|
LDBM 122/2019
[2021] HKLdT 26
香港特別行政區
土地審裁處
建築物管理申請編號2019年第122宗
_________________
|
永利工業大廈業主立案法團 |
申請人 |
|
及 |
|
|
順隆置業有限公司 |
答辯人 |
_________________
| 審訊日期: |
2020年10月16日及2020年11月23日 |
| 判案書日期: |
2021年4月30日 |
_________________
判 案 書
_________________
背景
1.申請人為永利工業大廈之業主立案法團。永利工業大廈(下稱「大廈」)座落於九龍大角咀埃華街28號,於1983年落成,由港置物業管理顧問有限公司(下稱「港置」)管理。
2.答辯人為順隆置業有限公司,自1996年9月9日成為大廈地下A舖(下稱「A舖」)之業主。
3.根據答辯人的案情,林叩先生(已故[1])是答辯人的股東的父親。在答辯人購入A舖前,林叩先生自1983年起租用A舖,以「Kou Kee Oil Concrete Shop叩記」的商號經營玻璃生產、加工及銷售業務,該業務一直於A舖經營至今。
4.答辯人聲稱自1983年起林叩先生成為A舖佔用人後,便於A舖面向埃華街方向之外牆(下稱「該外牆」)裝設了以下物件:(a) 招牌(下稱「該招牌[2]」); (b) 鐵閘(下稱「該鐵閘[3]」);及 (c) 貨架(下稱「該貨架[4]」)(以下統稱「A舖建構物」)。
5.答辯人認為它擁有該外牆之業權,故此有權在牆上裝設A舖建構物。答辯人亦聲稱它擁有大廈地下電梯大堂與A舖之間向大堂之牆身(下稱「該大堂牆壁[5]」)。
6.申請人指出A舖建構物都是在沒有得到申請人及港置之同意下安裝於該大廈之公用部分,違反了公契的禁止條文 (Restrictive Covenants) 。此外,答辯人亦長期佔用該大廈入口兩側的行人道擺放大型貨物(玻璃)(下稱「A舖貨物[6]」),對行人構成危險。
7.根據申請人的案情,於2016年11月,大廈在業主大會中通過決議對大廈大堂、入口兩側外牆及簷篷進行維修翻新,其後承辦商到達大廈進行相關工程。但答辯人以擁有該外牆及該大堂牆壁之業權為由,多次阻止承辦商進行工程。直至2017年中,答辯人口頭表示不爭議該大堂牆壁的業權,承辦商始能完成該部分的工程。
8.屋宇署亦於2017年8月1日發信給申請人,指出A舖建構物屬於違反《建築物條例》(第123章)的違建工程,並提醒申請人有責任確保樓宇安全穩固及無違建工程[7]。
9.申請人又指出,由於該鐵閘安裝在鐵架及木板框架內,並固定在大廈簷篷下方的外牆,妨礙大廈簷篷的維修與檢查,影響簷篷結構和危害行人[8]。
原有之爭議
10.在上文的背景下,此案原本的爭議為:
| (a) |
該外牆及該大堂牆壁是否屬於大廈的公用部分; |
| (b) |
如屬於大廈的公用部分,答辯人是否須要移除A舖貨物、拆除A舖建構物及還原外牆原貌;及 |
| (c) |
即使該外牆及該大堂牆壁的業權屬於答辯人,是否因A舖建構物及A舖貨物違反了公契及《建築物條例》(第123章),故此答辯人仍須將之移除及還原外牆原貌。 |
審訊前的事態發展
11.答辯人於開案陳詞中同意以下的事情:-
| (a) |
答辯人不擁有該大堂牆壁的業權; |
| (b) |
同意拆除該貨架; |
| (c) |
同意拆除該鐵閘;及 |
| (d) |
就該招牌而言,放棄了以棄權 (Waiver)及不容反悔 (Estoppel) 作為抗辯理由。 |
12.在雙方同意下,本席於審訊的第一天頒佈以下之命令:-
| 「1. |
聲明位於香港九龍大角咀埃華街28號永利工業大廈 (「該大廈」) 地下A舖 (「A舖」) 與該大廈地下大堂的間隔牆面向該大廈地下大堂的牆身屬該大廈的公用部分; |
| 2. |
在無損答辯人爭議A舖面向埃華街的外牆 (「該外牆」) 的業權的基礎下,答辯人須於命令頒佈起計三個月內移除附建於該外牆的三個金屬架及伸建物;及 |
| 3. |
在無損答辯人爭議該外牆的業權的基礎下,答辯人須於命令頒佈起計三個月內移除附建於A舖及該大廈簷篷底部的招牌、鐵閘及伸建物。」 |
13.在審訊中餘下的議題是:-
| (1) |
該外牆的業權是否屬答辯人所有;及 |
| (2) |
答辯人是否須移除在該外牆豎設的「叩記玻璃鏡業」的招牌(即「該招牌」)。 |
14.在審訊時,申請人傳召了2位證人作供,第一位是申請人的主席呂彩玉女士,第二位是專家證人劉啟勁先生。劉先生就受爭議的牆身、A舖建構物是否違建工程和A舖建構物會否對大廈結構造成危險等事情提供意見。答辯人傳召了林敬良先生作供,林先生是答辯人的其中一位股東及董事。
議題一:該外牆之業權
第一買賣合約
15.答辯人的論點是基於第一買賣合約的第1條款[9],內容如下:-
| 1. |
The Vendor shall sell and the Purchaser shall purchase ALL THOSE 5 equal undivided 80th parts or shares of and in the land which for the purposes of identification is shown on the Site plan attached hereto and thereon coloured pink and of and in the Building now under construction thereon and intended to be known as Wing Lee Industrial Building TOGETHER with the exclusive right and privilege to hold use occupy and enjoy ALL THAT FACORY UNIT A on the GROUND FLOOR of the said Wing Lee Industrial Building as shown on the Floor Plan hereto attached and thereon coloured pink the saleable area of which is approximately 48.675 square metres (hereinafter referred to as “the said premises”) … EXCEPTING AND RESERVING unto the Vendor its successors and assigns other than the Purchaser |
