譚兆尹 對 香港廉江同鄉會

Read the full judgment text of DCCJ 2534/2024 on BabelCite. This District Court judgment was delivered on 6 October 2025.

2. 在聆訊中,與訟雙方同意法庭先處理剔除申請。因若然原告人的申索應被剔除,法庭並不需要處理餘下兩份傳票。

Cites 7 cases

Case No.DCCJ 2534/2024[2025] HKDC 1666
Court
District Court
Date06 Oct 2025
Judge
Case Document
100%Judiciary

DCCJ 2534/2024

[2025] HKDC 1666

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2024年第2534號

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原告人 譚兆尹  

被告人 香港廉江同鄉會  

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主審法官: 區域法院暫委法官何世文內庭聆訊
聆訊日期: 2025年7月4日
判案書日期: 2025年10月6日

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判決書

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1.在是次聆訊中,本庭需處理下列三宗申請:

(1) 原告人於18/11/2024存檔誓章申請非正審判決;

(2) 被告人於3/12/2024發出傳票申請延期存檔抗辯書的;

(3) 被告人於28/1/2025發出另一傳票申請把傳訊令狀及申索陳述書剔除,及撤銷原告人就本案提出的訴訟(「剔除申請」)。

2.在聆訊中,與訟雙方同意法庭先處理剔除申請。因若然原告人的申索應被剔除,法庭並不需要處理餘下兩份傳票。

3.反之,假若申索不應被剔除,法庭便需再考慮餘下兩份傳票。

4.就剔除申請,被告人所持的理由是傳訊令狀及申索陳述書:

(1) 並無披露合理的訴訟因由;

(2) 屬於惡意中傷、瑣碎無聊或無理纏繞;

(3) 濫用區域法院的法律程序。

即區域法院規則 (下稱「該規則」)第18號命令第19(1)(a)、(b) 及(d) 條所指的理由。

處理剔除申請的法理原則

5.法庭在處理剔除申請時所應用的法律原則,過往的案例已提供了清悉的指引,可見於《香港民事訴訟程序2025》第一冊,第18/19/4段。

6.以要言之,法庭只應在顯而易見(plain and obvious)的情況下,認為第18號命令第19(1)條所列出的任何一種情況能夠符合,才會以簡易程序的方式把被告人所要求的原告人申索(或其任何部份)剔除;反之,則不應。

7.倘若剔除申請乃基於狀書未有披露合理的訴因(即第19(1)(a) 條所指的情況),於此階段,法庭將會假定狀書所載之事實陳述屬實;作出相關的考量時,不會接納任何證據。見該規則第18號命令第19(2)條。

原告人作訴的案情

8.原告人在其狀書披露的案情重點如下:

(1) 原告人是香港廉江同鄉會(即被告人的組織)(下稱「同鄉會」)的一名會員,其職銜是該會的監事長。在聆訊中,雙方同意被告人是根據社團條例註冊的 非法團 組織(unincorporated association);

(2) 在2018年第四屆換屆擬選會長的會議上,原告人就同鄉會之前的收支相關項目要求會長或秘書詳細解釋,同時亦要求會長及秘書,按會章規定提前一個月書面通知理事來一起開會,但他的提議全不被接受。當時姓鄭的秘書(下稱「鄭秘書」)向在會各人發選票,原告人揚言要報警,姓黎的會長(下稱「黎會長」)[1] 宣佈不參選了。

(3) 幾個月後,原告人收到執行會長(一名叫楊默的人士)(下稱「楊執行會長」)的來電說黎會長叫他打電話給原告人,說中國大陸有朋友到了香港想見他。原告人回答說他正在上班,請有關人士到他的中環工作的辦公室。其後,原來是中國內地國家安全局的三名人員(其中兩名是處長及科長級),原告人接見了他們。之後他要回到家鄉廉江市配合調查,兩年不能返回香港。

(4) 經接受調查他「反中亂港」的指控不成立後,還他清白,他便在2021年12月31日回到香港。

(5) 在2022年3月一個飯局中,他聽到楊執行會長說,當年原告人被國安局調查是他安排的。

(6) 另外,原告人又在同鄉會一名理事家中,看到了同鄉會30周年(1991至2021年)紀念特刊,有18張相片當中拍攝到他本人,但卻沒有提及他的名字,他是監事長,但在監事長一欄,只有一名黃姓男子的名字[2]。但根據香港警務處社團註冊處給原告人的覆函,同鄉會的監事長仍是原告人。

(7) 因此,原告人士透過該紀念特刊的內容才知道自己已被開除會籍。他在同鄉會的微信群組亦被取消,在這兩事上,他都沒有收到同鄉會的預先通知。

(8) 另外,幾年來,同鄉會沒有通知他開會或出席每年的春茗酒會;內地政府和統戰部門發來同鄉會給在港鄉親的月餅、紅橙、年糕等禮物,同鄉會都沒有派發給原告人及其家人。

(9) 另外,原告人又指稱被告人安排國安局人員調查他,嚴重指控他是「反中亂港」分子;被告人認為原告人有「反中亂港」是事實,才會做出開除他會籍、更換監事長一職,不公佈他是監事長,不派發給他內地政府送給同鄉會的禮物等行為,對他本人造成極大的侮辱,刺激及導致他本人的精神病復發,現在他要長期看精神病醫生,並在服用精神病藥物後不能駕駛,也不能正常工作和失去求生能力。

9.他向法庭申請的濟助,頒令被告人:

(1) 就原告人的精神創傷向他作出HK$1,000,000的賠償;

(2) 補償他由2018至2023年6年的禮物損失(每年HK$6,000)共HK$36,000;

(3) 退回他捐給同鄉會的HK$5,000;

(4) 向原告人及其家人道歉。

被告人剔除申請的理據

10.以要言之,就原告人作訴的案情,被告人的代表大律師譚明德呈述的論點,主要圍繞以下的說法:

(1) 原告人的訴訟基礎應是侵權法,但被告人對原告人並沒有負上謹慎責任(「議題一」)

(2) 就申索一百萬元的精神受傷的賠償,原告人並沒有在其申索陳述書中指出他指控同鄉會的作為對其精神病復發有任何事實或法律的關聯性[3]。(「議題二」)

(3) 原告人因應國家安全問題而接受調查,並不能作為他指控被告人「嚴重疏忽」和向他作出 「嚴重指控」的依據,尤其是,中華人民共和國政府機關及各省市國家安全機關的行事、調查工作,並不屬香港特別行政區法院的司法管轄權內的事宜。(「議題三」)

(4) 原告人並無解釋為何他有權可收取同鄉會分發的物資禮物(不論是國家供給與否)。(「議題四」)

(5) 被告人不公佈原告人為監事長一事,是因同鄉會於2018年開始更換了監事長的人選[4]。(「議題五」)

