or installed by the Tenant or otherwise and whether during the term hereof or at any time prior thereto upon or in the Premises and to re-instate restore and make good any damage caused by such removal or re-instatement … and in the event of the Tenant failing so to do to the satisfaction of the Landlord then the Tenant shall on demand forthwith pay to the Landlord all the cost and expenses of such re-instatement restoration or making good.” (Clause 5(i)(i))
(5) “It is hereby expressly provided and agreed as follows:-
(a) (i) If the rent reserved hereby the Service Charges or rates or other outgoings or charges hereinbefore referred to, or any part thereof be unpaid (whether formally demand or not) for the space of eight days next after any of the days on which the same ought to have been paid … , it shall be lawful for the Landlord at any time thereafter to re-enter into and upon the Premises or any part thereof in the name of the whole and thereupon these presents shall absolutely determine and the deposits paid by the Tenant to the Landlord shall be absolutely forfeited to the Landlord as and for liquidated damages and not as a penalty but without prejudice to any right of action of the Landlord in respect of any breach non-oberservance or non-performance by the Tenant of the said covenants restrictions stipulations and conditions. All costs and expenses of and incidental to any demand for rent or any other sum payable under these presents or actions or distraint for the recovery of the same shall be paid by the Tenant on a full indemnity basis and shall be recoverable from the Tenant as a debt.” (Clause 7(a)(i))
(6) “If the Landlord shall … resolve to demolish, re-build or refurbish the Premises or the Building or any part thereof … then in such event the Landlord shall be entitled to give not less than three (3) clear calendar months’ notice in writing to expire at any time to terminate this Agreement without compensation and immediately upon the expiration of such notice this Agreement shall terminate but without prejudice to the rights and remedies of either party against the other in respect of any antecedent claim or breach of any of the covenants restrictions stipulations or conditions herein contained. … ” (Clause 7(e))
(7) “Upon the execution of these presents the Tenant shall pay to the Landlord the sum of Hong Kong Dollars One Hundred and Three Thousand Two Hundred Seventy Two only (HK$103,272.00) equivalent to three (3) months’ rental, current three (3) months’ Service Charges and three (3) months’ Promotion Levy as deposit for securing the due payment of the rent, Service Charges, Promotion Levy and any other moneys payable by the Tenant and to secure the performance and observance of the said covenants, restrictions, stipulations and conditions. At the expiration or sooner determination of the term hereby created … if there shall be any money due to the Landlord, the Landlord may apply such deposit towards payment of such sums due, and if there shall be any breach of any of the said covenants, restrictions, stipulations and conditions on the part of the Tenant the Landlord shall pay or apply the said deposit or such part thereof as shall be required towards remedying such breach insofar as this may be possible without prejudice to any of the Landlord’s rights or remedies hereunder provided … .”(Clause 7(i))"
24.該租約的第2附表訂明租期由2007年11月28日至2009年11月27日。第3附表則訂明每月租金為$32,000.00;服務費為$2,121.00;推廣費則為$303.00。
賠償數額
25.租約是合約的其中一種。評估違反合約的損害的相關原則,同樣適用於評估違反租約的損害。
26.違反合約的損害的計算,是基於受損方應被置於若合約獲得履行時的位置。〔見Woodfall’s Law of Landlord and Tenant vol 1 第4.090段〕
27.在本案中,如該租約獲得履行,原告應可收到合約訂明該商舖的租金每月$32,000.00,服務費每月$2,121.00,推廣費每月$303.00,直至該租約的完結日〔expiry date〕。被告違反該租約,引至原告失去賺取該商舖由2008年7月1日起的租金、服務費及推廣費。法庭在2010年10月6日的最終及非正審判決中,已判令被告須支付直至2008年10月15日該商舖的租金、服務費及推廣費。
28.李大律師陳述,被告違反該租約引至原告損失2008年10月15日後,出租該商舖可獲得的租金、服務費及推廣費。這些損失是雙方在合理的情況下應該可以預見的,而原告亦已採取合理行動,以減少損失。
29.被告並沒有提出任何抗辯的理據或證據,亦沒有出席評估損害的審訊,質疑原告的證據。