| (i) |
The right to the exclusive use occupation enjoyment of:- |
|
(a) |
The outer walls, main roof and flat roofs of the Building (unless otherwise specifically included in the said premises); |
|
… |
| (ii) |
The exclusive right to use affix to and thereafter maintain on the external walls of the Building one or more chimneys.
…” |
16.答辯人亦依賴第一買賣合約陳述事實部分 (recital) [10] 的內容:-
| “(f) |
“the saleable area” shall mean:- |
|
The area of the Unit (which shall include the area of any verandahs), the subject of this Sale and Purchase Agreement hereinafter called “the said Unit”, measured from:- |
|
(i) |
the exterior of the external walls of the said unit; |
|
(ii) |
the middle of the party walls between the two units; and shall include the internal partitions and columns within the said unit; but shall exclude the common parts outside the inner walls of the said unit provided that if the inner walls abuts on to a common area, then the whole thickness of the inner wall shall be included as it shall also if it abuts on to the light well or lift, the measurement in such cases being taken from the exterior of the relevant inner walls facing the well and/or lift.” |
17.答辯人認為此條款已把銷售面積包括了該外牆。A舖的第一個買家已從發展商獲得A舖外牆(即該外牆)之業權,因此,答辯人於1996年9月9日從第一個買家購入A舖時亦獲得A舖外牆(即該外牆)之業權。
18.答辯人又依賴大廈的核准圖則(結構圖則)當中顯示A舖包括面向埃華街的牆身厚度。
19.相反,申請人指出雙方不爭議的是大廈公契、第一買賣合約、第一轉讓契約、答辯人買入A舖之買賣合約和轉讓契約中,均沒有任何明確條文把該外牆的業權轉讓給任何人。申請人認為上述第一買賣合約第1條款的正確解讀是發展商已明確地把外牆的獨有使用、佔用及享用權保留,而非轉售給買方。因此,該外牆的獨有使用、佔用及享用權根本從來沒有由發展商轉承給A舖的第一買家。
20.申請人又指出,第一買賣合約第1條 (i) (b) 及 (ii) 款[11]亦說明發展商保留了:-
| “(i) |
(b) |
All areas within the land not covered by any building or buildings and all open areas under any building or buildings which are not shops or car parking spaces included in the specific reservations contained in the following sub-clauses of this Clause save and except such areas (if any) as may be designated as common areas in the Deed of Mutual Covenant or are intended for common use; |
| (ii) |
The exclusive right to use affix to and thereafter maintain on the external walls of the Building one or more chimneys.” |
21.申請人認為,按上述條款表述,所有由該公契指明或預期使用為公共用途的地方都被發展商保留,而非轉讓給第一買家,該外牆必屬該大廈之公共用途的地方。此外,發展商保留了該大廈外牆的獨有使用權以作安裝煙囪之用。無論發展商最終是否有安裝煙囪,答辯人也不可能獲得該外牆的獨有使用、佔用及享用權。
22.就答辯人依賴第一買賣合約的陳述事實部分 (Recital) 中銷售面積的定義,申請人認為該陳述事實部分 (Recital) 須與第一買賣合約第1條款一併閱讀,第一條款的有關部分為:-