分析

狀書有否披露合理訴因

11.本庭會先從申索陳述書有否披露合理訴因,去處理上述五項議題。

議題一及議題二

12.本案獨特之處,在於同鄉會在法律上是 非法團 組織(unincorporated association),因此同鄉會並非如有限公司一般,擁有獨立的法律實體。 同鄉會會員之間的基本法律關係,實為合約關係,他們的權利和義務,一般而言,是受各會員共同同意遵守的「憲章」(又稱「會章」)的條文所賦予及約束。見The Law of Unincorporated Associations (OUP 2011) 第1.09段;Chap Yick Clansman’s Association Ltd 對Mok Fai [1997] HKLRD 580 第584頁I部分。

因對方違反合約情況之下而申索的精神創傷的補償的相關法則

13.法庭考慮原告人對被告人作訴的相關指控,並不是純粹從「侵權法」的角度作考量(事實上,從申索陳述書整體來看,原告人指控同鄉會「嚴重疏忽」,並不必限於「侵權法」之下所定義的「疏忽」)。法庭而是要根本地從原告人與其他會員間的合約關係爲基礎,以考慮他向被告人提出的申索 (尤其是他所追討的精神創傷 (psychiatric injury) 的損害賠償)有否法理及事實的依據。

14.MacLoughlin Jones [2002] QB 1312一案中,英國上訴法庭對一名當事人起訴其代表律師疏忽,導致他入獄,令其含冤受屈並罹患精神病,要求對此承擔賠償責任。在處理爭論點 (preliminary issue) 的聆訊中,原審法官駁回這申索,認為這類損害屬於侵權行為非可合理預見(not reasonably foreseeable),而且於違約索賠中過於遙遠 (too remote)。但英國上訴法庭批准上訴,經過仔細審視過往的相關案例後,Brooke LJ認為當原告人的訴因是建基於合約關係時,要首先考慮被告人應否就原告人申索精神創傷的損害賠償負上責任,而「侵權法」就應用在「間接受害者」(secondary victim)(有別於「直接受害者」(primary victim)) 的相關法理原則並不適用;而是應以雙方的合約關係為基礎,從根本原則(first principles)出發作考量,小心審視以判斷被告人在什麼情況下可能需向原告人負上責任,以避免因有關違約而導致他出現精神創傷 ,才能有所助益的去考慮有關精神創傷是否因被告人違反該責任而引致的可預見後果(foreseeable consequence)。

15.MacLoughlin 對 Jones案中,Brooke LJ在其判詞第23至26段作出了相關的法理闡釋:

“23 I will take this matter first. In cases involving claims for damages for psychiatric illness, attention has mainly been focused on the cases which I described in Leach v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire Constabulary [1999] 1 WLR 1421, 1434 as being "concerned with situations in which a plaintiff suffers psychiatric illness as a result of his own imperilment ... or reasonable fear of danger to himself, or as a result of the physical injury or imperilment of a third party (or parties) which has been caused by the defendant". It was the second of these types of situation with which Lord Bridge of Harwich (like the other members of the House of Lords) was concerned in McLoughlin v O'Brian [1983] 1 AC 410, 431 when he spoke of “the liability of a tortfeasor who has negligently killed or physically injured A to pay damages to B for a psychiatric illness resulting from A's death or injury”.

24 It is now well established that English law has created special control and other mechanisms to determine the incidence of legal liability in that type of case. One of these is that the law supposes the claimant to be a person of ordinary phlegm or fortitude. This requirement was justified by Lord Porter in Bourhill v Young [1943] AC 92, 117 in these terms:

“The driver of a car or vehicle, even though careless, is entitled to assume that the ordinary frequenter of the streets has sufficient fortitude to endure such incidents as may from time to time be expected to occur in them, including the noise of a collision and the sight of illness to others, and is not to be considered negligent towards one who does not possess the customary phlegm.”

25 Another, mentioned by Lord Wright in Bourhill v Young, at p 110, is that the court asks itself in such a case what the hypothetical reasonable man, viewing the position ex post facto, would say it was proper to foresee. Lord Lloyd of Berwick rationalised this test in Page v Smith [1996] AC 155, 188 by saying:

“This makes sense ... where the plaintiff is a secondary victim. For if you do not know the outcome of the accident or event, it is impossible to say whether the defendant should have foreseen injury by shock. It is necessary to take account of what happened in order to apply the test of reasonable foreseeability at all.”

26 Neither of these rules is apposite when the relationship between the parties is founded on contract, whether the breach of duty relied upon is a breach of a contractual term, or a breach of a duty of care arising out of the parties' contractual relationship which sounds in damages in tort. In those cases the scope of the inquiry is different. In the present case it appears to me that it is necessary to go back to first principles in order to identify whether and in what circumstances the defendants might have owed a duty to Mr McLoughlin to assist him in avoiding psychiatric illness before anything useful can be gained by determining whether his psychiatric illness was a foreseeable consequence of a breach of that duty. In other words, as things turned out, the separation of foreseeability issues as a discrete topic of investigation limited undesirably the appropriate field of judicial investigation.” (強調後加)

16.另外,澳洲高等法院在Elisha對Vision Australia Ltd [2024] HCA 50一案中裁定,僱員若因僱主違反僱傭合約而被解僱,因而確診患有心理病的創傷,在原則上,是可獲得損害賠償。澳洲高等法院Jagot J就有關違約所應作出賠償的遙遠性議題(issue of remoteness of damages) 闡述的相關法律原則,可見於其判詞節錄如下:

106 An employer botches its own disciplinary procedures by not informing an employee of key allegations that the employer ultimately considers in deciding whether to terminate the employee's employment and, therefore, fails to give the employee any opportunity to respond to those undisclosed allegations or a real opportunity to respond to the allegations in fact notified to him. In so doing the employer breaches terms of the employment contract. The employer unlawfully summarily dismisses the employee. The employee develops a serious psychiatric illness, which it is found was caused by both the botched disciplinary procedure leading to the unlawful termination of the employment and that unlawful termination….

...

126 The rule in Hadley v Baxendale continues to govern questions of remoteness of damage for breach of contract. Leaving aside knowledge by the parties of special circumstances, the first limb of the rule permits recovery for damage for breach of contract as "may fairly and reasonably be considered [as] arising naturally, ie, according to the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself”. The second limb of the rule permits recovery for damage "as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of both parties, at the time they made the contract, as the probable result of the breach of it”. As the Court of Appeal noted in this case, it was not suggested that Mr Elisha's psychiatric illness would arise "according to the usual course of things”, the relevant issue being what would have been within the "contemplation of the parties” at the time at which the contract was entered. The degree of "contemplation of both parties” of the kind of damage satisfying the second limb has been expressed in a variety of terms, … the formula that best expresses the requisite degree of contemplation is that, at the time of entry into the contract, the parties should reasonably have contemplated as a "serious possibility” that breach of the relevant term could result in the kind of damage claimed. Importantly, as McHugh JA said in Alexander v Cambridge Credit Corporation Ltd

“An important matter in ascertaining whether the loss or damage is too remote is the extent to which the parties may be taken to have contemplated the events giving rise to that loss or damage. The parties need not contemplate the degree or extent of the loss or damage suffered … Nor need they contemplate the precise details of the events giving rise to the loss. It is sufficient that they contemplate the kind or type of loss or damage suffered.

