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LDBM000156/2000
LDBM 156/2000
香港特別行政區土地審裁處
建築物管理申請編號LDBM 2000年第156宗
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The Incorporated Owners of Castle Peak Villas |
申請人 |
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訴 |
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Lee Kam Hung |
答辯人 |
主審法官:周兆熊法官
頒下判案書日期:2000年12月29日
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判 案 書
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1. 申請人是位於19 Lok Chui Street, Tuen Mun, New Territories名為Castle Peak Villas 的業主立案法團,而答辯人是Castle Peak Villas, Block A, Flat 2, 5字樓與天台的業主。
2. 2000年4月28日,申請人向土地審裁處提出本案的申請,要求審裁處頒佈下列的命令:
"1. An order that the Respondent do at his own costs and expenses forthwith remove and demolish certain Aerials, Cables, Concrete Structure and Cover as set in the Grounds of Application and to reinstate the Roof to its original state and condition;
2. An injunction to restrain the Respondent whether acting by himself, his agents or servants or any of them or otherwise howsoever from :-
(i) erecting, installing, putting or attaching any aerials to or hung from the exterior of the said Roof of the said Block A;
(ii) erecting, installing, putting any cables on the exterior surface of the said Block A; and
(iii) erecting, installing, putting any concrete or other structures or cover on the said Roof of the said Block A.
3. An injunction to restrain the Respondent whether acting by himself, his agents or servants or any of them or otherwise howsoever from operating or maintaining certain operation or maintaining any mobile phone emission station with installation of the emission equipment and antennae or antenna in the said Flat or in the said Block A, or on the said Roof."
天線、電
3. 根據答辯人的証人陳述書,1999年7月28日,答辯人與新世界流動電話有限公司(“新世界”)達成協議以便後者在他的天台上安裝天線。在簽立合約之後,天線隨即安裝妥當。2000年8月4日,新世界發信予答辯人要求終止上述的協議,並在翌日派員拆卸該天線。
4. 申請人指答辯人豎立的天線的行為是違反大廈公契第11(f)條以及大廈規則(House Rules)第3條的規定。大廈公契第11(f)條的條款是如下列:
"11. Each part(y) hereby covenants with the others as follows :
.......................
(f) Not to erect or permit or suffer any structure to be erected on the roof nor do or permit or suffer to be done anything which would in any way alter the facade or exterior appearance of the building."
5. 大廈規則第3條的內容後列如下:
"3. No radio or television aerial shall be attached to or hung from the exterior of the building and all such aerials shall be installed or connected only in such manner as the Manager shall approve."
6. 就上述指控,答辯人在反對通知書第8段提出下列的抗辯:-
"(1) The 3 microwave antennas are erected on and attached to the inner side of the said Roof which the Respondent has the exclusive right to the use and enjoyment thereof. None of the said antennas are attached to or hung from the exterior of the said Flat and thus not in contravention of Clause 3 of the said House Rules. Secondly, the said antennas are removable from the said Roof and do not form part of the said Block A and thus not a structure under Clause 11 (f) of the DMC nor they alter to the facade or exterior appearance of the said Block A."
7. 在回覆申請人更詳盡清楚的詳情的要求時,答辯人說:The said antennas can be removed by the following method :-
(i) Unbolt the triangular support attached to the parapet wall;
(ii) Break the concrete plinth and dismantle the antenna pole by loosening the bolts at its iron stand."