| “1. |
The Vendor shall sell and the Purchaser shall purchase ALL THOSE 5 equal undivided 80th parts or shares … TOGETHER with the exclusive right and privilege to hold use occupy and enjoy ALL THAT FACTORY UNIT A on the GROUND FLOOR of the said Wing Lee Industrial Building as shown on the Floor Plan hereto attached and thereon coloured pink the saleable area of which is approximately 48.675 square meters (hereinafter referred to as “the said premises”).” |
23.申請人認為,當陳述事實部分 (Recital) 跟第1條一併閱讀時,有關銷售面積的文字的真正目的是用作陳述A舖的銷售面積及界線以作計算售價的基礎,而並非把該外牆的業權轉讓給買家,否則陳述事實部分 (Recital) 的 (f) 條款不會寫為 “measured from” ,而應該寫成 “measured from and including” 。
24.申請人又指出,答辯人所提供的第一買賣合約真確副本並沒有附上 “Floor Plan hereto attached and thereon coloured pink” 之相關文件。申請人援引 楊福盛及另一人 對 鄧振雄及另一人[12]一案,在判詞的第21段,葛倩兒暫委法官(當時官階)有以下之論述:
「涉案單位的轉讓契是在土地註冊處註冊的文書,唯在當中並未有任何條文,將外牆的獨有使用權賦予給涉案單位的業主;就答辯人所依賴的建築平面圖,本席認同 Deputy Judge Wong(當時官階)在Snowland Ltd v Topland Holdings Ltd & Anor [2006] 4 HKC 188,LDBM 124/2005一案中的結論,平面圖只是二維圖片,當中的粉紅色部份只是描繪出涉案單位的界限,從平面圖中根本不能辨別該外牆是否也屬涉案單位獨有擁有。」
25.申請人指出,本案答辯人所依賴的第一轉讓契約及第一買賣合約當中同樣沒有任何條文,把該外牆的業權及/或獨有使用、佔用及享用權賦予給買家。基於楊福盛一案之法律原則,第一轉讓契約附上之平面圖,亦不能確立該外牆之業權。
26.最後,申請人主張,根據公契之前言/鑒於部分 (WHEREAS) 第(3)條,大廈並沒有把任何不可分割業權份數 (undivided shares) 分配給外牆牆身,所以第一買家不會因為購買A舖而獲得該外牆之業權。根據「任何人不能給予其所未有者」 (Nemo Dat Quod Non Habet) 之法律原則,該外牆之業權及/或獨有使用、佔用及享用權亦不可能由A舖第一買家轉承到答辯人。
27.本席同意第一買賣合約的陳述事實部分 (Recital) 須與第1條款一併閱讀和理解。
28.在第1條款下,第一買家購入的是 “ALL THOSE 5 equal undivided 80th parts or shares … TOGETHER with the exclusive right and privilege to hold use occupy and enjoy ALL THAT FACTORY UNIT A on the GROUND FLOOR of the said Wing Lee Industrial Building”。
29.本席認為,隨後的文字 “as shown on the Floor Plan hereto attached and thereon coloured pink the saleable area of which is approximately 48.675 square meters” 是輔助性質以協助了解A舖在平面圖中的位置、其界線與及大概面積。若第一買賣合約雙方的意圖是將外牆的業權也一併賣給第一買家,上述的業權轉讓的文字理應將A舖的外牆也以文字表述的方式歸入業權轉讓之範圍,如寫作 “ALL THOSE 5 equal undivided 80th parts or shares … TOGETHER with the exclusive right and privilege to hold use occupy and enjoy ALL THAT FACTORY UNIT A on the GROUND FLOOR of the said Wing Lee Industrial Building together with its external wall …”。
30.另外,若發展商在第一買賣合約下意圖將外牆的業權也一併轉讓予第一買家方,發展商理應不會在同一份文件內(即第一買賣合約)特別地保留了外牆的獨有使用、佔用和享用權,保留條文的內容如下:
“EXCEPTING AND RESERVING unto the Vendor its successors and assigns other than the Purchaser:-
| (i) |
The right to the exclusive use occupation and enjoyment of:- |
|
(a) |
The outer walls, main roof and flat roofs of the Building (unless otherwise specifically included in the said premises).”
