譚子強及另二人 對 譚敏儀及另五人

Case No.HCA 2195/2019[2026] HKCFI 5591
Court
High Court CFI
Date09 Oct 2026
Judge—
Case Document
100%

HCA 2195/2019

[2026] HKCFI 5591

香港特別行政區

高等法院

原訟法庭

民事訴訟案件2019年第2195號

____________________

BETWEEN

  TAM CHI KEUNG (譚子強) 1st Plaintiff
  TAM CHEUK CHI by her next friend and father,
TAM CHI KEUNG (譚子強)
2nd Plaintiff
  LIN WING YAN (連詠欣) 3rd Plaintiff
  and  
  譚敏儀 1st Defendant
  徐錦添 2nd Defendant
  徐海茵 3rd Defendant
  徐家偉 4th Defendant
  TAM MAN LING (譚敏伶) 5th Defendant
  譚敏紅 6th Defendant
(discontinued)
  呂晴 7th Defendant
(discontinued)
  呂詠悠 8th Defendant
(discontinued)
  TAM TSZ KIN (譚子健) 9th Defendant
(discontinued)
  陳淨 10th Defendant
(discontinued)
  譚力恒 11th Defendant
(discontinued)
  譚心悅 12th Defendant
(discontinued)
  PERSONS UNLAWFULLY AND WILFULLY OBSTRUCTING OR INTERFERING WITH THE
1ST PLAINTIFF’S PROPER USE OF THE PROPERTY
KNOWN AS “FLAT D, 5TH FLOOR (BLOCK 4),
MANDARIN COURT, NOS. 130-132 ARGYLE
STREET, KOWLOON, HONG KONG”
13th Defendant

____________________

主審法官: 高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官馮柏棟資深大律師
聆訊日期: 2026年8月10及14日
判決書日期: 2026年10月9日

____________________

判 決 書

____________________


引言

1.本案所涉訴訟於2026年8月10日首次由本席審理,原定進行為期5日的審訊。

2.本訴訟為同一家庭兩個陣營間的爭議,主要關於稱為香港九龍亞皆老街130-132號翠華大廈4期5樓D室的物業(「該物業」)。

訴訟各方

3.第一原告人為譚家其中一名兒子;第二原告人為其女兒,第三原告人爲其妻子。

4.第一原告人為其先父譚全德(「父親」)及先母林念(「母親」)的兒子。

5.第一被告人為第一原告人的長姐,第二被告人為第一被告人的丈夫;第三及第四被告人為其子女。

6.第五被告人為第一原告人的二姐。

7.第六被告人為第一原告人的三姐,第七及第八被告人為第六被告人的子女。

8.第九被告人為第一原告人的兄長,第十被告人為其妻子;第十一及第十二被告人為其子女。

9.針對第九至第十二被告人的訴訟已中止。

申索及反申索的性質

10.根據修訂的申索陳述書,原告人對餘下被告人的申索包括收回該物業的空置管有權、中間收益、非法侵入、騷擾及/或恐嚇的損害賠償等。

11.根據餘下被告人提交的各份修訂抗辯書及反申索書,他們否認原告人的申索,並以恐嚇與精神打擊等為由提出損害賠償的反申索。

12.本訴訟主要爭訟方實爲第一原告人與第五被告人。

13.原告人由律師及大律師代表,餘下被告人則一直親自行事。

「爭議點陳述書」

14.根據法庭命令,訴訟各方於2026年4月22日提交「爭議點陳述書」,内容載列原告人及被告人分別提出的爭議點。

法庭指示

15.經考慮狀書、訴訟各方的開案陳詞及「爭議點陳述書」,本席認爲,先行決定訴訟各方就該物業所享的各自權益(如有的話),是適當且確實必要的做法。

16.於2026年8月10日聆訊開始時,本席向訴訟各方表達載於上述第15 段的看法。原告人及餘下被告人均表示贊同。

17.鑑於上述情況,本席根據《高等法院規則》第33號命令第4(2)條規則,下令案件應先行審理有待指明的初步爭議點。

18.節錄自「爭議點陳述書」待審的初步爭議點如下:-

「 爭議點陳述書

(根據高等法院聆案官何展鵬日期為2025年4月24日的命令所擬備)

1. 第一原告人是否享有香港九龍亞皆老街130-132號翠華大廈4期5樓D室 (“該物業”) 的空置管有權(vacant possession)?