30.本席接納李大律師的陳述及鄭小姐的證供,裁定被告須支付原告就該商舖由2008年10月16日至2009年11月22日的租金損失、服務費損失及推廣費損失,數額按合約規定的金額計算,即租金損失每月$32,000.00,服務費損失每月$2,121.00,推廣費損失每月$303.00。
31.根據上述裁決計算,原告的租金損失為$423,982.80〔$32,000.00÷31×16 + $32,000.00×12 + $32,000.00÷30×22〕,服務費損失為$28,102.11〔$2,121.00÷31×16 + $2,121.00×12 + $2,121.00÷30×22〕,而推廣費損失則為$4,014.59〔$303.00÷31×16 + $303.00×12 + $303.00÷30×22〕。
32.李大律師指出,由於被告根據該租約的規定,支付了相等於3個月租金〔即$96,000.00〕的抵押按金予原告,該部分的抵押按金應用於支付原告的部分租金損失。故此,原告實際的租金損失應是$327,982.80。至於抵押按金中有關服務費及推廣費的部分,原告在向法庭申請最终及非正審判決時,已將該部分的抵押按金用於支付直至2008年10月15日,被告欠付的服務費及推廣費。故此,抵押按金只餘下上述的$96,000,00可以用於扣減本次評估的賠償數額。
33.本席接納李大律師的陳述,裁定被告須賠償予原告的租金損失為$327,982.80,服務費損失為$28,102.11,而推廣費損失則為$4,014.59。
34.本席亦接納鄭小姐的證供,裁定被告並沒有按照上述該租約第5(i)(i)條的規定,在該租約終止後將該商舖的狀況還原。原告還原該商舖的狀況的費用為$19,900.00。被告須賠償原告有關費用$19,900.00。
35.由於被告欠租,引至原告展開欠租查封程序,所產生的費用$1,234.80,根據上述該租約第7(a)(i)條的規定,應由被告支付予原告。被告須賠償原告有關費用$1,234.80。
36.被告違反該租約,引至原告需收回該商舖的管有權,原告其後無法將該商舖再次租出,因而需要支付該商舖由2009年4月1日至2009年11月22日的差餉共$5,216.58。這項損失亦是雙方在合理的情況下應該可以預見的。被告須賠償原告支付了的上述差餉$5,216.58。
37.法庭在2010年10月6日的最終及非正審判決中,判令被告須按照彌償基準賠償原告因本案而產生的訟費。
38.區域法院規則第62號命令第28(4A)條有以下規定:
“(4A) 在按彌償基準評定訟費時,所有訟費均須准予,但如該等訟費的款額不合理或該等訟費是不合理地招致的,則屬例外,而訟費評定官對於訟費是否合理地招致或訟費款額是否合理方面的任何疑問,須按有利於收取訟費的一方的準則解決;在本規則中,就訟費評定而言,“彌償基準” 〔the indemnity basis〕一詞,須據此解釋。”
39.終審法院常任法官陳兆愷在Re Wing Fai Construction Company Limited及 David John Kennedy v Kelly Cheng and Robert Yip〔unrep, FAMV No 33 of 2008及FACV No 30 of 2008, 12 October 2012〕兩案中對按彌償基準評定訟費的原則有如下的說明:
“21. First, an award of costs on an indemnity basis is intended to allow for the payment of costs on a more generous level as compared to the case of costs awarded on a party and party or common fund basis. The object of such an order is to reimburse the winning party (the receiving party) “all (his) costs” and to give him “a complete indemnity” and “everything”,“shorn only of” or “except the unreasonable” or “anything that is seen to be unreasonable”. However, as the Registrar rightly observed, this is not giving a blank cheque to the receiving party to recover all his costs without proper scrutiny by the court. This would defeat the very object of having a taxation.
22. Secondly, the receiving party is prima facie entitled to be paid all his costs, provided that they are “costs of and incidental to the proceedings”, subject only to the qualification that any particular item which has been unreasonably incurred or any particular amount which is unreasonable must be excluded. This means that all items incurred for the purpose of the litigation are included except that those items or amounts which the taxing master considers to be unreasonable would be taxed off. The receiving party does not have to show that his costs had been reasonably incurred or were of a reasonable amount, only that they are not unreasonable.
23. Thirdly, there is no question of the paying party having any burden of proof since there are relevant materials including client’s instructions which are not available or discoverable to the paying party. So long as there are materials available to the taxing master, they can be considered by him. If necessary, he can ask the receiving party to produce them for the purpose of taxation.
24. Fourthly, the court only considers whether the costs were unreasonably incurred or of an unreasonable amount. (See Lord Woolf in Petrotrade.) The approach of the taxing master is to decide whether a particular item or particular amount which is being challenged is unreasonable. He is not required to go through the items and decide whether they are reasonable. He is required only to adjudicate on items or amounts which are said to be so unreasonable as to be excluded.
25. Fifthly, in the great majority of cases, this should not be difficult. The unreasonable items or unreasonable amounts would be easily identified or readily identifiable. It is only when it is not clear whether a particular item or amount is unreasonable, that is, where there is a doubt as to whether it is unreasonable, that the benefit of the doubt should be given to the receiving party.”