127 This observation about the test for remoteness of damage requires consideration of the relationship between the breach and the kind of loss or damage caused. What is required at the time of entry into the contract is that the parties should reasonably have contemplated as a serious possibility that the kind of breach that, in the event, occurred could cause the kind of injury, harm or loss that, in the event, occurred.

...

129 In this case, the primary judge found that Vision's management representatives: (a) purported to notify Mr Elisha in writing of the allegations of an unacceptable type of conduct on his part, and (b) purported to give him an opportunity to respond to those notified allegations in purported compliance with its disciplinary procedures when, (c) in fact, Vision had not notified him and given to him an opportunity to respond to other allegations of earlier unacceptable conduct of the same type, in circumstances where (d) Vision proposed to and did use those other allegations to reject Mr Elisha's version of events regarding, and explanation for, the notified allegations; and (e) summarily and unlawfully terminated Mr Elisha's employment on this improper basis.

130 This highlights that the relevant question in the present case is not whether, at the time they entered the contract, Vision and Mr Elisha should reasonably have contemplated as a serious possibility that Vision acting in breach of any contractual term of its disciplinary procedures in any manner could result in Mr Elisha suffering any psychiatric illness. The relevant question is whether, at the time they entered the contract, Vision and Mr Elisha should reasonably have contemplated as a serious possibility that Vision acting in serious breach of its disciplinary procedures in a way that worked a serious injustice to Mr Elisha could result in Mr Elisha developing a serious psychiatric illness.

131 This highlights also that the limit that the concept of remoteness of damage imposes on an employer's liability for breach of a contractual term (recalling that contractual causation requires only that the breach be a material cause of the loss, not the sole cause of the loss) results from the relationship between the kind of event giving rise to the breach and the kind of resulting injury, harm or loss to the employee. ... The actions fundamentally undermined the very purpose of those procedures — to enable an employee's side of the story to be heard and taken into consideration. The primary judge conveyed the reality of the resulting unfairness and its impacts on Mr Elisha in recording that Vision's management representatives: entered the meeting believing Mr Elisha had demonstrated a "pattern of aggression” based on the earlier allegations of his manager that were not notified to Mr Elisha before the meeting; and wrongly believed that they could use that belief of a "pattern of aggression”, without having put the allegations on which that belief was based to Mr Elisha, to conclude that his version of the hotel incident was not to be believed. The management representatives then informed Mr Elisha that he was being summarily dismissed because of the hotel incident when that was but one part of the real reason for his summary dismissal. Mr Elisha, for his part, was left “shocked” and “confused” as to how what he considered to be “gossip” from the hotelier could have led to his summary dismissal, his evidence conveying, in the words of the primary judge, “acute bewilderment” at the “unfathomable nature of what had occurred”.

132 The objective character of the actions involved in Vision's breach of its disciplinary procedures is such that, at the time of entry into the contract, the parties should reasonably have contemplated as a serious possibility that a serious breach of Vision's disciplinary procedures, involving serious unfairness to an employee, could cause the employee to develop a serious psychiatric illness…" (強調後加)

17.本庭認為,上述兩宗案例所確立的相關法理原則,同樣適用於本案。

同鄉會在開除會員的會籍時應遵守的自然公義法則

18.本庭又認為,本案存有可爭拗的法律觀點,即同鄉會若要開除任何一名會員的會籍前,必須事先知會有關會員相關指控,並給予該會員合理的申辯機會,才去決定有關指控是否成立,否則該開除會籍的行為,可在合適的情況下被法庭判為越權(ultra vires)及無效。

19.在這方面,有關原則在英國上訴法庭案例中早已確立。在Lee對Showmen's Guild of Great Britain [1952] 2 QB 329一案中(第341至343頁)Denning LJ在其判詞說道:

“The jurisdiction of a domestic tribunal, such as the committee of the Showmen’s Guild, must be founded on a contract, express or implied. Outside the regular courts of this country, no set of men can sit in judgment on their fellows except so far as Parliament authorizes it or the parties agree to it. The jurisdiction of the committee of the Showmen’s Guild is contained in a written set of rules to which all the members subscribe. This set of rules contains the contract between the members and is just as much subject to the jurisdiction of these courts as any other contract.”

...

Although the jurisdiction of a domestic tribunal is founded on contract, express or implied, nevertheless the parties are not free to make any contract they like. There are important limitation imposed by public policy. The tribunal must, for instance, observe the principles of natural justice. They must give the man notice of the charge and a reasonable opportunity of meeting it. Any stipulation to the contrary could be invalid.

...

On any expulsion they will see that there is fair play. They will see that the man has notice of the charge and a reasonable opportunity of being heard. They will see that the committee observe the procedure laid down by the rules; but they will not otherwise interfere: see Labouchere v Earl of Wharncliffe and Dawkins v Antrobus” (強調後加)

20.麥耀祥 訴 黃紹明及另十五人 (HCA6507/1995, 25/02/1998) 一案,高等法院原訟庭法官楊振權(當時官階)處理一註冊非法團組織的成員被開除及凍結會籍時,其中亦引用了上述的案例。楊法官就該案的相關證據及所適用的法理原則,在其判詞作出了以下的觀察:

案情事實分析

84. 雖然黃寶基先生斷然否認,但本席深信凍結及取消麥先生會籍之行動是一個有計劃的剷除異己行為

85. 麥先生早在1993年6月20日當選為執委,被告等人對該選舉不滿。導致他們向法庭提出訴訟,要求推翻選舉結果。其後雙方達成和解協議並根據協議進行仝人大會改選執委會。

86. 被告人等在1994年5月29日當選後5天內,即同年63日,執委會會議立刻議決要向麥先生等三人採取行動。首先凍結他們的會籍,並在約一個月期間取消他們的會籍在同一時間,由麥先生負責之尖沙咀柔道會和大學柔道會的會籍,亦被凍結

87. 黃寶基指稱曾委派一紀律小組調查麥先生等人有違憲章行為。但執委會議紀錄並沒有列出委派紀律小組和其成員的詳情,亦沒有資料顯示紀律小組所作調查的性質,更沒有書面報告提交執委會