(emphasis added) |
31.答辯人不認同發展商保留了該外牆的獨有使用、佔用和享用權,理由是該外牆已被特別地或明確地包括於該物業之中(即 “specifically included in the said premises” )。然而,本席不認為該外牆有被特別地或明確地包括於該物業中 (“specifically included in the said premises”) ,理由在上文第28及29段已討論,不再重覆。至少,當對比第1條款中的「保留業權文字[13]」和「轉讓業權文字[14]」時,前者是清晰明確地將外牆保留,而後者則完全沒有提及將外牆的業權轉讓。所謂的「轉讓」只是從平面圖上粉紅色部分的銷售面積的計算方法間接地推論出來。
32.本席認為,若單單因為輔助了解A舖的文字中提及該舖的銷售面積大約為48.675平方米,而此呎數的計算方法是把外牆的厚度也計算在内,便主張發展商把該外牆的業權也一併轉讓予第一買方,這個説法過於武斷亦欠缺説服力。
33.第一買賣合約訂明第一買家購買A舖時是受大廈公契所約束[15]。合約中的第19 (ii) 條列出公契的草稿,內容如下[16]:-
| “19(ii)(a)(i) |
None of the parties hereto shall: |
|
(a) |
make any alterations to the walls or structure or facade of the Building or to the said premises of which it or they is/are entitled to the sole and exclusive use, occupation and enjoyment; or
… |
|
(c) |
cut or damage any of the main walls or beams or floors of the Building. |
| 19(ii)(a)(ii) |
None of the parties hereto shall use the Building or any part thereof for any purpose which is in contravention of the terms and conditions contained in the Crown Grant or the Occupation Permit or store any dangerous or unlawful goods or combustible or explosive substances therein.
… |
| 19(ii)(a)(iv) |
None of the parties hereto shall affix or exhibit or paint on any part of the exterior wall, the common entrance hall, staircases, landings, lifts or passages of and in the Building any trade profession or business notice or advertisement whatsoever save and except only in the space at the entrance on the ground floor of the said Building as the Manager of the Building shall designate for the purpose of affixing or exhibiting the trade or firm name of the tenant or occupier of such premises.
… ” |
34.既然第一買賣合約訂明第一買家是受公契的條文約束,並指出公契草稿的內容將不容許任何業主改動、影響和損害大廈的牆壁和外貌,更特別被禁止在外牆上裝上或陳列任何廣告或招牌,第一買賣合約理應不會一方面禁止業主(包括第一買家)使用外牆但同時又將外牆的獨有享用/使用/佔用權給予第一買家,這個詮譯方法自相矛盾。
35.本席在釐清該外牆的業權時,除了考慮第一買賣合約,其他業權文件如公契的條文也須予以考慮。
公契
36.公契的附表二第18條[17]訂明:-
| “18. |
No external shades, awnings or window guards shall be used in or about the building until such shall have been approved in writing by the Manager and no owner shall paint the outside of the building or any part thereof.” |
37.這一條款已顯示各業主包括答辯人並不擁有對大廈外牆的任何部分的絕對控制或使用權。
38.公契的附表二第1 (j) 及第2條[18]訂明,各業主須:-
| “1. |
To pay the due proportion hereinafter mentioned of all costs, charges and expenses which may be or become payable for or in connection with the management, operation, servicing, maintenance repair and insurance of the said building including but not limited to:
… |
|
(j) |
The cost of laying out, improving, maintaining and repairing the roads, open spaces, yards, exterior walls, main structures … |
|
… |
| 2. |
The proportion of the costs, charges and expenses which each owner shall be liable to pay or contribute hereunder shall be calculated in proportion to the number of undivided shares as mentioned in Clause 7(c) of the said Deed.”
