梁 對 陳

Read the full judgment text of FCMC 11281/2022 on BabelCite. This Family Court judgment was delivered on 13 November 2023 before 廖玉玲.

Matrimonial proceedings – Interim injunction – Freezing order – Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) – Dissipation of assets – Costs – Petitioner applied for interim injunction to prevent Respondent from withdrawing or moving his MPF out of Hong Kong pending ancillary relief proceedings. Court held that Petitioner established a good arguable case and a real risk of dissipation of assets given Respondent's statements and conduct regarding maintenance and asset transfer. Injunction granted to preserve HK$800,000 of MPF balance. Injunction against MPF provider refused as provider was not a party and sufficient protection available via injunction against Respondent. Costs ordered at 50% of Petitioner's costs on standard basis due to partial success. – Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Ordinance s.17(1)(a) – District Court Ordinance s.52B – Legal Aid Regulations.

Legal issues: Test for freezing order · Injunction against MPF provider · Costs

Outcome: Injunction granted (modified); Respondent ordered to pay 50% of Petitioner's costs.

Cited by 2 cases · Cites 3 cases

Case No.FCMC 11281/2022[2024] HKFC 10
Court
Family Court
Date13 Nov 2023
Judge廖玉玲
Case Document
100%Judiciary

FCMC 11281/2022

[2024] HKFC 10

香港特別行政區

區域法院

婚姻訴訟

案件編號2022年第11281號

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  呈請人
   
  答辯人

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主審法官: 區域法院法官廖玉玲內庭聆訊(非公開)
聆訊日期: 2023年11月13日
判決日期: 2023年11月13日
判決理由書日期: 2024年1月12日

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判決理由書

(非正審禁制令)

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1.這是呈請人(「女方」)提出的非正審禁制令申請,要求禁止答辯人(「男方」)在退休後提取他的強積金供款[1](「強積金」)和把強積金移離香港,直至法庭另有命令為止(「本申請」)。

2.本席聆聽了雙方就本申請的實質辯論後,當庭作出以下命令,並簡述理由:

“禁止男方(不論他自行行事或透過其受僱人或代理人或以其他方式行事)向其強積金服務提供者(即XXX有限公司)(「該強積金服務提供者」)提取其強積金而使任何時間存放於該強積金服務提供者之強積金餘額少於港幣800,000元,直至法庭作出有關附屬濟助的判決或進一步的命令為止。”

3.這是判決的書面理由。

背景

4.雙方於2001年3月結婚,於2017年分居,直至分居時,婚姻維持了約16年。兩人育有一名女兒(「家庭子女」),她年約20歲,現就讀大學一年級。

5.女方於2022年11月以分居兩年為理由提出離婚呈請,並申請附屬濟助。

6.根據男方表格E的資料顯示,他是一名公務員,平均每月收入62,545港元,他於2023年8月年滿65歲,並達退休年齡。他擁有的資產淨值4,358,010港元,包括一個由他單獨擁有位於香港的物業(即前婚姻居所)、一個他估計現值為零的佛山物業、一個與女方聯名擁有的內地物業(「聯名內地物業」)[2]、銀行存款、投資、保單權益,及強積金。

7.根據女方表格E的資料顯示,她是一名清潔工人,月薪約10,000港元,她擁有資產淨值731,970港元,包括聯名內地物業、銀行存款和保單權益。

8.於2023年1月30日,一名暫委法官(當時官階)命令男方須自2023年2月1日起支付每月9,000港元作為家庭子女的臨時贍養費,和每月9,000港元作為女方候訊期間贍養費。

9.男方於2023年2月3日和2月16日分別把25,000港元和20,000港元(共45,000港元)存入家庭子女的銀行戶口,作為家庭子女就2023年2月至6月的臨時贍養費。但男方沒有按命令向女方支付候訊期間贍養費。