88. 而處理麥先生等的過程亦可謂十分草率

90. 黃寶基未有提交任何合理解釋為何執委會主席會在要求麥先生解釋前便將有關投訴送達亞洲柔道聯盟和國際柔道協會。

91. 雖然麥先生就針對他的指控,兩次要求執委會提供資料,該要求合理,但執委會全不理會,亦無答覆,更在短時間內,即1994年7月4日議決將麥先生等會籍取消。

94. 上述種種都顯示針對麥先生等的行為,都是有計劃的,而從客觀態度觀之,該等行為,考慮到雙方關係及事件背境,實有秋後算帳及公報私仇之嫌

95. 被告等凍結及取消麥先生會籍之過程亦大有商榷之處。代表辯方的鍾大律師同意取消一個私人會所會員的會籍,除了必須根據會所憲章辦理外,亦須符合自然公義原則

96. Lord Denning 在 Lee v. The Showmen's Guild of Great Britian [1952] 2 Q.B.329一案第342頁指出。

「雖然私人裁判機構的權限建基於明示及暗示的合約條款,但並不表示各方有權隨喜好訂立協議。公共政策須強加重大限制。例如,私人裁判機構必須遵從自然公義原則。它必須知會被指控者對他的指控及給予他一個合理的申辯機會。任何相反的規定都屬無效。」

“Although the jurisdiction of a domestic tribunal is founded on contract, express or implied, nevertheless the parties are not free to make any contract they like. There are important limitation imposed by public policy. The tribunal must, for instance, observe the principles of natural justice. They must give the man notice of the charge and a reasonable opportunity of meeting it. Any stipulation to the contrary could be invalid."

97. 再者,自然公義原則,無論是開除會籍或凍結會籍過程都適用。

98. 在John v. Rees and Others [1970] 1 Ch345一案中Megarry大法官在387頁分析了Lawrence J. 在Burn v. National Amalgamated Labourers’ Union [1920] 2 Ch 364一案所作判詞後,有以下論調。

「有關自然公義原則的規範,Lawrence J.認為凍結會籍和開除會籍應一視同仁。本席完全同意。基本上,凍結會籍是開除會籍的一部分,兩者都有懲罰性,而兩者都會剝奪有關會員應享有的會員或職位之上權益。因此本席認為基本上自然公義原則在凍結會籍過程和開除會籍過程都同等適用。

“In relation to the rules of natural justice Lawrence J. thus made no distinction between suspension and expulsion. I would respectfully concur. In essence, suspension is merely expulsion pro-tanto. Each is penal, and each deprives the member concerned of the enjoyment of his rights of membership or office. Accordingly in my judgment the rules of natural justice prima facie apply to any process of suspension in the same way that they apply to expulsion.”

99. 自然公義原則包括 ︰(一) 裁決者不能就其可能有偏見或被懷疑有偏見的事作出裁決。 (二) 任何裁決都必須經過一個公平公正的聆訊,包括雙方都應獲得公平的申辯機會

100. 明顯地,在處理麥先生的會籍問題,被告人組成的執委會未有符合上述的自然公義原則要求” (強調後加)

21.原告人在其狀書明確指出他被開除會籍、被革除監事長的職銜前,事先沒有收到同鄉會的通知,同鄉會因而可被視作違反與原告之間的合約,亦違反了上述的自然公義原則,去剝奪原告人能作為同鄉會一份子的最基本及最重要的權利,這些明顯存在可爭拗之處。

22.本庭注意到原告人親自行事,沒有律師的協助,他沒有就上述事宜在其狀書清晰作訴,反而把案中的重要事實散說在申索陳述書的不同地方,從接受過專業法律訓練的人士來看,其行文並不理想。但另一方面,經仔細及公允地觀察整份狀書的內容後,本庭認為原告人實已把其精神創傷上的損害賠償的申索 (damages claim for psychiatric injury) 所需的基本事實勾劃了出來,以讓法庭去考慮本案的關鍵議題:即在原告人與各同鄉會相關成員訂立合約時,他們應否合理地預見到 (should have reasonably contemplated) 有重大的可能性 (serious possibility) ,當同鄉會在開除原告人的會籍一事上出現嚴重違約,從而對原告人造成嚴重不公義,會導致他蒙受精神創傷。

23.因此,本庭認為應給予原告人機會就這法律觀點作爭辯,而不應純粹因他在技術上沒有把以上的法律論點作訴而把其狀書剔除。

24.基於上述,站在本案的整體公義來看,如有需要,本庭會批准原告人修訂其申索陳述書以作訴上述的法律觀點,那實有可爭辯之處。見Elisha案Jagot J的判詞第130段(節錄於上文第16段);亦參見《香港民事訴訟程序2025》第一冊, 第18/19/4段;Re Shun Tak Holdings Ltd [2009] 5 HKLRD 743 第18至19段。

25.基本而言,原告人作訴的案情有提供重要的事實基礎:被告人不應在沒有事先通知他的情況下,便認為他是「反中亂港」分子,以此為由開除他的會籍,對他來說是極大的侮辱,客觀上亦剝奪了他在同鄉會的職銜和各種權利。同鄉會這樣的開除他會籍,是涉及嚴重疏忽及嚴重的指控;而基於上文的分析,同鄉會也違反了對原告人應負上(可爭拗的)合約責任及/或自然公義法則下的責任。

26.另外,根據MacLoughlin 對 Jones一案及Elisha 案這兩宗案例,法庭不會純粹因同鄉會事先不知道原告人過往有精神病的紀錄,或不知他有出現有關精神病的風險或傾向,便對所申索的精神創傷的損害賠償,把原告人拒之於公義的門外。但在另一方面,在考慮同鄉會是否可合理地預見有關精神創傷的議題上,法庭需顧及到被告人已知悉的原告人的個人生活及性格傾向。

27.Jogot J 在 Elisha 案的判詞第134段指出:

“134. Further, that Mr Elisha in fact (and unbeknownst to Vision) suffered from a less serious psychiatric illness for which he was treated with anti-depressant medication before his summary dismissal is also immaterial on the findings of the primary judge (that the manner and fact of the summary dismissal, which was unlawful and would not have occurred but for the breach of the employment contract, caused the serious psychiatric illness that Mr Elisha subsequently developed).” (強調後加)

28.McLoughlin Jones 一案,Brooke LJ 在其判詞第20及46段指出:

“20 He added that if the defendants had been aware that the claimant was at risk of such a breakdown because of his past history, that might well create a duty that would not otherwise exist: see Cook v Swinfen [1967] 1 WLR 457,461-462 and Dickinson v James Alexander & Co [1993] 2 FLR 521, but there was no indication in this case that the claimant was potentially susceptible to this kind of psychiatric illness.”

...