[加入強調] |
39.上述條文已訂明大廈管理及維修費用包括外牆的維修保養費須由所有業主攤分。因大廈外牆的維修責任由大廈各業主一併承擔,大廈外牆(包括該外牆)理應屬於公用部分而非由答辯人所擁有。
《建築物管理條例》
40.《建築物管理條例》(第344章)第2條就公用部分有以下之定義:
| 「公用部分 (common parts) 指 —— |
| (a) |
建築物的全部,但不包括在土地註冊處註冊的文書所指明或指定專供某一業主使用、佔用或享用的部分;及 |
| (b) |
附表1指明的部分,但上述文書如此指明或指定的部分除外; |
| 附表1 - 公用部分 |
| 1. |
外牆及承重牆、地基、柱、樑及其他結構性支承物。」 |
41.因該外牆面向埃華街行人路,是一面外牆。專家報告A1及A2段[19]清楚指出該外牆牆身包括大廈之結構柱C7及結構橫樑B82。基於這些事實基礎,該外牆符合附表1之描述(外牆及承重牆、地基、柱、樑及其他結構性支承物),屬於大廈之公用部分。
案例
42.在Metro City Management Limited v Tsui Fee Hung Vincent and Lam Wai Fun [20]一案,上訴庭袁家寧法官(當時官階)在判詞的第55至59段有以下的論述:
| “55. |
The definition of ‘Residential Common Areas’ in the DMC is:
“Those parts of the Residential Development (as hereinafter defined) not otherwise specifically assigned to or for the exclusive use of any one or more Residential Owners, including but not limited to … external walls of the Towers …”. |
| Prima facie, external walls are residential common areas |
| 56. |
Prima facie therefore, the external walls of the towers are residential common areas unless they have been ‘otherwise specifically assigned to or for the exclusive use of any one or more Residential Owners’. So the issue is: has it been shown that the external walls in question had been ‘specifically assigned to or for the exclusive use of’ the Defendants? |
| ‘Saleable area’ formulation not reliable guide |
| 57. |
The Recorder first referred to the Sale and Purchase Agreement for the saleable area of the property agreed to be sold to the Defendants, and he deduced from calculations from the measurements that the external walls in question were “included as part of the saleable area of the unit sold to the Defendants” (para. 45). For my part, I have to say it appears unlikely that the draftsman of the DMC would have expected that sort of exercise to have to be undertaken before an owner or manger could determine whether a wall was for exclusive use or was common area. |
| 58. |
Further, the Sale and Purchase Agreement appears to be a standard document and so the method of taking measurements from the exterior of the enclosing walls of a unit (Recital 1(n), Sale and Purchase Agreement) would apply to all units in the tower blocks. If (as the Recorder seems to have held) this ‘saleable area’ formulation shows that the external walls in question had been specifically assigned to or were for exclusive use of the purchasers, then that would mean that all the external walls in the tower blocks would have been so specifically assigned to or were for the exclusive use of all purchasers. |
| 59. |
Yet the DMC prima facie includes the external wall as ‘Residential Common Areas’. That would be an anomalous way of drafting if the ‘saleable area’ formulation shows that the external walls of the towers were generally not common areas. I am therefore not persuaded that the use of ‘saleable area’ is a reliable guide in the determination of the issue whether the external walls in question had been ‘specifically assigned to or for the exclusive use of’ the Defendants.” |
43.該案的爭議點為涉案大廈之外牆屬於住宅公用部分抑或由案中被告人擁有。袁法官指出重點是有沒有證據顯示有關的外牆被明確地轉讓予被告人獨有享用。原審法官基於第一買賣合約中提及的銷售面積包括外牆的厚度而認為外牆也被一併售予被告人。袁法官不同意原審法官的看法,認為公契的草擬者不大可能會期望業主或大廈經理人須要進行這個運算(即從外牆的量度和計算去推斷外牆在計算上是否被包括於銷售面積之中)以決定某幅牆到底屬於公用部分抑或私人擁有。