8. 該天線的設計是如後列:天線桿的底部是一座以水泥造的座台,此座台無疑就是上文所稱的(concrete plinth)。天線桿的底部是以螺絲釘被固定於此座台之上,而天線就是由此座台向上伸出。座台必定是與天台的表面黏合,故此才有 "break the concrete plinth" 之語。此座台是用作竪立天線桿,故此雖然天線桿可被移去,但此座台與天台表面巳黏合,因此它不能被移走。The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 將 "structure" 定義為 "A thing which is built or constructed; a building, an edifice"。座台的體積雖然是細小,但它依然是一個結構物(structure),故此答辯人在天台上建造此結構物,是違反公契第11(f) 條的規定。
9. 天台的外貌原無此三枝天線,自答辯人豎立此三枝天線後,天台的外貌便有所改變,故此答辯人的作為是違反了公契第11(f)的規定。
10. 新世界於答辯人天台上所安裝的裝置(包括三條天線)是用作無線電話收發站。答辯人的証人陳述書內証物LKH-9有“P C S Base Station Installation Proposal”等字(文件匣第109頁),這可証明天台是被用作一個無線電話訊器的發射站。新世界與答辯人在1999年7月28日所簽立的合約的第1條有下述的內容:-
"1. The Licensor grants the Licensee the licence (......) to install radio antennae transmit repeaters and other transmitting equipment together with the accessories thereof (if any) (......) at such area on the said property (......) as shown in the plan annexed hereto upon the terms and conditions herein contained."
(原文無劃線)
11. 答辯人屋頂上所安裝的三條天線便是上文所說的 "radio antennae transmit repeaters",而大廈規則第3條所指的 "aerial" ,根據 The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 的詮釋,就是 "a metal wire, rod, or other structure used to transmit or receive radio waves",故此 antennae 就是第3條所指的 "aerial"。按上述字典的詮釋,"exterior" 就是 "The outer surface of something"。A座的天台就是A座朝天方向的外部(exterior)。答辯人於天台豎立三條天線,而安裝天線的方法又沒有得到法團的許可,故此答辯人的作為是違反了第3條的規定。
12. 答辯人的代表律師(盧大律師)引用 Corporation Of London v. Lyons Son And Company (First Brokers), Limited [1936] Ch. D. 78 一案,以証明如果申請人的申請是基於“別有用意的動機”(ulterior motive)而提出的,法庭應拒絕該申請。盧大律師指稱申請人因為意欲從有關流動電話公司獲得豎立無線電天線的合約,故此提出本申請,以阻止答辯人繼續向流動電話公司提供這方面的服務,這是它提出本申請的“別有用意的動機”。本席拒絕接納這申辯的理由。申請人的法律行動,是基於法團在2000年3月17日所舉行特別業主大會下述的決議而進行的:
“(二)有關A2-5樓天台業主私自按裝新世界發射站及加建一事,本法團一致通知天台業主需拆除僭建物,最後只餘下十一位天台業主沒承認有僭建物,故法團最後已通過要對有違例僭建之業主採取行動,而A2-5樓事態嚴重所以先行處理。本法團亦深明此舉必定引起部份業主之不滿,但是法團不落實執行一來有違其他業主對本法團的信任及不依照建築管理條例去依據公契執行任務。二來如其他業主私自改建或按裝天線、電話發射站,對本屋苑外觀及結構有嚴重的影響,也是違反了公契,在別無他法之下只有採取法律行動,為保障業主的利益不想浪費金錢於勝訴不高的官司上。法團更徵詢過吳偉豪大律師對是次對A2-5樓訴訟的意見,由委員馮國成轉述大律師意見是法團有足夠理據,如僭建物影響外觀,未經法團批准而擅自按裝商用天線更違反了公契,可對此事向本審裁處訴訟,而且勝訴機會幾高,同時執行公契任務而採取法律行動是不須業主大會通過的。
(三)...........
(四)委員們曾徵詢過吳偉豪大律師關於因A2-5樓的違反公契裝天線及加建石屎屋而影響其他10個天台的僭建及加建之事。吳大狀認為為公平執行公契的責任,法團應對其他天台有僭建違例的業主採取行動,如缺乏資源可以延遲處理其餘10個天台的違例僭建或加建的,而A2-5樓業主李生提出每月分$3,000元租金給法團,但遭各業主反對,有戶主認為太少有戶主認為他是違反了公契,如果接受的話那其餘16個天台也照辦,所有業主均可違反公契的話,將來法團亦沒有公信力及不能夠管治好了。所有業主一致要求他拆除天線,而他說天台是他私人物業地方有權裝天線,如用法律行動對付他,他有一隊律師。有業主廖先生說如他付$100元律師費,每戶只約付1元而已,所以要合理地執行公契。最後所有業主堅持要他拆除天線,但他於散會前就離開了。委員要求D座天台業主去說服他拆天線,但不得要領。委員稱為了此事各人已努力去週旋過,希望該10戶天台業主理解,但經過了4個多月均不成功,當晚也希望有僭建或加建的業主回應法團,但也沒結果,法團會照吳大狀及謝律師的意見依法行動去進行出信行動的。”
13. 申請人提出本申請,目的是要執行公契的條款。《建築物管理條例》第18(1)(c)條有以下的規定:-
“(1) 法團須-
(a) .........