2. 第五被告人:

(a) 在該物業中是否擁有任何權益 (如有的話,具體是什麼);

…

如第一至第五被告人不同意上述原告人主張的爭議點,則第一至第五被告人主張的爭議點如下:-

1. 林念的遺囑 (遺囑) 第4點指令香港九龍亞皆老街130-132號翠華大廈4期5樓D室 (該單位) 在D5維持未婚期間不得出售,且讓D5有權繼續居住。該指令是否在法律上構成信託?

2. 遺囑第3點雖提及將財產絕對地 (absolutely) 遺贈予P1 及D9,但鑑於在第4點將該單位設定了條件和限制,P1和D9 在該單位的絕對權益是否須在特定事件(D5結婚) 發生後才能取得? “use and benefit absolutely” 是否應被解釋為「不附條件或不受限制地最終受益」?

3. 在D5仍然未婚且行使其居住權期間,是否只D5能享有居住權? 權益在未得D5同意下居住於該單位,是否對D5的居住權構成非法侵入或侵害?

4. 若D5未婚去世,即特定事件 (D5結婚) 永遠不會發生,P1的待確定權益是否從此無效? 而該單位是否絕對地歸屬於D5繼承人?

5. 2018年的允許書列明P1的絕對權益是受制於 (subject to) D5的權益,P1於2014-2017 年間的佔用行為是否違反了該允許書的內容?

6. 在D5行使居住權期間,P1是否只是註冊業主但並沒有實益權益的? 是否需要清空其搬走前使用的房間並交還房間鎖匙給D5?

7. 在D5行使居住權期間,業權是否仍由遺囑持有?差餉、地租和管理費是否應由母親遺產支付?

…」

19.本席進一步指示,訴訟各方應在本席聽取其口頭陳詞的聆訊舉行前,存檔各自的補充開案陳詞。

20.原告人於2026年8月12日存檔補充開案陳詞。第五被告人於2026年8月14日存檔補充開案陳詞,其餘被告人並無存檔任何陳詞。

21.同日,於2026年8月14日上午11時,本席開始聽取訴訟各方的口頭陳詞。

22.聆訊時,第五被告人以外的其餘被告人均表示同意依賴第五被告人的陳詞。因此,僅第一原告人與第五被告人向法庭陳詞。

母親的遺囑

23.依本席之見,所有爭議點主要取決於母親2001年6月13日遺囑條款的正確詮釋。

24.母親的遺囑由楊振文律師行的楊振文律師擬訂及見證;遺囑以英文撰寫,並已向母親翻譯解釋。

25.根據遺囑第2條,第一原告人及第九被告人被委任為遺囑執行人。

26.遺囑第3及第4條規定如下:-

“3. I GIVE DEVISE AND BEQUEATH all my real and personal property whatsoever and wheresoever (after payment of my just debts, funeral and testamentary expenses) unto my sons the said TAM TSZ KIN (譚子健) and TAM CHI KEUNG (譚子強) for their use and benefit absolutely as tenants in common in equal shares.

4. I DIRECT THAT my property known as Flat D, 5th Floor (Block 4), Mandarin Court, Nos. 130-132 Argyle Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong in which my daughter TAM MAN LING (譚敏伶) is and shall be residing at the date of my death shall not be sold so long as my said daughter shall remain unmarried.”