10.男方在表格E中指稱他供養了女方多年,女方不懂投資,對家庭沒有貢獻,態度惡劣,貪財。他退休後工作渺茫,積蓄不多,他不會支付贍養費給女方。男方亦曾提出他取得強積金後,會把它移離香港。

臨時禁制令

11.男方缺席2023年8月4日聆訊。該名暫委法官接納女方的申請,頒佈了以下的臨時禁制令(「臨時禁制令」):

(1) 禁止答辯人(不論他自行行事或透過其受僱人或代理人或以其他方式行事)向其強積金服務提供者(即XXX有限公司)提取其於退休時可得的強積金或其任何部份,直至法庭作出進一步的命令為止;

(2) 禁止答辯人(不論他自行行事或透過其受僱人或代理人或以其他方式行事)向其現存於其強積金服務提供者(即XXX有限公司)於其於退休時可得的強積金或其任何部份移離香港,或以其他方式處理該等強積金或其任何部份,直至法庭作出進一步的命令為止;

(3) 禁止答辯人的強積金服務提供者(即XXX有限公司)向答辯人支付其於退休時可得的強積金或其任何部份,直至法庭作出進一步的命令為止。

12.其後,雙方均有出席2023年10月5日的聆訊。該名暫委法官在聆訊中聽取了雙方的陳詞後,決定繼續臨時禁制令直至法庭作出進一步命令為止,並指示雙方存檔誓章,及排期於本庭就本申請進行辯論。

13.男方並沒有按法庭命令存檔反對誓章,只是在命令訂明的限期前向家事法庭登記處提交了一封兩頁紙的信函,並抄送女方的代表律師。

男方提交的信函

14.誓章是經當事人宣誓確認內容真確的文件,明顯地與信函有實質的分別。

15.與訟方提交的證據必須按照法庭指示作出。與訟方應謹慎遵從法庭的指示準備有關案件,不按照法庭命令或法律規定提交的證據,一般都不獲法庭考慮。

16.另外,除非法庭另有批准,法庭一般不會處理與訟方提交的信函,更遑論接納信函的內容作為證據。按照法庭指示提交證據是與訟方的責任,與訟方不應期望法庭必定閱讀或處理與訟方提交未經法庭許可的信函或文件。(見上訴法庭於AXA China Region Insurance Company Limited v Leong Fong Cheng, CACV 113/2016, 2016年10月28日的判詞 [44]-[55] )

17.因此,除非法庭另有批准,男方所提交的信函並不能作為本申請的證供。

18.於本申請中,本席考慮到男方信函中的陳述大多是重覆過往的論點,而且信函及時送達女方。女方代表律師採取合理務實的態度,不反對男方依賴信函的內容。因此法庭酌情接納男方信函作為男方於本申請的證據。

婚姻訴訟案件中非正審禁制令申請的法律原則

19.在家事法庭審理的婚姻訴訟案件中,與訟方可依循兩個途徑申請禁制處理財產的命令。

20.其中一個是根據《婚姻法律程序與財產條例》第17(1)(a)條規定:

「如法庭信納另一方意圖令要求經濟給養的申索失敗而即將作出任何財產處置,或即將轉移任何財產離開法庭的司法管轄權範圍,或即將以任何其他方式處理任何財產,則法庭可作出其認為是適當的命令,以制止另一方作出上述行為,又或可作出其他命令以保護有關申索。」

21.另一個途徑是根據《區域法院條例》第52B條規定授予強制令或非正審強制令,禁制任何法律程序的一方處理位於區域法院司法管轄範圍內的資產。

22.根據上述兩項條例提出的禁制令申請的程序和條件並沒有實質的差別。正如Mostyn 法官在 ND v KP [2011] EWHC 457 (Fam) 一案中解釋:

“6. It is really not very different from the test that applies under the inherent jurisdiction. I quote from Civil Procedure otherwise known as the White Book at paragraph 25.1.25.5 which states, citing a decision of Sir Peter Pain of O'Regan & Ors v Iambic Productions Ltd (1989) 139 NLJ 1378 , that the applicant should depose to objective facts from which it may be inferred that the respondent is likely to move assets or to dissipate them; unsupported statements or expressions of fear have little weight. The notes go on to say that great care should be taken in the presentation of evidence to the court so that the court can see not only whether the applicant has a good arguable case but also whether there is a real risk of dissipation of assets. A freezing order should not be granted unless the applicant has established an appropriately strong case showing, amongst other things, that the respondent owns the assets concerned or has some interest in them. It is for the applicant to make out his case, and orders should not be granted simply because the respondent cannot show an immediate and obvious prejudice. That formulation is really not very different from the formulation in section 37 which I have recited above.

7. Indeed, it is mirrored by the comments in more vivid language of Thorpe LJ in the case of Khreino where he says this:

“Family Division judges day in day out exercise the inherent jurisdiction to grant injunctions to ensure that one spouse does not selfishly or irresponsibly salt away, squirrel away or spirit away family assets which may be in his name but which must be carefully preserved pending the ultimate judicial determination as to what proportion of that asset must be either transferred to or made available for the benefit of the applicant spouse.”

8. So whilst the words used are different the language all points in the same direction, namely that there must be a good case put before the court, supported by objective facts, that there is a likelihood of the movement, or the dissipation, or the spiriting away, or the salting away, or the squirreling away, or the making of a disposition, or the transfer, of assets, with the intention of defeating a claim. It all comes to the same thing.

9. What is to be emphasised is that in this country, unlike some other countries on the continent, we do not have a system of general saisie conservatoire whereby assets are automatically frozen pending the determination of a divorce claim. Indeed, one must remind oneself that the basic rule in this country is of separate property, and that is bolstered by Article 1 of Protocol 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights which says that every natural person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. So, in order to obtain a freezing order there must be before the court a demonstration of objective facts that evidence the likelihood of the movement or dissipation of assets with the intention of defeating the applicant's claim. That is the first principle. (emphasis added).

23.Mostyn 法官在L v K (Freezing Orders: Principles and Safeguards) [2013] EWHC 1735 (Fam) [51] 提出了以下在婚姻訴訟案件中頒佈禁制處理財產命令應考慮的原則:

“(1) The court has a general power to preserve specific tangible assets in specie where they are the subject matter of the claim. Such an order does not necessarily require application of all the freezing order principles and safeguards, although it is open to the court to impose them.

(2) For a freezing order in a sum of money which is capable of embracing all of the respondent's assets up to the specified figure it is essential that all the principles and safeguards are scrupulously applied.

(3) Whether the application is made under the 1981 Act or the 1973 Act the applicant must show, by reference to clear evidence, an unjustified dealing with assets (which would include threats) by the respondent giving rise to the conclusion that there is a solid risk of dissipation of assets to the applicant's prejudice. Such an unjustified dealing will normally give rise to the inference that it is done with the intention to defeat the applicant's claim (and such an intention is presumed in the case of an application under the 1973 Act).

(4) The evidence in support of the application must depose to clear facts. The sources of information and belief must be clearly set out.”

24.以上法律原則為香港家事法庭採納, 舉例CCL aka L, CC v JRC aka C, JR [2021] HKFC 54

法庭的決定

25.法庭有權力根據《婚姻法律程序與財產條例》第17(1)(a)條或《區域法院條例》第52B條頒下禁制令,禁止婚姻訴訟案件中的與訟方處理其資產。

26.這是一項女方附屬濟助申索中的非正審申請。女方首先須證明在附屬濟助爭議中存在需要嚴正審理的問題,她有一個良好可爭辯的案情。女方無須證明她必定會在附屬濟助申請中獲得其要求的資產分配或贍養費,她只需證明在審訊中有勝訴機會,不論此勝訴機會是高抑或不高,也應視為符合這方面的要求。這並非是一個很高的門檻。法庭無需在這階段詳細研究雙方案情的强弱。