46. ... I have already explained why I disagree with Mr Gibson's third test, which I would rewrite in these terms: "the requirement that damages can only be recovered if it is foreseeable that psychiatric illness would have been suffered by the claimant, given all those features of his personal life and disposition of which the defendants were aware."" (強調後加)

29.本庭認為,上述兩宗案例的重要性在於經詳細審視過往的相關案例後說明,原告人因被告人違約,以申索所導致的精神創傷的損害賠償時,法庭會從根本原則 (first principles) 出發,基於與訟雙方的特定合約關係,小心審查案中違反合約的嚴重程度及相關背景情況,去考慮被告人應否在履行合約時負上避免令原告人出現精神創傷(psychiatric injury) 的責任,以及去處理原告人所要求的相關賠償的遙遠性的議題(issue of remoteness of damages)。見Elisha 案第48至53、54至57、58及59段;McLoughlin 對Jones 一案第26至31段。

30.其中,特別需注意的關鍵段落是Brooke LJ 在McLoughlin 對Jones 一案第26、28及31段的判詞:

“26 Neither of these rules is apposite when the relationship between the parties is founded on contract, whether the breach of duty relied upon is a breach of a contractual term, or a breach of a duty of care arising out of the parties' contractual relationship which sounds in damages in tort. In those cases the scope of the inquiry is different. In the present case it appears to me that it is necessary to go back to first principles in order to identify whether and in what circumstances the defendants might have owed a duty to Mr McLoughlin to assist him in avoiding psychiatric illness before anything useful can be gained by determining whether his psychiatric illness was a foreseeable consequence of a breach of that duty. In other words, as things turned out, the separation of foreseeability issues as a discrete topic of investigation limited undesirably the appropriate field of judicial investigation.

28 Against this background, how could a legally enforceable duty of care arise in the present case where, as in the Frost case, the parties' legal relations are ultimately founded on contract? To answer this question one must go once more to the battery of tests which the House of Lords has taught us to use: see my judgment in Parkinson v St James and Seacroft University Hospital NHS Trust [2002] QB 266, 282-283, para 50….

31 This, therefore, leaves the three-pronged test in Caparo Industries pic v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605. There is no difficulty about proximity, and no need to create an imaginary person of ordinary phlegm and fortitude. The duty is owed to Mr McLoughlin. Similarly, given the positive results of the "purpose" test and the "assumption of responsibility" test, if the "foreseeability" test is also passed, then I would consider it to be fair, just and reasonable for Mr McLoughlin to recover compensation (compare Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2 AC 145,181C-D). How then, should the relevant duty be identified, and was Mr McLoughlin's psychiatric illness a foreseeable consequence of the assumed breach, or breaches of duty? These are the questions at the heart of this inquiry.” (強調後加)

31.Elisha 案,澳洲高等法院在其判詞第58及59段說道:

“58 Once it is appreciated that an analysis of the scope of contractual duties in an employment contract in Australia is unaffected by questions concerning the relationship between a generalised implied term developed by the common law and particular statutory provisions, the scope of the contractual duty falls to be considered by reference to the usual considerations of the nature of the liability that, in light of the parties' agreement, the parties might fairly be regarded as having been willing to accept.

59. In Baltic Shipping Co v Dillon, in the context of discussing liability of a defendant for mental distress consequent upon a repudiation of a contract with an object of providing enjoyment and relaxation, Mason CJ 61 (with whom Toohey J and Gaudron J agreed on this point) and McHugh J recognised psychiatric injury as part of a class of physical or personal injury for which damages were recoverable. There was no suggestion that there was any class of contract for which recovery of physical or personal injury lay beyond the scope of contractual duties. And, absent the authority of Addis, Vision Australia did not suggest that there is any justification to impose upon every express term concerning the manner of dismissal in every employment agreement an assumption that recovery for psychiatric injury falls beyond the liability that the parties might fairly be regarded as having been willing to accept.” (強調後加)

32.基於上述的分析,本庭認為,依原告人的整體案情來看:同鄉會事先應該但卻沒有通知原告人聽取他的解釋,便指控他是「反中亂港」分子,以此為由開除他的會籍,這構成嚴重疏忽,是可有爭辯之處。另外,被告人的黎會長及楊執行會長向中國大陸國安機關舉報,乘原告人在中國大陸接受調查之際,便在上述情況下開除他的會籍,從而令他失去監事長的職銜,亦剝奪了他作為同鄉會會員的種種權利,這些相關背景情節嚴重。由此觀之,原告人與同鄉會各相關會員訂立合約時,可合理地預見到,當同鄉會嚴重違反原告人的申辯權利去開除他會籍,出現這樣程度的嚴重不公、會對受害會員做成極大的侮辱及刺激,導致他出現精神創傷,客觀來看,這些事宜確實在事實及法律上,均存有可爭辯之處。

33.再者,本庭認為,一般而言,同鄉會會員之間的基本關係是對等、平等的。理論上,每位會員都有著被開除會籍的機會,因此,不言而喻,各會員很自然會要求,在需要面對這處境時獲得公平、公正的對待。尤其當同鄉會要把任何一名會員開除所持的理由,會對涉事會員的個人名譽、人格產生潛在的嚴重負面影響時,譬如,該會員被指控干犯刑事罪行、做出破壞社會秩序諸如此類的惡劣行爲,因而損害同鄉會聲譽需要考慮開除其會籍,同鄉會更應審慎處理,不可輕率行事。

34.任何會員在加入同鄉會,與其他會員訂立合約時,推己及人,當然不願原告人所作訴的情況,發生在自己身上。倘若自身遭遇同等對待,以致含冤受屈,造成其精神創傷,這後果顯然非任何會員所願意承受。

35.有鑑於此,從公平、公正及合理的角度去考慮,本庭認為依本案的情況,在同鄉會成立或當其後新會員加入,各會員之間在訂立合約時,會願意負起有關責任去避免使其他會員在面對如案中原告人相類似的嚴重指控時,應小心謹慎行事,及嚴格遵守自然公義的法則,去決定是否開除有關會員的會籍,以避免對有關會員造成嚴重不公而令他或她產生精神創傷,這議題在本案中確實存在可爭辯之處。

36.基於上述,本庭並不接納譚大律師就以議題一及議題二所作出的相關呈述。

議題三

37.至於議題三,本庭認為有關呈述的謬誤之處,實爲在於廻避處理同鄉會開除原告人會籍的行為,這事件明顯是在香港發生,屬香港法院的司法管轄權處理的事宜。因此,本庭不能接受被告人在這議題上的呈述。

議題四

38.由於原告人沒有律師代表,不能向法庭指出有關法理原則,以支持他所追討關於同鄉會沒有派發物資禮物給他及其家人的賠償,這並不難理解。但另一方面,譚大律師也沒協助法庭提供任何案例以說明原告人在這方面的追討絕無任何法理依據。尤其是,假若同鄉會把會員錯誤地開除會籍,有關會員是否不能向同鄉會追討任何損害賠償。

39.事實上,過往確曾有案例作出相關的判定,可支持原告人作出這方面的追討。於Bonsor Musicians Union [1956] AC 104 (HL)一案,英國上議院法庭確立當非法團組織的成員被違約開除會籍時,有關會員可向其法團組織申索損害賠償。 MacDermott 大法官在其判詞(第148至149頁)這樣說道:

“...My Lords, as I follow it, this reasoning is not based on any concept peculiar to the law of trade unions. It appears to be founded on a general proposition to the effect that a member of a voluntary association who is injured by some wrongful act done by an agent of the association on behalf of its members, including himself, cannot recover against his fellow members whose responsibility, in the circumstances, will be no greater than his own. For the purposes of this appeal I am prepared to accept that proposition without inquiry as to what, if any, are the limits to be put upon it. But one of its essential ingredients is that the act complained of should be done by the agent on behalf of the injured member. Was the Court of Appeal right in holding that the committee which expelled Mr. Kelly was, in so doing, acting as his agent? In the present case Denning L.J. answered that question thus : "I cannot," he said, "understand this line of reasoning. I cannot understand how it can be said that the committee, when they were excluding Kelly, were acting as agents on his behalf. They were acting against him, not for him." My Lords, I think this criticism is well founded and I agree with it. Expulsion from membership of a trade union stands, as a breach of contract, in a special category. It may be that a union committee or official, while investigating a complaint against a member, can be said to be acting on his behalf. I do not need to decide that or to say where the line is to be drawn. We are now concerned with a later stage, with the act of expulsion, when what is being done is to thrust a party to the contract out of the combination on the ground that he is no longer entitled to any of the rights or privileges of membership. To say that that is done on behalf of the person expelled seems to me an unwarranted extension of the agency and quite out of keeping with reality.

For this reason I think Kelly's case was wrongly decided, and as I see nothing else to stand in the way of an award of damages, I would therefore allow the appeal and remit the case for the purpose of assessing the amount to be recovered." (強調後加)

40.另外,在Rv Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan [1993] 1 WLR 909, 924B-C 一案,英國上訴法庭亦指出鑑於申請人與皇家賽馬會的合約關係,若其合約的權益/權利受到侵犯,申請人作為其會員可向法院申請可包括宣佈、禁制令,及損害賠償的濟助。

41.基於上述,本庭認為依原告人在其狀書作訴的案情,確有法理基礎支持他向被告人申索損害賠償,其中被告人被指控錯誤地開除原告人的會籍,而導致原告人被剝奪相關的會員權益/福利所蒙受的損失(包括原本作為會員應得的物資禮物的相關損失),並非絕無可能作出爭辯,因此,本席亦拒絕接受被告人就議題四的呈述。

議題五

42.譚大律師在這方面的呈述,本質上實為事實的爭拗,並不屬於根據第18號命令第19(1)(a)條申請剔除原告人狀書的有效理據。而根據上文的詳細分析,本庭已解釋為何原告人的狀書實有披露合理的訴因。因此,原告人的傳訊令狀及其申索陳述書不應被剔除。

餘下的剔除理由

43.本庭在以下會考慮被告人提出的「惡意中傷」、「瑣碎無聊」、「濫用區域法院法律程序」的剔除理由。在考慮這些理由能否成立時,法庭是需要考慮雙方透過其存檔的誓章提出的證據。在這方面,原告人存檔了兩份誓章(及呈堂相關文件)及以支持其作訴的案情,以及反對被告人的申請或反駁黎會長的說法。被告人的黎會長方面,亦存檔了三份誓章以支持被告人的剔除申請及反駁原告人的說法。

惡意中傷

44.就這剔除理由,譚大律師在其陳詞大綱中,基本上就申索陳述書每個環節都呈述為原告人利用狀書中的指控,毀損被告人在同鄉之間的聲望,不是有嚴重的缺失,便是與本案無關。

45.本庭小心考慮過被告人在這方面的所有相關呈述及證據後,並不接受被告人的說法。因為,從上述的分析可見,本庭認為原告人狀書內對被告人所作出的指控,都與成立其訴訟因由有着密切的關連,明顯與本案有關,無論在法理或事實上,都存有可爭辯之處。因此,本庭並不接受被告人這方面的呈述。見 《香港民事訴訟程序2025》第一冊,第18/19/6段。

瑣碎無聊、濫用區域法院的法律程序

46.本庭同意,譚大律師對於這兩項剔除理由的相關法例原則的呈述。以要言之,就「瑣碎無聊」這理由而言,若經審視雙方所提出的證據後,相關原告人所作訴案情如無法被合理爭辯(not capable of reasoned argument),沒有基礎以作支持其訴因(without foundation) 或絕不能成功(cannot possibly succeed),該狀書可因而被剔除。亦參見:《香港民事訴訟程序2025》第一冊,第18/19/7段。

47.另外,就「濫用法院的法律程序」而言,如果有關狀書披露的訴因是毫無基礎(absolutely groundless)的,該狀書亦可被認定為濫用法院的法律程序而被剔除。

精神創傷的損害賠償

48.本庭在上文以詳細分析相關索償的法理依據,在此不需重複。但看過雙方的誓章後,本庭不但沒有改變上述的看法,反而更覺察到在這議題上,雙方有著嚴重的事實爭拗,另外,原告人所披露的證據亦在某程度上可支持其精神創傷的損害賠償的申索。因此,本庭認為這申索項目明顯應經過審訊,雙方的證人接受盤問後,由主審法官去全盤考慮的整體證據去作出最終定斷。在現階段,法庭實不適宜純粹基於雙方提供的誓章證據,就雙方各執一詞的說法,作出是非曲直的判斷。

49.現就雙方就這議題的證據分析如下。首先,同鄉會的會章第9條訂明:

「任何會員若違反本會之規章或損壞本會之聲譽將由理事召開一個特別理事會議,由多數票通過,即可取消其會籍在本會擔任之一切職務,不得再享有會員權利和權益,一切已繳付之費用蓋不發還。」(強調後加)

50.會章第14條訂明:

「任何會議,必須發出通知與會員,否則,所進行之任何會議將屬無效。」(強調後加)

51.根據會章第40條,在同鄉會的理事會的組成當中,其中一名理事的職銜名為「監督」,看似是指本案中雙方所說的 「監事長」,另外根據第43條,「監督」的職務,是負責監察及糾正各組違章凟職的事宜。

52.另外,會章第49條則訂明在出現哪種情況之下,理事需要離職:

「理事之離職

第四十九條:任何理事於下列之情形一項或多項者,應得離職

(甲)破產者

(乙)該理事不再為本會之會員

(丙)以書面向本會提出辭職者。

(丁) 經會員大會通過之特別決議案,將該理事停職者。」(強調後加)

53.首先,本庭注意到黎法欽先生(即同鄉會的會長)代表被告人所做的四份誓章,都沒有附件任何文件以證明該會的會員大會曾通過任何特別決議案,停止原告人作為監事長(或理事)的職務。

54.雖然,會章第9條可賦予理事會權力在所指定的情況取消原告人的會籍,但被告人並無提供任何證據,以說明理事會在開除原告人的會籍前,有給予原告人解釋的機會甚至任何通知。再者,本庭觀察到,黎會長就同鄉會在撤換原告人監事長一職所提供的相關文件及說法,出現了不少可疑之處。

