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LDPE 1140/2017
[2018] HKLdT 11
香港特别行政區
土地審裁處
申請編號LDPE 2017年第1140宗
| 聆訊日期: |
2018年2月21日 |
| 判決日期: |
2018年2月21日 |
| 判決書日期: |
2018年3月12日 |
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判 決 書
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1.申請人根據《土地審裁處規則》第18條,申請處理初步法律論點。本席在聆訊當日已作出判決,現頒下判決理由。
2.申請人為香港高街45號地下的業主,答辯人為租客。雙方在2014年7月11日簽置租約,租期為2014年8月1日起至2015年11月30日,租金為港幣13,000元。租約第2條訂明租約期滿,租客如繼續租賃或退租,須於一個月之前以書面通知......。租約第17條訂明由2015年12月1日起,業主、租客訂定續租每月港幣16,000元,租用兩年。
3.單位經已續約,續租後租期在2017年11月30日屆滿。申請人於2017年11月13日以欠租理由申請收樓,並提出租約將會到期。
4.答辯人則提出並無拖欠租金,及以「最初與業主簽訂租約時,曾口頭承諾租約期滿可獲續約」的理由反對。
5.案件在2018年2月21日聆訊之時,雙方爭議的法律觀點是:答辯人所聲稱的口頭承諾的續租權,可否為有效的答辯理由。
6.答辯人的證人陳述書聲稱,在2014年7月11日簽訂租約前,申請人答允約滿後可續租5年,加租也不會超過30%。
7.申請人的立場為並沒有作出所謂口頭承諾。再者,根據《物業轉易及財產條例》(香港法例第219章)(“該條例” )第4條和第6條,有關以口頭方式的續租承諾,僅為可隨時及隨意取消的權益。
8.該條例的第3,4及第6條有關條文如下:
“3. 土地合約須以書面作出
(1) 除第6(2) 條另有規定外,任何人不得根據任何土地售賣合約或其他土地處置合約提出訴訟,但如該訴訟所根據的協議或該協議的某備忘錄或摘記是以書面作出,並由被告的一方或該一方就該目的而合法授權的其他人簽署,則屬例外。
(2) 本條適用於在任何時候訂立的合約或其他產權處置,而對與部分履行有關的法律或由法院頒令的售賣則無影響。
4. 法定產業權的處置等須以契據作出
(1) 土地的法定產業權只可以契據予以設定、終絕或處置。
(2) 本條不適用於 -----
……
(d) 任何租契的批出、處置或退回,而該租契是在承租人管有時即生效,且為期不超過3年(不論承租人是否獲賦權將該年期延長),而租金則為在無須支付額外費用的情況下可合理取得的最佳租金者;
……
(g) 由法院或其他主管當局發出的歸屬令或歸屬宣告;
(h) 藉法律的施行而產生土地法定產業權的設定、終絕或處置。”
“6. 以口頭方式設定土地權益
(1) 土地權益如只以口頭方式設定,而未經設定該等土地權益的人或獲其以書面合法授權的代理人以書面設定並加以簽署,則即使已就該等土地權益付出任何代價,該等權益所具有的效力及效果,亦僅為可隨時及隨意取消的權益所具有者。
(2) 第3或5條或第(1)款的任何規定,並不影響以口頭方式設定的租契,而該租契是在承租人管有時即生效,且為期不超過3年(不論承租人是否獲賦權將該年期延長),而租金則為在無須支付額外費用的情況下可合理取得的最佳租金者。”
9.Land Law in Hong Kong (4th edition) (by SH Goo & Alice Lee)的614頁有以下的序述:
“ (a) Grant of a legal lease
9.50 Under section 4(1) of the Conveyancing and Property Ordinance, a legal estate (which includes a legal lease) may be created only by deed, unless the lease granted takes effect in possession for a term not exceeding three years (whether or not the leases is given power to extend the term) at the best rent which can be reasonably obtained without a premium (section 4(2)(d)). In practice, a typical residential lease for two years is often ‘granted’ by the use of a written tenancy agreement which is not in the form of a deed. If the lease so granted takes effect in possession (ie immediately), it is valid as a legal lease as it falls within the exception in section 4(2)(d). If it does not take effect immediately as at the date of the signing of the tenancy agreement, it is equitable as the tenancy agreement is not in the form of a deed. There is also a similar exception in section 6(2) which makes it possible to grant by parol (ie orally) a legal lease taking effect in possession for a term not exceeding three years (whether or not the lessee is given power to extend the term) at the best rent which can be reasonably obtained without a premium…”
10.代表申請人的甄大律師在陳詞的20-21段提出:
“20……申請人認為超虹也不能依靠第219章第6(2)條。Hobman Co Ltd v Nam Hoi Bus Services Co Ltd (unrep., DCCJ 3176/2015, 6 September 2016) 的情形和本案有相似的地方(如其第13段所述的事實所示),而在第14和15段被該法庭採納的法理原則(引用Best Honour Investment & Development Ltd) 也對本案有參考價值:
“(13) Alternatively, the defendant alleged sometime in November 2014, Wong Chi Wai, the plaintiff’s representative, had made a representation to Wong Chi Man, the director of the defendant, that the Licence Agreement “shall be renewed automatically in an annual basis and the defendant shall continue to maintain the lease of the Land”. The defendant said it has made enquires with the plaintiff’s representative about the renewal of the Licence Agreement and the plaintiff had demanded rent for July and August 2015.