授予承辦書

27.2014年11月12日,第九被告人根據申請編號HCAG 15429/2014,向高等法院遺產承辦處申請就其母親遺產授予遺囑認證書。

28.與此同時,第一原告人已根據知會備忘編號HCCA 2193/2015存檔知會備忘。

29.第九被告人與第一原告人就誰應獲授予母親遺產的遺囑認證書的爭議,由黃健棠聆案官審理。2016年6月28日,黃健棠聆案官頒下其決定(「黃健棠聆案官的決定」)。

30.黃健棠聆案官在其決定中裁定,經考慮所有情況,第一原告人或第九被告人均不適宜獲委任為母親遺產的遺囑執行人。取而代之,他委任聶柏仁律師事務所的陳啟昌律師(「陳律師」)為「死者林念女士的遺產管理人(附有遺囑)」。

31.下文將詳述黃健棠聆案官的決定內容。

「允許書」(The Assent)

32.其後,陳律師依據2018年7 月18日他和第九被告人及第一原告人簽署的「允許書」(the Assent),把該物業的業權轉移給第九被告人及第一原告人。

33.「允許書」敍文第4及第5段所述如下:-

“4. The Testatrix died on the 4th day of July, 2014 without having altered or revoked the said Will and Letters of Administration with the said Will annexed were on the 21st day of December, 2016 granted by The High Court of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Court of First Instance under Grant No. HCAG012524/2016 to the Administrator.

5. By the said Will, the Property in which the Testatrix’s daughter, TAM MAN LING (譚敏伶) (“the Daughter”) is and shall be residing in the Property at the date of death of the Testatrix shall not be sold so long as the Daughter shall remain unmarried.”

34.「允許書」進一步規定如下:-

“NOW THIS ASSENT WITNESSETH that I, the Administrator, as such administrator aforesaid and in pursuance of the said Will hereby, ASSENT to the vesting in the 1st Beneficiary and the 2nd Beneficiary the Property TO HOLD the same unto the 1st Beneficiary and the 2nd Beneficiary absolutely as Tenants-in-Common in equal shares SUBJECT TO the right and interest of the Daughter as set out in Clause 4 of the said Will for the residue of the term of years created by the Government Lease referred to in the Schedule hereto (“the Government Lease”) ………………………… ”

[重點後加]

35.下文將詳加處理該「允許書」。

相關事實

36.根據各方的狀書、證人陳述書及陳詞,與目前所需處理事項相關的事實可見如下:-

(i) 自1989年起,父親、母親、第一被告人、第五被告人、第六被告人、第九被告人及第一原告人一直居於該物業。

(ii) 其後,家中不同年輕成員相繼結婚,當中部分遷離該物業。

(iii) 父親於1999年去世。

(iv) 母親於2014年7月4日去世。

(v) 母親去世時,第一原告人(連同第二及第三原告人)及第五被告人均居於該物業。

(vi) 於或約於2017年5月27日,第一原告人遷離該物業。

(vii) 於或約於2017年9月22日,第二及第三原告人亦遷離該物業。

(viii) 第五被告人至今仍一直居於該物業。

(ix) 第五被告人維持未婚。

37.須指出的是,本席已盡可能中立地陳述上述事實,並沒有論及各方針對彼此行為失當的指稱,原因有二。第一,鑑於本審訊旨在審理「爭議點」,本席毋須論及該些指稱;第二,該些指稱將會是主要訴訟的審訊主體,就此本席當盡量少作評論,以免僭越審理主要訴訟的法官的職能。

各方的論據

38.各方一致認同,為釐清各方就該物業所享有的相應權益(如有的話),首要審視的文件是母親的遺囑。

39.本席會先列述第五被告人的論據,再列述第一原告人的論據。

(A) 第五被告人的論據

40.第五被告人的論據可概括如下:-

(i) 雖然母親遺囑第3條訂明,所有不動產及動產(包括該物業)均遺贈予第九被告人及第一原告人“for their use and benefit absolutely”,惟此安排受該遺囑第4條所規限。

(ii) 此外,「後者為準」的原則適用,因此第4條比第3條更有效力,原因是第4條位於第3條之後。第五被告人為支持其論點,在補充開案陳詞第6(1)段援引以下典據︰-

「6. 「後者為準」的遺囑釋義原則及本案應用

(1) 【法律原則】李宗鍔法官主編的《香港日用法律大全(三)》的遺囑釋義原則:

「遺囑內容前後不符,以後者為準。譬如遺囑首段將全部房地產交予長子,但後來又有一段將一指定樓房贈予次女,則長子不能繼承該指定樓房。」

(該法律大全第133頁,見典據列表第8頁)」

(iii) 第五被告人在其補充開案陳詞第6(2)段,進一步提出如下: -

「(2) 【本案應用】該遺囑第3條雖把不動產及動產全部平分予D9 和P1絕對地使用和受益,唯隨後的第4條指令在母親去世之日,本人正在居住並且有權繼續居住的該物業,只要榻人一日未婚,一日都不准出售。根據「後者為準」原則,該物業第3條的絕對權益已受到第4條的居住權益所規限而未能生效。事實上,此法律詮釋已由遺產管理人陳啟昌、D9及P1共同簽署之該允許書明確確認,並在法律上予以落實。」

(iv) 第五被告人另指出,如她未婚去世,即意味著她結婚一事將永遠不會發生,而其後果是,該物業應屬於她的遺產,而非屬於第九被告人及第一原告人。

(v) 第五被告人亦依賴載列於上文第34段「允許書」的有關措辭,尤其是當中“SUBJECT TO the right and interest of the Daughter as set out in Clause 4 of the said Will”一語句,其涵義如上文第(iv)分段所列述。她亦依賴第一原告人曾簽署「允許書」一事,指出此舉意味第一原告人已經同意,只要她維持未婚,該物業即須受她居於其內的權利所規限。在此情況下,第一原告人亦受不容反悔原則所約束,不得否認她在該物業居住的權利。

(vi) 第五被告人進一步依賴黃健棠聆案官的決定,特別是當中第3段,黃聆案官如此說:-

「簡單說,她委派哥哥和弟弟為執行人,亦將遺產平分給他們,唯二家姐只要一日未婚,則有權在翠華大廈單位居住,而該單位亦不得出售。」

她指第一原告人須受黃聆案官的該裁定所約束。

(vii) 最後,第五被告人稱母親生前曾跟她說過一番話,內容大意是只要她維持未婚,便可以繼續在該物業居住,無人有權把她趕走。她稱母親這番表述,正好確認了母親遺囑中同一意旨的條文。第五被告人在補充開案陳詞的第5段說:-

「5. 母親在過身前兩個月(即2014年4月),更是親口對本人說:「間屋會留番俾你住,無人可以趕到你走,邊個趕你走,你趕番佢走,唔使擔心,我寫包單!」

41.第五被告人亦引用了若干字典、Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong中關於衡平法權益的一個段落,以及Chen Tek Yee v Chan Moon Shing(HCA 954/2010,日期為2015年5月7日的未經匯編的判案書),以支持其論點。

(B) 第一原告人的論點

42.第一原告人的論點可歸納如下:-

(i) 首先,第五被告人就母親遺囑所提出的詮釋是錯誤的。根據確立已久的典據,母親遺囑第4條因違反公共政策而無效。他引用了多個典據以支持其論點,本席將在下文處理其中一部分。

(ii) 黃健棠聆案官的決定並不具有第五被告人所主張的效力,原因是黃聆案官當時只是處理委任遺囑執行人的問題,而非處理母親遺囑該如何詮釋。黃聆案官提及母親遺囑中的條文,只是作為背景事實的一部分,並非就該等條文的意思及效力作出裁決。

(iii) 該份「允許書」亦不具有第五被告人所主張的效力。

討論

43.第一原告人透過他的法律代表黃宇逸大律師,最主要依賴英國案例In re Rosher (1884) LR 26 Ch D 801 以支持其陳詞。該案例的提要如下:-

“ A condition in absolute restraint of alienation annexed to a devise in fee, even though its operation is limited to a particular time, e.g., to the life of another living person, is void in law as being repugnant to the nature of an estate in fee.