55.首先,黎會長在其第二份誓章第6(d)(iii)段最初只是說:「 原告人指被開除會籍和更換監事長,及不公佈原告人監事長一事雖為同鄉會事務,但當中是同鄉會的決定:監事長一職由2017年開始更換成黃宗清。」(強調後加)。在此,有兩點值得注意。第一,黎會長並沒有反駁原告人的說法,他被同鄉會開除會籍,黎會長反而指出原告人指控被開除會籍,是同鄉會的事務。但當原告人在其第二份誓章指出監事長的職位更換成黃宗清時,依一份日期為2022年12月11日名為 「董事會記要」的文件來看,該份文件只紀錄了在2017年撤銷監事長譚兆尹之職務,改由黃宗清擔任,但黎會長卻沒有解釋為何不能提供在2017年當年把原告人革除監事長/理事一職所通過的理事會決議案。

56.在這情況下,黎會長才在其後第三份誓章第6.4段改說:「無論如何,如同本人第二份誓章第6(d)(iii)段已經交代,同鄉會於2017年換屆時,常董會(即理事會)會議決議,撤換原告人監事長職務和財務鄭華煥(兼秘書長)的職務,任黃宗清為監事長,黃京蓮為財務,原告人會籍保留待決。…」 (強調後加)

57.黎會長更在同一段落指出在2017年撤換原告人監事長職責的詳細原因:「因爲原告人曾經以聯繫鄉親為藉口,約同鄉會秘書長兼財務鄭華煥到太子地鐵站附近富臨酒樓,其間無理地報警告鄭華煥,警察到後調查後認為是原告人無理取鬧而作出不落案處理。因上述行為同鄉會內部對於原告人的無理無禮行為深感不滿,並認為其行為嚴重損害本會之聲譽及鄉親之間深厚的友誼。於此決議後,同鄉會根據將原告人移出同鄉會微信群組,有關其會籍的事宜待決。

58.這說法頗令人感到驚訝,因為原告人在其狀書清楚作訴,他在中國大陸接受廉江政府機關調查有否「反中亂港」期間,同鄉會把他開除會籍,這亦是其中一個重要因素,導致他出現精神創傷。若然同鄉會根本沒有這樣做,黎會長理應在其早前的第一或第二份誓章已就這重要環節一早提出其說法以反駁原告人,但卻沒有這樣做,亦沒有提供任何或任何合理解釋。原告人亦有在第二份反對誓章中(日期為2025年4月7日),反駁上文第57段所引述黎會長的說法,並指出其實爲子虛烏有。[5]

59.同樣令人詫異的是,若然理事會在2017年當年已合乎章程規則有效地通過決議把原告人監事的職務革除,又可需在2022年12月11日再次通過理事會議案說:「本次會議一致通過在警務處社團註冊的香港廉江同鄉會幹事其中的譚兆尹,更換為黃宗清為監事長。」(強調後加)

60.第二,就黎會長後來所說同鄉會沒有把原告人開除會籍,依本案的證據來看,有商榷的餘地,因為就該會章的的整體詮釋,第9條可被合理演繹為,理事會須依會章的規定開除原告人的會籍,才可以與此同時革除他擔任之一切職務;而沒有授權理事會可革除原告人理事/監事長一職,但仍可保留其會籍。

61.另外,由上文引述會章第49條可見,該條文只有訂明在四種特定的情況下,一名理事應得離職。其中一種情況是,經會員大會通過特別議案把理事停職,若然會章把這權力訂明在會員大會手上,這意味有一合理詮釋:理事會便沒有權力把理事停職,又豈能把理事在不開除其會籍的情況下,撤銷其職務(最低限度,在會章條文詮釋的議題上,這可存有合理爭辯之處)。尤其是,會章第36條有明確訂明同鄉會的會員大會與理事會之間的權力分工:「理事會之職權為處理一切有關本會之事務,除本會章程會員大會通過定立之條例所指定之權力外,理事會可運用上述指定權力以外之職權及執行決議之事項,均屬有效。」(強調後加)

62.換句話說,若然沒有證據顯示同鄉會的會員大會按會章第49條曾通過特別決議案,停止原告人監事長的職務,可存有合理的爭拗空間,同鄉會的理事會需符合會章第9條的規定,召開一個特別理事會議,以大多數票數通把開除原告人的會籍,才可取消其擔任監事長(理事)之職務。

63.在收到黎會長第三份誓章後,原告人做了進一步的反對誓章,更指出在早前他與黎會長的訴訟中(案件編號 :DCCJ 635/2023)(下稱「DCCJ 635 案」) ,他附件了黎會長在該案中所做的誓章第三頁,黎會長在該頁第6段指原告人監事長之職位已於20189月,董事會決議下由原告人撤換為黃宗清出任。黎會長就這點在其第四份誓章作出的回應是,他在該案的誓章中把2017年寫成了2018年是手民之誤,換句話說,他確認原告人被解除監事長的決定是在2017年作出的。

64.但這樣卻產生了另一個爭拗議題,因為根據原告人作訴的案情,他在2018年仍是同鄉會的監事長,他要在2018年第四屆換屆[6] 改選會長的會議上之後幾個月,才接受中國大陸國家安全局的人員來港接見,然後才返回廉江市接受調查。若然原告人所言屬實,根據黎會長的說法,同鄉會又怎能在2017年已把原告人監事長一職撤換。在這方面,原告人在他其中一份誓章(日期為2025年2月25日)附件了看似是同鄉會第四屆及第五屆理事會的名單。第四屆的「理監事芳名」表列出當時的監事長名字是「譚兆尹」,而黃宗清(連同另一名字「黎相如」)只出現在副理事長的一欄[7];而在第五屆的「會董會芳名」表,監事長一欄的名字,才是「黃宗清」,而原告人的名字再沒出現在該表之上。

65.而且,本庭更注意到原告人在其(日期為2025年2月24日)的誓章第10段 引述黎會長第二份誓章第6(d)(iii)段整段後說到:「...這純屬是明顯作假,因為從2017年至今已有八年,本原告人從此至今都沒有收到開會通知,以及更換監事長的通知,我也親自問了黃宗清說他不知道開會,更不知道自己升了官當了監事長,是在“堅哥”家看了特刊才知道(备:申請黃宗清出庭作證人)並請被告嚴謹舉證,什麼時候通知開會通知書?參加會議人員的簽名?在什麼地方開會、會議議事紀要?? ...」。