44.袁法官又認為買賣合約看來是標準文件,若果原審法官的看法是正確,即意味著整幢大廈的所有買家也得到外牆的獨有享用權。但因大廈公契已將大廈外牆納入住宅公用部分,原審法官的說法不合常理。袁法官認為「銷售面積」並不是決定外牆有否被轉承予被告人獨有享用的可靠指引。
45.答辯人的代表大律師認為袁法官的觀察並不適用於本案,理由有二。其一是該案的轉讓契中的文字並無提及銷售面積但本案的第一買賣合約有提及。第二是該案的轉讓契中將外牆保留予大業主但在本案的第一買賣合約中大業主保留外牆是受制於該外牆沒有被特別包括於被轉承的物業之中(即 “unless otherwise specifically included in the said premises”)。本席不同意鄭大律師的說法,並認為袁法官的觀察適用於本案。就鄭大律師提出的兩個理由,本席在上文第27至32段已經討論,不再重覆。
46.另外,在Central Management Limited v Light Field Investment Limited and Anor [21]一案,訴訟雙方爭議的焦點是兩個相連單位之間的分隔牆的業權。代表答辯人的大律師欲依賴涉案單位的銷售面積包含了分隔牆的厚度為由,主張答辯人擁有分隔牆的業權。就此,上訴庭張舉能法官(當時官階)在判詞的第22及23段有以下的討論:
| “22. |
In the Formal Agreements which have the same plans annexed to them, Saleable Area was defined as ‘in relation to a unit enclosed by walls, the floor area of such unit, measured from the exterior of the enclosing walls of such unit except where such enclosing walls separate two adjoining units in which case the measurement shall be taken from the middle of those walls, and shall include the internal partitions and columns within such unit ….’ The defendants argued that by such a description the partition wall was included in the two units assigned to the defendants under the Formal Agreements. |
| 23. |
Again this does not assist the defendants. The definition of Saleable Area is to show how the saleable area is to be measured for the purpose of calculating the sales price of the units. As to what was actually assigned one looks to the whole of the title documents to ascertain the intention of the parties.” |
47.張法官認為銷售面積,按其定義,是以顯示該面積的計算方法,用作計算單位的售價。若關注點是業權的轉讓,法庭須要審視所有的業權文件 (“title documents”) 以確定業權轉承雙方的意圖。
48.本席已審視了有關的業權文件。總括而言,在答辯人依賴的第一買賣合約及第一轉讓契約中,明顯地發展商並沒有明確地/特別地把該外牆之業權及/或獨有使用、佔用及享用權轉讓給任何人。此外,第一買賣合約、第一轉讓契約以及答辯人購買A舖時所簽訂的買賣合約及轉讓契約內,均有清晰的條款說明買家同意及知悉須遵守公契條款[22]。在公契中,明顯地答辯人並不享有大廈外牆的使用權。該外牆亦符合《建築物管理條例》(第344章)下公用部分的定義。基於上述的討論,本席裁定答辯人不享有該外牆之業權,該外牆屬於該大廈之公用部分。
議題二:該招牌及A舖貨物是否違反該公契?
49.公契附表二第7條[23]規定大廈所有業權人:
“Not to use or permit or suffer any factory unit of which he is the owner to be used for any illegal or immoral purpose nor do cause or permit or suffer to be done any act or thing in any factory unit which may be or become a nuisance or annoyance to or cause damage to the other owners and occupiers for the time being”
50.申請人指出,A舖貨物的擺放位置足以對該大廈的佔用或進出該大廈的人士造成滋擾或煩厭,申請人須要執行公契。
51.申請人又依賴公契附表二第8條[24]當中訂明各業主:-
“Not to exhibit in or upon any factory unit or upon any other part of the said building any name, writing, drawing, signboard, plate, advertisement or placard of any kind without the consent of the manager in writing first had and obtained PROVIDED that this clause shall not apply to the exhibition of the owner’s or occupier’s name in the places specifically provided therefor in the entrance halls and outside each factory unit.”
52.由於答辯人從未得到申請人及/或港置之書面同意裝設該招牌,申請人認為答辯人也違反了上述公契條文。
53.申請人又依賴公契附表二第11條[25],當中規定大廈所有業主:-
“Not to do or permit or suffer to be done any act or thing whereby any insurance on the said premises and building or any part thereof may become void or voidable or whereby the permit for any such insurance may be increased and in the event of any breach of this clause in addition to any other liability incurred thereby to pay the amount of any increase in premium caused by or on account of such breach.”