40.區域法院規則第37號命令第1A條有以下規定:
“凡依據本命令所適用的判決而須予評估的損害賠償僅由按彌償基準申索的訟費組成,則該項評估須如同訟費評定般根據第62號命令進行,而該命令條文即適用,猶如按彌償基準進行訟費評定的命令已經作出一樣。”
41.由於本次損害評估的項目不僅為按彌償基準申索的訟費一項,故此,本次訟費損害評估並非以訟費評定的形式進行,但本席認為按彌償基準評定訟費的原則,同樣適用於按彌償基準評估的訟費損失。
42.本席詳細考慮了原告呈交的訟費陳述書,本席接納訟費陳述書中沒有不合理招致的項目。但考慮到被告並沒有在本案中提出抗辯,亦沒有提交任何文件或證人陳述書,更沒有出席任何聆訊,包括本次損害評估的審訊,本席認為原告申索的“由訴訟文員辦理的事宜” 〔第B2項〕 、“與當事人聯絡” 〔第C1項〕、“準備文件” 〔第D1項〕及“閲讀文件” 〔第D2項〕的訟費款額不合理。
43.本席評估原告上述訟費項目的款額如下:
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(1) “由訴訟文員辦理的事宜”〔第B2項〕: |
$4,500.00 |
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| |
(2) “與當事人聯絡” 〔第C1項〕: 5小時 |
$13,000.00 |
|
| |
(3) “準備文件”〔第D1項〕: 6小時 |
$15,600.00 |
|
| |
(4) “閲讀文件”〔第D2項〕: 3小時 |
$7,800.00 |
|
44.原告的訟費陳述書中的其他項目,按其申索數額獲批如下:
| |
“影印費用”〔第B1項〕: |
$600.00 |
|
| |
“與大律師聯絡”〔第C3項〕: |
$6,500.00 |
|
| |
“為聆訊作準備”〔第D3項〕: |
$7,800.00 |
|
| |
“出席聆訊”〔第D4項〕: |
$10,400.00 |
|
| |
“大律師費用”〔第E項〕: |
$27,000.00 |
|
| |
“其他代墊付費用”〔第F項〕: |
$2,260.00 |
|
45.根據上述評估,本席裁定被告按彌償基準賠償給原告的訟費損失數額為$95,460.00。
46.利息方面,就評估賠償的數額,原告向被告申索按匯豐銀行的最優惠利率加3%計算的利息。李律師陳述,這申索是根據該租約第1條的規定提出。
47.該租約第1條規定,若根據該租約應付的租金或其他款項愈期未付,被告需在原告提出要求下,就愈期未付的租金或其他款項,支付按匯豐銀行的最優惠利率加3%計算的利息。違約損失並非租金或根據該租約而需支付的其他款項。
48.雖然違約損失賠償是根據該租約的條款提出,但被告是基於法庭的判決,而非該租約,須向原告支付損害賠償的款項。這些款項並非該租約第1條所包含的款項,本席裁定該租約第1條對利息的規定,並不適用於法庭裁決的款項。法庭裁決款項的利息,除非雙方合約明確規定以其他利率計算,否則,在區域法院處理的案件,應根據香港法例第336章區域法院條例第50(1)條的規定處理,即除法庭另作命令外,應按終審法院首席法官藉命令所決定的判決利率計算。〔見Freeway Finance Co Ltd v Tam Chuen On Raymond〔unrep, HCA 61/2010, 2 July 2010, Deputy High Court Judge L Chan [當時官階]〕
49.本席評估原告因被告違反該租約而蒙受的損失如下:
| |
(1) 租金損失: |
$327,982.80 |
|
| |
(2) 服務費損失: |
$28,102.11 |
|
| |
(3) 推廣費損失: |
$4,014.59 |
|
| |
(4) 還原該商舖的狀況的費用: |
$19,900.00 |
|
| |
(5) 展開欠租查封程序的費用: |
$1,234.80 |
|
| |
(6) 原告支付該商舖的差餉: |
$5,216.58 |
|
| |
(7) 訟費損失 |
$95,460.00 |
|
| |
總額: |
$481,910.88 |
|
| |
|
|
|
50.本席頒令上述損害賠償將附帶利息。除訟費損失外,其餘各項損害賠償的利息,由2010年8月25日〔即原告人提出起訴當日〕起,至裁決日止,按判決利率計算。訟費損失的利息,應由裁決日2010年10月6日〔即賠償訟費的命令頒佈日〕起計。〔見 Hunt v RM Douglas (Roofing Ltd) Ltd [1988] 3 All E R 823及Caltex Oil Hong Kong v Director of Buildings and Lands [1994] HKDCLR 31 〕故此,由裁決日起,上述所有損害賠償〔包括訟費損失〕的利息以判決利率計算,至完全支付止。
51.由於本案的訟費是原告申索的損害賠償的其中一項,本席在評估該項損害賠償時,已將評估損害賠償的訟費包括在內。故此,本席無需就評估損害賠償的訟費再作其他命令,此為暫准命令,14天後將變為絕對命令。
原告由黄倩儀律師事務所轉聘Connie Lee大律師代表。
被告無律師代表並缺席審訊
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