(14) A defence of option to renew to resist a summary judgment application was rejected in Best Honour Investment & Development Ltd v Best Sonic Ltd (HCA 478 of 2006, unreported, 20 June 2006), Reyes J held at paragraphs 14-16,
“14. By Conveyancing and Property Ordinance (Cap. 219) (CPO) ss.3, 5 and 6 all interests in land created orally and not evidenced by writing take effect solely as interests at will. This would be so whether or not consideration has been given for the interest asserted. The occupier claiming a legal entitlement based on a parol interest may thus be evicted from the land at any time by a titleholder.
15. It is true that CPO s. 6(2) allows the creation of parol leases for terms not exceeding 3 years. But such leases mush take effect in possession.
16. That is plainly not the interest being asserted by Best Sonic. A lease “takes effect in possession” if it gives a present right to possession. A lease that will commence in the future would not fall under CPO s.6(2). The allegation here is that in October 2002 Ruby Way simply undertook that, in the future, Best Sonic would be entitled to an extension of the 2002 or later leases up to March 2008. That assurance by Ruby Way does not even amount to a lease.”
(15) A promise to renew on an annual basis which has been plainly rejected in law as a valid defence. Even though it is arguable that the defendant has paid rent to the plaintiff from June 2015 to August 2015, the alleged renewed licence agreement must have been terminated by way of non payment of rent since September 2015.”
21. 由此可見,即使該所謂口頭承諾如超虹指稱真的存在,並如超虹所指稱是發生在簽署2014年租約時,在2014年租約結束後的再續租(即 “新”租約),由於相對於在簽署2014年租約時刻是未來,依循Best Honour Investment & Development Ltd第16段,第219章第6(2)條不適用於超虹的情況。”
11.答辯人曾有律師代表,但在2018年2月12日存檔親自行事通知。就是次聆訊,並無按指示7天前提交書面陳詞。
12.本席同意甄大律師的陳詞,答辯人所聲稱的5年續約口頭承諾,按該條例4(1)條,此等協議應該以“契據”(by deed)設定,所謂口頭承諾並無法律效力。按上述Land Law in Hong Kong所引述的段落,5年的口頭續租權也不可能成立。
13.按該條例第6條,口頭方式設定土地權益,可隨時及隨意取消。該條例的6(2)條對續租權亦不適用,因為該租契並不是即時生效。
14.本席亦接受甄大律師的陳詞,即使假若有續租權,答辯人亦並無按照租約第2條規定以書面提出續租。即使接納答辯人的說法,他祇是與申請人的代表商討續租事宜而已。
15.甄大律師提出續租需依據租約第2條以書面作出,答辯人並無提出爭議。
16.申請人提出答辯人在2017年11月27日才支付11月份的租金,答辯人並無爭議。在聆訊當日,答辯人尚欠2018年2月份的租金。
17.本席裁定申請人的欠租理由成立,答辯人須交回有關單位。租約經已期滿,不須給予沒收租賃權的寛免。考慮到答辯人的困難,本席判令答辯人在支付中間收益的條件下,可延遲至2018年4月30日將涉案單位的空置管交還申請人。
18.答辯人須支付本案的訟費,包括保留的訟費,以區域法院準則,連大律師證書;如雙方不能協議數目,則法庭評定。
申請人: 由謝燦華律師行轉聘甄智貽大律師代表應訊
答辯人: 親自行事,由劉婉莉女士代表應訊
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