Kulwant Singh v. Torture Claims Appeal Board / Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office

HCAL 672/2021

[2026] HKCFI 1115

IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

COURT OF FIRST INSTANCE

CONSTITUTIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE LAW LIST No. 672 of 2021

Application for Leave to Apply for Judicial Review

NOTIFICATION of the Judge’s decision (Ord 53 r 3)

Following;

Order by Deputy High Court Judge (Non-refoulement Claims) Jeffrey Chau:

1.   Form 86 be amended, naming only the Torture Claims Appeal Board/Non-refoulement Claims Petition Office as the putative respondent and only the Director of Immigration as the putative interested party

2.   The application for leave to apply for judicial review be dismissed.

Observations for the Applicant:

Introduction

1.By a Form 86 dated 11 May 2021 (the “Form 86”), the Applicant applied for leave to apply for judicial review against the decision by the Torture Claims Appeal Board (the “TCAB”) dated 16 April 2021 (the “TCAB Decision”), which affirmed the decision of the Director of Immigration (the “DOI”) dated 16 June 2020.

2.I amend the Form 86 on my own motion, naming only the TCAB as the putative respondent and only the DOI as the putative interested party.

3.The Applicant requested for a hearing of this application.  He was absent. I see no irregularity in the notification process.

4.In the Form 86, the Applicant also sought leave for judicial review against the DOI Decision.  But the DOI Decision is superseded by the TCAB Decision (Re Moshin Ali [2018] HKCA 549 at [45]).  The present application only concerns the TCAB Decision.

Background

5.The Applicant is a national of India.  In gist, his case is that he faces problems at the hands of his former girlfriend’s family as they disapproved of their relationship.  The Applicant’s personal background, the relevant facts and relevant procedural history have been sufficiently set out in the TCAB Decision, which can be viewed through a hyperlink[1].  I shall therefore not repeat them.  Unless otherwise specified, TCAB’s abbreviations and descriptions are adopted herein.

Discussion

6.The leave application operates as a filtering process and there is no requirement or expectation to give elaborate reasons for my decision: Re Zunariyah [2018] HKCA 14 at [23].  It is sufficient to state my observations after considering the TCAB Decision and the materials adduced by the Applicant.

7.I remind myself that in a judicial review, this court does not provide a further avenue of appeal.  While I also remind myself that in non-refoulement cases, I would adopt an enhanced standard in scrutinizing the decision of the TCAB given the seriousness of the issue at hand, this court would not usurp the role of the TCAB, which together with the DOI are the primary decision-makers. A finding of fact is exclusively within the realm of the TCAB, and this court will not intervene by way of judicial review unless there are errors of law or procedural unfairness or irrationality in the decision of the TCAB: Nupur Mst v Director of Immigration [2018] HKCA 524 at [14(1)].  There must be a reasonably arguable case with a realistic prospect of success before leave for judicial review will be granted: Peter Po Fun Chan v Winnie Cheung (2007) 10 HKCFAR 676.

8.In a proper Form 86, an applicant is required to identify the grounds of judicial review clearly and succinctly: Ho Loy v Director of Environmental Protection (unreported, HCAL 21/2015, 22 December 2016) at [142], and further to make full and frank disclosure of all material facts to be verified by an affidavit.

9.The Applicant’s affirmation sets out a narrative which could be considered as grounds for which the relief is sought.  However, those grounds are either vague and generic, or are factual matters which have either been fully considered by the TCAB or are irrelevant.  In reality, they did not point to any error of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality of the TCAB Decision.

10.As can be seen from the TCAB Decision, the TCAB took into account all the evidence available and found that on the basis of the same, applying the correct legal principles in respect of all applicable grounds under the Unified Screening Mechanism, the Applicant’s allegations were insufficient to make out any of the applicable grounds [28-53].  This is a clear-cut case.  The Applicant’s evidence was “literally incoherent”, vague and implausible [21-25].  Relocation was also available to the Applicant [33-41].  In view of the above findings, the Applicant’s appeal below was bound to fail.

11.The Applicant’s grounds of appeal, in gist, are as follows:

(1)   The bulk of his grounds concerned the lack of legal representation or language assistance.  The high standard of fairness does not grant the Applicant an absolute right to free legal representation or interpretation services at all stages of the proceedings.  (Re Zafar Muazam (unrep., CACV 2/2018, 23 March 2018); Re Zunariyah [2018] HKCA 14; Re Zahid Abbas [2018] HKCA 15, Re Tariq Farhan [2018] HKCA 17; Re Lopchan Subash [2018] HKCA 37; Re Ahmed Syed Rafiq [2018] HKCA 178 at §22; Akhondo Shakil [2021] HKCA 1616 at §20[10]; Vu Hong Diep v Torture Claims Appeal Board/Non-Refoulement Claims Petition Office [2023] HKCA 1378; Kamran Khan [2022] HKCFI 1924 at §§21-25 and [2022] HKCA 230 at §§16-17). The high standard of fairness does not require or include provision of interpretation at any time the Applicant claimed or desired, particularly when it was his choice to overstay in Hong Kong, where the official languages are Chinese and English.  In any event, the Applicant’s Form 86 and his affirmation were all in English.  He thus has access to, and would have been able to seek, interpretation services and language assistance if necessary (Gurnishan Singh, supra; Gurung Sagar, supra; Kamran Khan, supra; Zafar Muazam, supra).[2]

(2)   Further, he must have access to assistance for English translation by the time he made the application, as all the supporting documents were in English.

(3)   He asserted that the TCAB’s approach concerning the use of country of origin information was flawed (grounds 17, 23).  But he gave no particulars as to why the TCAB was erred.  I can discern no such errors.

(4)   He also asserted that the TCAB adopted an unnecessarily high threshold in determining the realistic prospect of success (ground 12).  But the TCAB has applied the correct test, and the Applicant has not specified why the threshold is said to be unnecessarily high.

12.All in all, I do not see any errors of law, procedural unfairness or irrationality in the TCAB Decision, despite rigorous examination and anxious scrutiny.  The Applicant’s intended challenge to the TCAB Decision is not reasonably arguable, and accordingly the application for leave to apply for judicial review is dismissed.

Dated the 9^th day of March 2026

Where leave to apply has been granted, Applicants and their legal advisers are reminded of their obligation to reconsider the merits of their application in the light of the Respondent’s evidence

Form CALL-1