54.申請人指出,萬一該招牌及/或A舖貨物直接或間接導致悲劇,引至人命或財物損傷,申請人及該大廈的所有業主都可能蒙受損失,包括但不限於保險費用的上升及/或需要面對受害人提出之民事索償。
55.申請人又依賴專家報告內4.0 FINDINGS部分F之內容[26],當中專家指出該招牌屬於違建工程。由於該招牌是懸掛在大廈的外牆及簷篷混凝土表面,其重量亦會對該大廈之結構及經過大廈的行人造成潛在危險。即使答辯人大律師假設該招牌可以改動而通過招牌檢核計劃,實際的情況是這假設還沒有發生,該招牌仍然是一個違建工程。由於該招牌屬於違建工程,其施工、設計及物料均沒有經過合資格人士核准,其位置及重量有可能會對大廈之結構及經過大廈的行人造成潛在危險。
56.申請人亦依賴公契附表二第5條[27],當中訂明各業主:-
“Not to make any structural alteration to any factory unit of which he is the owner nor cut maim, injure, damage, alter or interfere with any part or parts of the said premises or building in common use …”
57.由於該招牌是以物理方式(金屬螺絲)連繫於大廈之外牆及簷篷,申請人認為答辯人已違反上述條文。
58.就所有A舖貨物而言,申請人依賴公契附表二第19條[28],當中訂明:-
“No articles or obstruction shall be placed in or on the rights of way, loading or unloading bays, entrances, staircases, landings or lifts, or any other public portion of the building or ground.”
59.由於A舖貨物的擺放位置是該大廈出入口兩旁、靠近大廈外牆,申請人認為答辯人已違反上述條文。
60.本席同意申請人的分析,裁定該招牌及A舖貨物違反該公契。
答辯人之交替案情
61.答辯人認為申請人有權根據公契附表二第8條及/或《建築物管理條例》(第344章)第34I (1) (a) 條就該招牌予以容許。
62.答辯人又認為該公契帶有隱含條款 (implied term) 不准許申請人及/或港置 不合理地拒絕給予 (unreasonably withheld) 或收回有關的准許。
63.答辯人聲稱申請人從大約1983年時已知悉該招牌、該鐵閘及該貨架的存在,唯一直未有採取任何行動,只在2017年,即34年後才對答辯人提出訴訟。該招牌已豎立37年,申請人亦成立超過20年,答辯人認為申請人對該招牌作出贊同 (assent) 或視若無睹 (lying by) ,並已默許 (acquiescence) 該招牌,若審裁處命令拆除該招牌會對答辯人造成不公。
64.申請人指出答辯人承認該招牌從來沒有獲得申請人及/或港置同意。申請人除通過其代表律師及港置去信答辯人,亦多次以口頭方式向答辯人的代表提出反對和要求答辯人拆除該招牌。這便反映了申請人從來沒有贊同該招牌或對其視若無睹,更沒有放棄追究答辯人違反該公契及/或《建築物管理條例》(第344章)之權力。因此,答辯人亦不能依賴申請人對該招牌贊同及/或視若無睹的法律原則作為抗辯理由。
65.就默許而言,申請人援引楊福盛一案[29]主張要成功提出默許作抗辯,必須根據提供默許一方的行為作出推論,答辯人單憑申請人不採取行動不足以構成默許。
66.申請人亦援引The Incorporated Owners of Hoi Luen Industrial Centre and Anor v Ohashi Chemical Industries (Hong Kong) Limited [30]一案指出,法團無權默許任何違反公契的行為。
67.本席認為,該招牌屬違建工程,申請人不能默許。這一點亦與答辯人大律師援引的Hollywood Shopping Centre Owners Committed Limited v The Incorporated Owners of Wing Wah Building Mongkok Kowloon [31]一案法庭的處理方法一致。在此案的判案書的第56段,Recorder Yuen(當時官階)引用袁法官於The Incorporated Owners of Champion Court v Pang Ping Fan Peter [32]一案(第17段)的分析如下:-
“… incorporated owners cannot acquiesce in the retention of illegal structures is by now well-established. The rationale is that since it is not within the power of incorporated owners to expressly permit illegal structures to the constructed, it is consequently not within their power to acquiesce in their retention, … ” [加入強調]
68.在Hollywood Shopping Centre一案中,Recorder Yuen(當時官階)於判詞第97段亦分析了默許抗辯在什麼情況下有效。引用有關原則於本案,雖然該招牌已經豎設了37年,但就默許而言,可以分為以下三個階段:-
| (a) |
於第一階段[33],申請人仍未成立,所以根本沒有法定地位執行該公契; |
| (b) |
於第二階段[34],即使申請人有默許(本席沒有如此裁定),也只限於這時段;及 |
| (c) |
於第三階段[35],答辯人已清晰知道申請人對該招牌之立場,所以默許亦告終止。 |
69.須注意的是,公契附表二第25條[36]亦訂明 “Any consent or approval given under these rules by the Manager shall be revocable at any time”。故此,即使申請人及/或港置曾對該招牌給予過准許,該准許亦可隨時無條件地收回。
70.就答辯人指稱命令答辯人拆除招牌會對答辯人造成不公,申請人依賴 Fisher v Brooker and Ors [37]一案中所指的損害性依賴 (detrimental reliance) 原則。申請人認為答辯人並未能提出這方面的證供。且在該案的判案書的79段中也提及:
“ … They cannot show any prejudice resulting from the delay, and, even if they could have done so, they have no answer to the judge’s finding ... that the benefit they obtained from the delay would outweigh any such prejudice.”