27.本案雙方的婚姻維持了約16年,是一段長的婚姻。在婚姻期間,雙方育有一名女兒。從雙方表格E披露的資產顯示,婚姻期間的主要資產都是在男方名下擁有,男方有可能在附屬濟助審訊後被命令把婚姻資產分配給女方。

28.第二,女方須證明男方有轉移或耗盡其資產的風險。

29.男方在本案提交的文件中多次指出他不會向女方支付贍養費,他會把他的資產(包括強積金)移離香港,他也指出會把強積金用作外匯及孖展投資。而即使法庭頒下候訊期間贍養費命令,男方仍然拒絕遵從。這都證明男方有轉移其資產以使女方未能取得法庭可能頒令給她的贍養費或資產分配的風險。以上均支持禁制令的頒佈,以防止男方在候審期間轉移或耗盡其資產。

30.第三,法庭須小心平𧗾雙方的情況,考量頒佈或不頒佈禁制令可能對雙方做成的影響及所有相關的情況。

31.在本案,強積金是男方主要的流動資產之一。如以上第29段所述,男方的行為顯示有頒佈禁制令以保存資產的需要。

32.男方指他在退休後沒有薪金收入,需要使用強積金支付生活所需及償還稅款和債項。根據他的表格E所顯示,他的銀行帳戶有768,500港元,和價值250,000港元的投資,又擁有香港和內地物業。即使男方未能即時提取及動用全部強積金,他仍然有足夠資產維生。

33.男方又指他如果未能動用強積金,將會失去投資賺錢的機會。男方未能證明他聲稱的投資會為他帶來比存留於強積金戶口更大的收入,相反他聲稱打算作的孖展投資存在頗高的風險。更需注意的是,男方同時聲稱會利用強積金作其他用途,包括奉獻。故此,男方聲稱禁制令會令他失去賺取更高收入的說法並不成立。

34.第四,在頒佈禁制令時,法庭須仔細考慮禁制的範圍。禁制令應只限於必須和合理的禁制範圍内,不宜過寬。

35.就禁制的金額,本席考慮到女方附屬濟助申請涉及的金額,男女雙方擁有的其他資產,以及男方在退休後的需要,認為保存男方強積金中的800,000港元是合適的。換句話説,男方仍然可動用強積金中大約700,000港元。

36.本席認爲不應該頒佈針對強積金服務提供者的禁制令, 即臨時禁制令第3段。強積金服務提供者並非本案的一方,它亦沒有存檔證據說明其立場。法庭不應在這情況下頒佈針對強積金服務提供者的禁制令。況且,如果法庭頒令禁止男方提取相關強積金,女方律師可以通知強積金服務提供者這禁制命令,從而提供適合的保障,無需頒佈針對強積金服務提供者的禁制令。女方代表律師表示同意,並且不要求繼續針對強積金服務提供者的禁制令。

37.本申請屬非正審申請,目的是保存相關資產以待附屬濟助申請的判令,禁制令應該設定清晰的期限。本案的禁制令應該維持至法庭作出有關附屬濟助申請的判決或法庭另有進一步命令為止。

38.在聽取雙方對訟費的陳詞後,本席認為沒有充分理由偏離訟費依隨案件結果的起點原則。因此,考慮訟費命令的起點是男方應該支付女方在本申請的訟費。由於女方未能完全取得她要求頒令的具體內容,故本席命令男方須支付女方在本申請的訟費之一半,按訴訟各方對評基準評定,如雙方未能就訟費金額達成協議,則交由法庭評定。女方自身的訟費按《法律援助規例》評定。

  (廖玉玲)
區域法院法官

呈請人:由法律援助署署長委派勞潔儀律師行鄞建偉律師代表

答辯人:無律師代表,親自應訊



[1]  根據男方存檔的表格E顯示,強積金期滿的價值為1,500,000港元。

[2]  男方估計聯名內地物業的價值為人民幣300,000元,女方估計的價值為人民幣500,000元。

Other Judgments in This Case

Further hearings and rulings under FCMC 11281/2022