(b) .........
(c) 採取一切合理必需的措施,以執行公契(如有的話)載明有關建築物的控制、管理、行政事宜的責任。”
14. 答辯人的作為既是有違公契的規定,若然申請人不提出本申請,以強制執行公契的條款,便是違反上述第18(1)(c)條的規定。就提出訟訴一事申請人並無選擇,而上述的決議並無顯示別有用意的動機。雖然從“安裝流動電話主線”一事上,申請人每月可獲得一筆收入,但這筆收入是用於大廈管理的事宜上,這與答辯人為私利而與新世界簽立合約在本質有所不同;再者申請人安裝流動電話天線並無違反公契的規定,但答辯人裝置三枝天線,則是有違公契的規定。就此點而言,二者的作為有基本上的重大分別。
天台上的小屋及遮蓋物
公契第11(f)條
15. 為了添儲存空間,答辯人於1992年5月左右在天台上以水泥加建一間約4呎(闊)x7呎(長)x7呎(高)的小屋。在建造該小屋之前他曾向當時的法團主席羅盛志先生說他想在天台上建造一間小屋,而羅盛志叫他向張先生(管理員)提出此事;當時張先生是負責該邨內的大小事宜的人。隔了一段時間,他向張先生說他想在天台上建造小屋,他說主席亦有(建造小屋),張先生說主席都有(建造小屋),他沒有辦法(不答允答辯人的要求)。
16. 答辯人說這位張先生是一位總管,是替法團工作的人,他的職位是經理兼秘書。在答辯人的証人陳述書內的第4段,他述及他事先就建造小屋之事詢問羅盛志先生,以及該屋苑當時之“看更”。這位“看更”必定是上述指稱的張先生。如果張先生的職位祗是“看更”,他又怎會是一位經理?我不相信答辯人就此事說出事實。無論如何,即使張先生沒有反對他建造小屋,這不等同他得到法團的許可以建造小屋,因為張先生根本上無權代表法團作出這許可。事實上他也不知道張先生可否代表法團,因為當申請人的大律師指出張先生無權代表法團答允他可以建造小屋時,他說就該事而言,他並不知道。
17. 對於天台上有結構物一事答辯人提出以下的答辯:-
"The Manager of the said Building has since 1977 permitted or acquiesced and is still allowing certain structures to be erected on the roof of Block B, C and F of the said Building. The Applicant by accepting the said structures or failing to take any action to mandate the respective owners or occupiers to demolish the structures or reinstated the said blocks has estopped from seeking an injunction or has waived their rights to seek an injunction."
18. 答辯人未能提供証據証明該屋邨的經理人準許B、C、F座的業主在天台上蓋搭建築物。
19. 在審訊接近完結之時,盧大律師告之本庭答辯人不會再以“默許”的理由作為抗辯。
20. 在The Incorporated Owners of Hoi Luen Industrial Centre & Anor v. Ohashi Chemical Industries (Hong Kong) Ltd. [1995] 2HKC11一案,被告就原審法官頒令被告須拆卸並移去冷氣水塔的禁制令提出上訴 。上訴法庭有以下的判決:
"Under the deed of mutual covenants, no owner is permitted to do what the defendant has done here? ......However, the defendant is not alone. Many other owners of units in the building have done the same. In these circumstances, it is unfair and unjust that it should now be singled out and ordered to remove its cooling tower while others have not been called on or, at any rate, have not been compelled, to remove theirs. It has to be remembered that almost every multi-story building in Hong Kong, residential and industrial alike, operates under a system of local law, being the rules prescribed for its management by a deed of mutual covenant. So important is this aspect of Hong Kong life that the legislature has been compelled from time to time to intervene. In particular it passed in 1972 the multi-story Buildings (Owners Incorporation) Ordinance (Cap. 344), under which incorporated owners are placed under a statutory duty to do all things reasonably necessary for the enforcement of the obligations contained in the deed of mutual covenant: see s.18(1)(c). When, then, the incorporated owners find that there is a breach of covenant being perpetrated by one of the owners, it is not only their right but their duty to enforce the covenant. ......It follows, too, that they could not have granted expressly to this defendant or any other owner of any unit in the building the right to act in contravention of the deed of mutual covenant as this defendant has done. What cannot be done expressly cannot be done impliedly. Although equity will sometimes restrain a plaintiff in the exercise of his legal rights because it would be inequitable and unjust in all the circumstances to allow him so to exercise those legal rights, equity will not hold him bound by acquiescence to allow something which he could not have allowed by express grant. ......"