71.同樣地,在本案中即使申請人的延誤對答辯人造成不公,答辯人所面對的不公,遠較因申請人的延誤(即使有的話)而令答辯人可以一直繼續使用該招牌的益處為少。
72.有關答辯人指稱的隱含條款(即申請人/港置不得不合理地拒絕給予或收回許可),答辯人只是聲稱該公契帶有隱含條款,但並沒有對此舉證,所以申請人不同意這說法。本席看不到任何理由須基於普通法的原則在公契中加入答辯人所主張的隱含條款。
結論
73.基於上述理由,本席作出下述命令:
| (1) |
裁定該外牆為大廈之公用部分; |
| (2) |
答辯人須於此判案書判佈後的120天之内拆除該招牌及還原該外牆原貌;及 |
| (3) |
禁止答辯人或A舖佔用人將任何貨物倚靠或停放於該大廈外牆的任何一個位置。 |
訟費
74.本席現作暫准命令,令答辯人支付申請人此訴訟的訟費,若雙方未能協定金額,則交由法院以區域法院的訟費基礎評定。若訴訟各方沒有於14天内申請更改,此暫准命令將會成為絕對命令。
申請人:由區殿霞律師行轉聘高忻亷大律師代表應訊。
答辯人:由黎錦文李孟華律師事務所轉聘鄭宇傑大律師代表應訊。
[1] 林叩先生於1994年過身。
[2] 審訊文件冊第22頁。
[3] 審訊文件冊第24 – 25頁。
[4] 審訊文件冊第15頁。
[5] 審訊文件冊第18頁。
[6] 審訊文件冊第14及16頁。
[7] 審訊文件冊第116頁。
[8] 審訊文件冊第119、120及122頁。
[9] 審訊文件冊第297及298頁。
[10] 審訊文件冊第296頁。
[11] 審訊文件冊第298頁。
[12] LDBM 69 /2011
[13] EXCEPTING AND RESERVING … (i) the right to the exclusive use occupation enjoyment of (a) The outer walls … ”
[14] 見上文第22段的引述。
[15] 審訊文件冊第309頁。
[16] 審訊文件冊第310頁。
[17] 審訊文件冊第138頁。
[18] 審訊文件冊第133至135頁。
[19] 審訊文件冊第330,357 – 358頁。
[20] Unreported, CACV 328/2005, 6 June 2006
[21] [2011] 2 HKLRD 34, CACV 30/2010, 15 December 2010
[22] 審訊文件冊第263頁第23條(及附表二第二部分)、第278頁第1條、第290頁第6行及第309 – 310頁第19 (i) 和 (ii) 條。
[23] 審訊文件冊第136頁。
[24] 審訊文件冊第136頁。
[25] 審訊文件冊第137頁。
[26] 審訊文件冊第339 – 340頁。
[27] 審訊文件冊第136頁。
[28] 審訊文件冊第138頁。
[29] 判詞第61及62段。
[30] [1995] 2 HKC11, CACV 3/1995, 2 March 1995
[31] HCA 1582/2007, unreported
[32] CACV 317/2006, 23 May 2008.
[33] 從該招牌豎設起計至申請人於1999年成立。
[34] 從申請人成立後至港置發出信件要求答辯人拆除該招牌。
[35] 從上述港置信件至審訊。
[36] 審訊文件用第139頁。
[37] [2009] 4 All ER 789。
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