…

A testator devised an estate to his son in fee, provided always that if the son, his heirs or devisees, or any person claiming through or under him or them, should desire to sell the estate, or any part or parts thereof, in the lifetime of the testator’s wife, she should have the option to purchase the same at the price of £3000 for the whole, and at a proportionate price for any part or parts thereof, and the same should accordingly be first offered to her at such price or proportionate price or prices. … ;

Held, that the proviso amounted to an absolute restraint on alienation during the life of the testator’s widow; that it was void in law; and that the son was entitled to sell the estate as he pleased, without first offering it to the widow at the price named in the will.”

44.第一原告人所依賴的下一個案例,是由加拿大最高法院裁決的 Blackburn v McCallum (1903) 33 SCR 65 。在該案中,法庭跟從In re Rosher案。Mills法官在判案書第92頁指出:-

“ Where property is given absolutely a condition cannot be annexed to the gift inconsistent with its absolute character, and where a devise in fee is made upon condition that the estate shall be shorn of some of its necessary incidents, as that the wife shall not be endowed, or that the husband shall not have curtesy, or that the proprietor shall not have the power to alien, either generally, or for a time limited, such conditions are void, because they are repugnant to the character of the estate. ”

45.第一原告人接著提及由香港上訴法庭裁決的 Ng Tung v Chung Hing Transportation and Godown Co, Ltd. [2007] 4 HKLRD 200。上訴法庭法官郭美超在判案書第15段指出:-

“15. The common law renders void any condition attached to an estate that imposes an absolute restriction on alienation of the estate by the grantee. Such a condition is considered repugnant to an owner’s rights over his property. But over time, the courts have upheld certain restrictions, thus giving rise to distinctions between total and partial restraints, the latter being permissible. What is undoubtedly true is that not only are the cases difficult to reconcile, it is difficult to discern the ambit of what restraints are permissible or the principle underlying the exception. See Pearson J in Re Rosher (1884) LR 216 Ch D 801 at p.819; Cheshire and Burn’s Modern Law of Real Property (16th ed., 1994) p.368.”

須注意的是該案件並不涉及遺囑,而是涉及商業合約中有關出售物業的優先購買權,以及對讓與權的限制。

46.第一原告人所依賴的下一個案例是 Li Ka Sing v Tong Mei Lin [2018] HKCFI 1949 。該案涉及一名遺產管理人,就擬出售死者遺產當中的三個物業向法庭申請指示。死者生前曾訂立一份中文遺囑,當中指示該三個物業的其中之一不得出售。高等法院暫委法官梁偉文資深大律師在判案書第156段指出:-

“156. Pausing there, the Father also signified his wish that the first family home at 186 Tong Mei Road (Property (2)) registered in the name of the Deceased was not to be sold. Needless to say, even if the Chinese Will is valid (as a will), the restraint on alienation in respect of Property (2) is void and not binding (see In re Brown [1954] 1 Ch 39, at 43 – 44).”

須注意的是,該案的相關部分僅涉及一項旨在禁止出售遺產當中一個物業的條文,僅此而已。

47.黃大律師亦引用了節錄自Halsbury’s Laws of Hong Kong (第二版,2025年)第51(1)冊第425.143段的內容:-

“[425.143] Inconsistent conditions A condition is said to be repugnant, and is unenforceable, if it is inconsistent with the nature of the interest given to the donee (for example where a restraint on alienation is imposed on a devise in fee), or with other gifts in the will, or it may be void as a matter of construction by being inconsistent with the rest of the will. The effect of a partial restriction on alienation, such as a condition not to sell out of the testator’s family, is doubtful. Conditions purporting to hold up payment to donees absolutely entitled in possession may be rejected.”

該段落的註腳提及了In re Rosher 案。

48.在此,本席應列出早已確立與遺囑的詮釋有關的法律原則。

49.在Tan Cheng Gay v Tan Choo Suan (2015) 18 HKCFAR 430,終審法院常任法官李義歸納了該等原則。他在判案書第35至38段指出: -

“35. Against that background, it is now established that, subject to statutory regulation, one adopts the same approach to interpreting wills as one does to interpreting contracts and other legal documents: … the aim is to identify the intention of the party or parties to the document by interpreting the words used in their documentary, factual and commercial context”.

