Kwan Fung Kam v. Attorney General

Read the full judgment text of CACV 140/1989 on BabelCite. This Court of Appeal judgment was delivered on 23 February 1990 before Cons, V.-P., Clough, J.A., Nazareth, J..

Civil procedure – witness interviews – property in a witness – Crown proceedings – vicarious liability – appeal – summons for directions – Plaintiff suing Attorney General for police negligence – Director of Legal Aid seeking to interview police officers – Crown Counsel advising officers not obliged to attend – Plaintiff's summons for directions on status of police officers – Master referred to judge – Summons dismissed as misconceived – Appeal – Whether summons correctly dismissed – Yes, summons wording defective – Attorney conceded Director entitled to ask officers to attend – Court declined to impose new requirement of prior notice – Appeal dismissed.

Legal issues: Correctness of dismissal of summons for directions

Outcome: Appeal dismissed.

Cited by 6 cases

Case No.CACV 140/1989[1990] 2 HKC 577[1990] 1 HKLR 760
Court
Court of Appeal
Date23 Feb 1990
JudgeCons, V.-P., Clough, J.A., Nazareth, J.
Case Document
100%Judiciary

CACV000140/1989

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL 1989, No. 140

(Civil)

BETWEEN

KWAN FUNG KAM Plaintiff
(Appellant)

AND

THE ATTORNEY GENERAL Defendant
(Respondent)

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Coram: Cons, V.-P., Clough, J.A. & Nazareth, J.

Date of hearing: 16 February 1990

Date of delivery of judgment: 23 February 1990

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JUDGMENT

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Cons, V.-P. delivered the judgment of the Court:

1. This appeal arises in the course of proceedings by which the Plaintiff sues the Attorney General, as representing the Commissioner of Police, in an action alleging negligence on the part of several police officers. The Attorney had supplied the Director of Legal Aid, acting for the Plaintiff, with copies of statements made by the officers in question, but counsel for the Director, wishing to obtain from them further information, if he could, invited them individually to attend his office for interview. A letter from one officer, declining the invitation, indicated that Senior Crown Counsel had advised that he, the officer, was under no obligation to attend; with respect, perfectly proper advice.

2. However, an exchange of correspondence with the same Crown Counsel, couched on the latter's part in language which, to say the least, was less than restrained, subsequently led counsel for the Director to suspect - we think with good reason - that Senior Crown Counsel was likely to go or, had indeed already gone, further than the advice just mentioned. He accordingly issued a summons for directions, requesting in particular that the Court should:

"

give specific directions as to: -

(1) The status of the police officers in this matter.

(2) Whether or not it is open for the Commissioner of Police or anyone in authority on behalf of the Government of Hong Kong to issue instructions to any police witnesses to a matter which is the subject of civil litigation in terms which either prohibit or inhibit them or any of them from being approached by, attending interviews with and giving statements to, legal representatives for the Plaintiff."

3. The Master accepted a suggestion from both sides that the matter raised a question of public importance and put the matter before Godfrey, J. The judge, after some discussion of the law in general and its application to the present circumstances, dismissed the summons as having been misconceived. In his view, the only proper course to test the conduct of Crown Counsel would have been by way of application to commit for contempt.

4. By this appeal the Plaintiff questions not only the correctness of the dismissal of her summons, but also that of comments made by the judge in the course of coming to it. On the other hand, the Attorney, by a Respondent's Notice, seeks to justify the stance taken by Senior Crown Counsel. However the appeal no longer has any practical purpose. The Attorney, represented now by counsel who did not appear below, concedes that the Director is "perfectly entitled to ask the police officers to attend on him to make statements". Subject to one matter, to which we shall return in a moment, the Attorney no longer wishes to pursue his Respondent's Notice. Likewise he accepts that a direction as now suggested by the Plaintiff, represented as well by fresh counsel, would be acceptable in appropriate circumstances and could well be a cheaper and more sensible approach than by way of declaration.

5. The direction now suggested by the Plaintiff would be along lines that:

"The Court direct the Attorney General not to advise any officer in question so as to indicate that the officer was other than free to choose for himself whether or not to be interviewed by the plaintiff's advisers, and to retract any such advice already given."

6. No point was taken that such a direction might be contrary to Sec. 16 of the Crown Proceedings Ordinance, Cap. 300, but subject to that we see no objection to such a course if the judge below had thought fit. Unfortunately he was not asked in those terms. We appreciate the anxiety of the Plaintiff's advisers at the time, and her need for a remedy of some kind, but having regard to the wording of the summons that was actually presented, we think the judge was correct to dismiss it. We need say no more.

7. We turn now to the one point still raised by the Attorney, a point upon which we are told the appropriate books offer no assistance. He asks this Court to rule that in circumstances like the present, where a witness whom the Plaintiff's advisers wish to interview is one who, by reason of the Crown's vicarious responsibility, might well impose liability on the Crown, the Plaintiff's advisers should first inform those acting professionally for the Crown of their intention. The object, counsel frankly admits, is to enable a witness to be advised of his position, with the view ultimately to protecting that of the Crown. Counsel accepts that this requirement if given would not be restricted to claims against the Crown, but would be of general application for the benefit of any defendant who might be saddled with vicarious liability.

8. The law, so far as it goes, is clear. The classic statement is by Lord Denning, M.R. in Harmony Shipping Co. S.A. v. Saudi Europe Line Ltd. [1979] 1 WLR 1380 @ 1384:

" "There is no property in a witness. The reason is because the court has a right to every man's evidence. Its primary duty is to ascertain the truth. Neither one side nor the other can debar the court from ascertaining the truth either by seeing a witness beforehand or by purchasing his evidence or by making communication to him. In no way can one side prohibit the other side from seeing a witness of fact, from getting the facts from him and from calling him to give evidence or from issuing him with a subpoena. That was laid down by the Law Society in 1944 and published in the 'Short Guide to Professional Conduct and Etiquette.' It was affirmed and approved in 1963 by the then Lord Chief Justice and the judges and republished in The Law Society's Gazette for February 1963. It says :-

' ....  the Council have always held the view that there is no property in a witness and that so long as there is no question of tampering with the evidence of witnesses it is open to a solicitor for either party to civil or criminal proceedings to interview and take a statement from any witness or prospective witness at any stage of the proceedings, whether or not that witness has been interviewed or called as a witness by the other party.'

That principle is established in the case of a witness of fact: for the plain, simple reason that the primary duty of the court is to ascertain the truth by the best evidence available. Any witness who has seen the facts or who knows the facts can be compelled to assist the court and should assist the court by giving that evidence."

9. To extend the law by requiring prior notice in particular circumstances would be reaching into an area beyond the usual realm of this court, and where, for all we know, there may already be conventions of some kind or, on the other hand, dangers not readily apparent to the outsider. It is an area which could perhaps well be explored by the Law Society at the instance and with the assistance of the Attorney General, but we do not think it appropriate for this Court to enter at this stage. We therefore simply order, for the reasons already given, that the appeal shall be dismissed.

(D. Cons) (P.G. Clough) (G.P. Nazareth)
Vice President Justice of Appeal Judge of the High Court

Representation:

Mr. Rodney Pritchard (D.L.A.) for the Plaintiff/Appellant

Mr. B.W.K. Whaley (Crown Solicitor) for the Defendant/Respondent