21. 基於此案例,上述的抗辯並非是一個答辯的理由。
22. 2000年4月13日,申請人通過謝天良律師行發信予9位業主,要求他們在7天內將他們在有關天台違反公契而蓋建的非法結構物拆去,如他們不順應該要求,則法團會對他們採取法律行動。本席接納申請人對答辯人首先採取法律行動的理由的証供,因為管理委員會委員都是義務性質工作的人員,它缺乏資源在同一時間對所有違反公契的業主採取法律行動。
23. 本席裁定答辯人的答辯失敗,他在天台建造小屋以及遮蓋物是有違公契第11(f)條的規定。
公契第11(c)條
24. 公契第11(c)條有以下的規定:-
"11. Each part(y) hereto covenants with the others as follows :-
(a) .....................
(b) .....................
(c) Not to use or permit or suffer any Flat, portion of roof or car-parking space of which he is the owner to be used for any illegal or immoral purpose nor do cause or permit or suffer to be done any act or thing in such Flat, portion of roof or car-parking space which may be contrary to any relevant Ordinance, Regulation or by law or to the terms and conditions on which the said premises are held from the Crown or which may be or become a nuisance or annoyance to or cause damage to other owners and occupies of the said premises and building."
25. 答辯人在天台上建築小屋是違反了《建築物條例》第14(1)條的規定。該條有以下的規定:-
"(1) 除非另有規定,否則任何人未事先獲得建築事務監督下述的批准及同意,不得展開或進行任何建築工程或街道工程
(a) 對接規例向他呈交的文件的書面批准;或
(b) 對經批准的圖則所顯示的建築工程或街道工程的展開的書面同意。
26. 根據《建築物條例》第2條的釋義,建築工程包括任何種類的建築物建造工程;答辯人所建的小屋及遮蓋物都是建築物,故此建造它們的工程是建築工程,但答辯人在建造小屋及遮蓋物前並未有獲得建築事務監督的批准,故此小屋及遮蓋物均為僭建物;答辯人的作為是違反了公契第11(c)條的規定。
27. 本席頒佈下列的命令:-
“1.答辯人須立刻自費拆除、移去A座天台上的小屋及遮蓋物,並恢復天台的原狀。
2.本庭禁止答辯人(不論是他本人,或通過他的代理人、受僱人)在Tuen Mun, No. 19 Lok Chui Street, Castle Peak Villas, A座的天台上豎起或安裝任何天線、小屋或遮蓋物。
3.本庭禁止答辯人(不論是他本人,或通過他的代理人、受僱人)在上述A座的天台上設置附有發射儀器和天線的無線電話訊號發射站。
就“Damages”一項的申請,申請人並無提出因答辯人的作為而引致遭受損失的金額,故此本席撤銷此項申請。
訟費
28. 本席頒佈下列臨時訟費的命令:答辯人須支付申請人本案的訟費(包括聘請大律師的費用)。如雙方未能議定訟費的款額,則該款額由法庭審定。如與訟雙方不在14天內向本席提出任何有關上述命令的申請,則此項命令作實。
申請人:由M/S Raymond T.L. Tse & Co., Solicitors代表。
答辯人:由M/S Chan & Partners, Solicitors代表。
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