36. In other words, subject to statute:

… the court is concerned to find the intention of the party or parties, and it does this by identifying the meaning of the relevant words, (a) in the light of (i) the natural and ordinary meaning of those words, (ii) the overall purpose of the document, (iii) any other provisions of the document, (iv) the facts known or assumed by the parties at the time that the document was executed, and (v) common sense, but (b) ignoring subjective evidence of any party’s intentions.

37. This approach is consistent with the well-known “arm-chair” principle, save that it must be kept in mind that that principle looks to context as at the time the will is made whereas the will speaks from the time of death regarding any general description of property.

38. Lord Walker NPJ’s summary of the “two all-important principles of construction” are of particular present relevance, namely “that the words must be read and understood in their context, and that the will must be read as a whole”. This requires the Court to adopt an “iterative” process, checking each of the rival meanings against the other provisions of the document and investigating its practical consequences, and:

It may require the court to go forwards and backwards painstakingly between the various words and phrases, occurring in different parts of the document, which give rise to the problem.”

[重點後加]

50.本席接着列出在香港與遺囑的詮釋相關的法律條文,即《遺囑條例》(「該條例」)第23B及23C條,內容如下:-

(i) 英文文本:-

“23B. Interpretation of wills – general provisions as to evidence

(1) This section applies to a will –

(a) in so far as any part of it is meaningless;

(b) in so far as the language used in any part of it is ambiguous on the face of it;

(c) in so far as evidence, other than evidence of the testator’s intention, shows that the language used in any part of it is ambiguous in the light of surrounding circumstances.

(2) In so far as this section applies to a will extrinsic evidence, including evidence of the testator’s intention, may be admitted to assist in its interpretation.

23C. Presumption as to effect of gifts to donees

If a testator devises or bequeaths property to a donee in terms which in themselves would give an absolute interest to the done, but by the same instrument purports to give any other person an interest in the same property, it shall, unless a contrary intention is shown, be presumed that the gift to the done is absolute notwithstanding the purported gift to the other person.”

[重點後加]

(ii) 中文文本:-

「23B. 遺囑的解釋 – 在證據方面的一般規定

(1) 在任何遺囑中如有下列情況,則本條在該等情況的範圍內,適用於該遺囑 –

(a) 有任何部分並無意義;

(b) 有任何部分的文字的意思表面上是含糊的;

(c) 有任何部分,根據立遺囑人意願以外的證據顯示,所使用的文字的意思從周圍環境來看是含糊的‚

本條即予適用。

(2) 在本條適用於任何遺囑的範圍內‚外在證據,包括立遺囑人意願的證據,可獲接納為證據以協助解釋該遺囑。

23C. 有關饋贈予受贈人的效果的推定

立遺囑人如將其財產贈予受贈人,而在提法上是將該財產的絕對權益給予該受贈人‚但立遺囑人看來又藉同一份文書,將同一財產的權益給予其他任何人,則除非能顯示出有相反的意願,否則須推定立遺囑人對該受贈人的饋贈屬絕對的饋贈,而不管立遺囑人看來亦對其他人作出饋贈。」

[重點後加]

須注意的是,上述條文於1995年11月3日方始生效。

51.為了進行此項討論,本席亦應當提及於英國適用的相關法律條文。

52.Administration of Justice Act 1982(「該英國法案」)第21條規定:-

“21 Interpretation of wills – general rules as to evidence.

(1) This section applies to a will –

(a) in so far as any part of it is meaningless;

(b) in so far as the language used in any part of it is ambiguous on the face of it;

(c) in so far as evidence, other than evidence of the testator’s intention, shows that the language used in any part of it is ambiguous in the light of surrounding circumstances.

(2) In so far as this section applies to a will extrinsic evidence, including evidence of the testator’s intention, may be admitted to assist in its interpretation.”

須注意的是,上述條文與該條例第23B條完全相同。

53.該英國法案第22條規定:-

“22 Presumption as to effect of gifts to spouses.

Except where a contrary intention is shown it shall be presumed that if a testator devises or bequeaths property to his spouse in terms which in themselves would give an absolute interest to the spouse, but by the same instrument purports to give his issue an interest in the same property, the gift to the spouse is absolute notwithstanding the purported gift to the issue.”

須注意的是,儘管上述條文與該條例第23C條相似,但兩者並不相同。上述條文只適用於立遺囑人和他/她的配偶及他/她的後裔。然而,就受贈人類別而言,該條例第23C條並沒有這種限制。

54.黃大律師亦要求本席參看英國案例Harrison v Gibson [2006] 1 WLR 1212。該案例似乎是英國法庭就如何詮釋該英國法案第22條所作的唯一判決。法庭於該案中斷定,按照立遺囑人「自行訂立」的遺囑之詮釋,他沒有意願將其物業的絕對權益給予妻子,因此該英國法案第22條並不適用。Hart法官於其判案書第19和20段中,假設法庭錯誤地裁定立遺囑人沒有意願將其物業的絕對權益給予妻子,而且該英國法案第22條確實適用,並以此作爲基礎,繼續考慮有關事項。Hart法官表示,在此基礎上,他便會裁定,立遺囑人已經顯示足以推翻法定推定的相反意願。該判案書第19和20段的內容如下:-

“19 I recognize that I may be wrong in my approach to the construction of the initial words. If those words do “in themselves” provide for an absolute gift to the wife, then the presumption must be applied “unless a contrary intention is shown”. Both counsel were agreed that no particular formula required to be adopted by a testator in order to display the necessary contrary intention. Indeed it would be very surprising in a case of a provision primarily designed to operate in relation to homemade wills to find any such requirement. The question of whether a contrary intention appears is thus to be determined upon a fair reading of the will as a whole, read in the light of any admissible extrinsic evidence (of which there is none in this case). However, I agree with Mr Rees’s submission that one cannot infer a contrary intention simply from the fact that the testator has purported to give his issue an interest in the property. If one could, it is difficult to see any circumstances under which the section was capable of operating. He submitted, therefore, that only a clear contrary intention would suffice to displace the statutory presumption.

20. It does not seem to me that it is helpful to seek to define in the abstract the degree of clarity which the contrary intention must exhibit. Looking at the mischief which Parliament was seeking to cure, and the words which Parliament has used to cure that mischief, I doubt if they go further than to direct the court that, if it finds itself in genuine doubt as to whether an apparently absolute gift to the wife was intended to be cut down by later words of gift to the issue, the doubt should be resolved in favour of the absolute gift to the wife. I am bound to say that in the present case my reading of the will before looking at section 22, or reminding myself of the relevant texts and authorities, left me in no doubt as to how this will should be interpreted. In my judgment it does demonstrate a sufficient contrary intention to displace the statutory presumption if (contrary to my view) the conditions for the application of that presumption are present.”

[重點後加]

55.就該條例第23C條而言,本席同樣會採納Hart法官的處理方式,原因是本席同樣認為,究竟立遺囑人有沒有「顯示出有相反的意願」此問題,取決於其遺囑的全部內容及任何可以被考慮的文外證據。

56.根據上述各項法律原則,本席現考慮該遺囑第3及4條的正確詮釋。

57.首先,本席裁定從該遺囑第3條可見,母親有清晰和明顯的意願將其所有剩餘遺產(包括該物業)絕對地平分給第九被告人和第一原告人,讓他們以分權共有的方式擁有,惟此安排受制於以下問題:遺贈予兩人的該物業「絕對」權益,是否受到該遺囑第4條的規定所限制或削減?換句話說,本案出現的問題是,考慮到所有情況,就遺贈予第九被告人和第一原告人該物業的絕對和不受限制權益一事,母親究竟有沒有顯示出相反的意願。本席須先判定該遺囑第4條的涵義和效力,方可回答此問題。

58.首先,該遺囑第3條沒有表明其條文受制於第4條。第二,該遺囑第4條沒有列明第五被告人有權在母親去世後在該物業居住,直至其結婚為止。另一方面,本席須問以下問題:第五被告人在母親去世前一直居於該物業,若然母親無意讓第五被告人繼續如以往般居於該處,為什麼她會指令該物業在第五被告人維持未婚期間不得出售?若非為此,這項關於該物業在第五被告人維持未婚期間不得出售的指令便會變得沒有作用及沒有意義。條文中“is and shall be residing at the date of my death” 此字句亦支持這一涵義。

59.考慮到所有情況,經採納Tan Cheng Gay 案所建議的「反覆審視」過程,並應用該條例第23B和23C條後,本席達致以下結論,並作出相應裁定:-

(i) 根據該遺囑第3條,母親的意願確實是將其全部剩餘遺產(包括該物業),以分權共有的方式平均且絕對地遺贈予第九被告人及第一原告人。

(ii) 根據該遺囑第4條,有關將該物業的絕對權益遺贈予第九被告人及第一原告人一事,母親顯示了「相反的意願」;因此,該條例第23C條適用,對該遺囑第3條項下的饋贈施加限定。

(iii) 故此,遺贈予第九被告人及第一原告人的該物業絕對權益,受第五被告人的居住權所規限;第五被告人有權以其於母親去世時居於該物業的相同方式繼續居住,直至她結婚爲止(如她將來會結婚的話)。

(iv) 第九被告人及第一原告人在該物業享有權益,作爲附帶權利,他們有權平等地以共同擁有人的身分居於該物業。

60.為完整起見,本席須説明,本席並沒有考慮第五被告人所依賴的、在上文第40(iii)段提及的據稱母親曾説過的一番話,原因是第一原告人對該番説話予以否認,並提出爭議。

61.本席裁定,「允許書」對第五被告人並無幫助,原因是「該遺囑第4條所列女兒的權利和權益」此等文字必須受隱含的「如有」二字所限定。

62.本席並且裁定,黃健棠聆案官的決定對第五被告人並無幫助,原因是黃健棠聆案官當時處理的申請,並不涉及第五被告人在該物業所享權益此爭議點,而只是母親遺產的一名管理人所提出的申請。

63.本席並須補充,關於遺囑條文之間互相矛盾此問題和公共政策的海外典據,對本案只有部分幫助,原因是本案的重點在於該條例第23C條,而英國並無相等條文。該法例條文屬香港獨有。

結論

64.經考慮所有情況,本席就「爭議點」作出以下裁定:-

(甲) 根據第一原告人的「爭議點」

(1) 第一原告人及第九被告人均有權以共同擁有人的身分管有及居住於該物業,但受第五被告人的居住權所規限;第五被告人亦有權以其於母親去世時居於該物業的相同方式繼續居住(見上文59(iii))。

(2) 第五被告人有權以上文(甲)(1) 段所列方式居於該物業。

(乙) 根據第一至第五被告人的「爭議點」

(1) 該指令在法律上不構成信託。

(2) 第九被告人及第一原告人的權益將在第五被告人結婚或去世後變成絕對。他們各自的權益列於上文(甲)(1)段。

(3) 這兩條問題的答案是「不是」。

(4) 這兩條問題的答案是「不是」。

(5) 這條問題的答案是「不是」。

(6) 這兩條問題的答案是「不是」。

(7) 第一條問題的答案是「不是」。第二條問題的答案留待正式審訊再作決定更為恰當。

65.有關這次初步爭議點審訊的訟費,由於原告和被告各方均沒有完全勝訴或敗訴,本席認為,命令每一方須承擔各自的訟費是公平的做法。因此,本席作出臨時命令,原告人和被告人須分別承擔是次初步爭議點審訊各自的訟費和附帶費用。除非任何一方在本判決書日期計起14日内申請更改,否則該臨時命令即成爲絕對命令。

  ( 馮柏棟資深大律師 )
  高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官

第一至第三原告人:由陳、陳律師行轉聘黃宇逸大律師代表。

第一至第五被告人:無律師代表,親自出庭應訊。

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