66.另外,不單在DCCJ 635案其當時的誓章,黎法欽還在其抗辯書第6.1.1段 明確作訴:「原告人曾是香港廉江同鄉會(下稱「同鄉會」)的監事長。但就此,眾被告人[8] 進一步指出,約2018年9月董事會決議,撤換監事長和財務,監事長由黃宗清,財務由黃京蓮代替。...[9]而且,在該案黎法欽申請把原告人對他本人作出的申索剔除,處理該案剔除申請的暫委法官在其判詞第6段同樣指出:「原告人聲稱他是同鄉會之監事長。被告人對此不同意,並表示監事長之職位,已於2018年9月董事會決議下由原告人撤換為黃宗清先生出任。[10]

67.有鑑於此,這樣重要的時間點真的在其該案的抗辯書及誓章內都弄錯,為何到了該案的剔除申請時,還不向該案的暫委法官提出,反而讓該案的暫委法官採納為其案情及證據的一部份,以剔除原告人的申索。更甚至在是次的聆訊中,譚大律師在其陳詞大綱所引述同鄉會的立場,仍在說同鄉會於2018年開始便更換了監事長的人選(見上文第10(5)段)。

68.再者,黎會長在是次申請其第三份誓章,有附件了同鄉會日期為2018年10月12日的「會議紀要」,該紀要顯示,那次會議的議程第二項是通過常董會名單,第三項是通過新一屆架構說到:「組織架構審議,鈡文洛提議增加劉鶴年為執行會長,經表決不通過。對同鄉會第五屆組織架構沒有異議,一致通過。」 該會議紀要第5項則紀錄如下:「... 同鄉會在中國銀行開設帳戶,原理事長譚兆尹、鄭華煥、黎法欽3人有有簽有簽名權,會議通過撤銷譚兆尹簽名權,改由今屆財務黃京蓮替代。[11]

69.但根據黎會長在同一份誓章第6.4段的說法,在2017年常董會(即理事會)換屆時,原告人已做出嚴重損害同鄉會聲譽及鄉親之間深厚情誼的事,為何要等了一年後在2018年10月12日,才通過議案取消原告人在同鄉會銀行戶口的簽名權。此外,黎會長在其誓章亦附件了同鄉會第五屆會董會第一次會議(日期2018年10月12)的到會人員簽名表[12]。假若這份文件是真確,同鄉會第五屆的理事會在2018年10月才開第一次會議,又怎如2022年的「董事會記要」所說,早在一年多前(即2017年)同鄉會已換屆,出現組織架構變動。

70.本庭注意到黎會長在本案的四份誓章(第二份至第四份是關於剔除申請的誓章[13])中,都沒有明確否認原告人的指稱,當年他被中國大陸國安機關調查 他被指「反中亂港」,是黎會長 / 楊執行會長所安排的。反而,在其第二份誓誓章,黎會長卻指出原告人指控國家安全局的人員要求他接受調查而不能夠回港,並不構成起訴同鄉會的訴因。由此看來,關於原告人被開除會籍的事實背景,確實應經過審訊,由主審法官作出裁斷。因為假若原告人接受中國大陸國安機關調查,是由於當年黎會長及楊執行會長作出相關的舉報而引致,這是可與原告人指稱同鄉會後來認為他是「反中亂港」去開除他的會籍的說法相符。

71.其於上述的分析,上述凡此種種事宜,皆牽涉著嚴重的事實爭拗,應經過審訊由主審法官去作出裁斷。其中,例如同鄉會是否如原告人所說已開除了他的會籍?若有,當時同鄉會是否以原告人是「反中亂港」份子爲由,按會章第9條把他開除?另外,同鄉會是在何時(2017年或2018年)撤換原告人監事長一職,同鄉會理事會當時所持的真正原因為何?在開除原告人的會籍及/或撤換他監事長一職的事情上,同鄉會事先有否給予原告人合理通知,或給予他合理的申辯機會?

72.為完備起見,本庭或需指出,早前處理DCCJ 635案的暫委法官把原告人對黎法欽先生的申索剔除的理由是,他認為黎法欽本人對原告人並沒有負上謹慎責任。但本庭認為,這裁斷並不代表同鄉會不能為原告人負上謹慎責任,反而,依該案暫委法官的判詞來看,當時法庭的裁斷並不排除同鄉會可對原告人負上謹慎責任的可能。該判詞第49段這樣說道[14]

「49. 再者,本席同意陳大律師所指出,原告人並沒有就原告人與被告人之間存有任何謹慎責任(duty of care)而進行作訴。本席認為,就算原告人所指的事項有該責任存在,亦只會是基於「同鄉會與原告人」或「被告人與同鄉會」之間的關係,原告人與被告人之間並無任何謹慎責任存在。(強調後加)

73.另外,雖然黎會長在其第三份誓章第9段聲稱原告人於2022年10月14日曾有超速駕駛,這與原告人作訴不能駕駛的案情有矛盾。但原告人作出反駁說,他的說法看似是,他只是在服用過精神藥物不能駕駛,並非在任何時候都不能駕駛車輛。黎會長在這方面的說法,明顯涉及事實爭拗,其本身不能構成有效的剔除理由。根本而言,於本案的整體證據作觀察,本庭認為,原告人究竟是否因他指控同鄉會在開除他的會籍及撤銷他監事長一職的事情上所出現的違犯,而導致他的精神病復發,基於上述的法理及證據的分析,這議題確實存有可合理爭辯之處,當然不可被當作沒有任何基礎去支持原告人的相關案情,或他在這方面的申索並沒有任何成功的機會。

74.至於若然主審法官判定有關精神創傷的賠償是可以被追討時,有關的賠償額亦應由主審法官來決定,在現階段雙方甚至還未有進入交換證人陳述書的階段,現在當然並非適當時候,去考慮原告人所申索的精神創傷的相關賠償額的合理性。

被開除會籍期間所喪失同鄉會福利的賠償

75.在本案中,本庭認為有證據顯示在有關時段內,中國大陸的有關政府機關或部門有向同鄉會送來月餅、年糕、紅橙等禮物,而這些禮物是可由同鄉會派發給其會員及其家人,而亦有派發了給一些會員(例如原告人所知道的黃宗清及另一名叫「堅哥」的會員)(亦参見:原告人日期為2025年2月24日的誓章第7及13段)

76.原告人又引述會章第6條以支持他在這方面的申索:

「第六條:本會會員可享有下列權利和義務:

...

(3) 可享用本會舉辦的一切福利。」

77.但黎會長在其第三份誓章指出該條文並不涉及指明原告人或其家人或任何特定背景的人士必定能夠獲得同鄉會派發,來自家鄉政府的禮物,同鄉會並沒有責任必然向其會員派發,派發與否屬同鄉會的酌情權。

78.首先,由於同鄉會的會章的基本性質是會員之間所共同遵守的合約條文,對於有關條文的詮釋,表面上亦應根據詮釋合約的一般法則去處理。在這方面,法律典籍Lewison on The Interpretation of Contracts 第8版,第848頁就行使合約賦予酌情權的一方,所應遵守的一般法則(節錄如下):

“ 11. Contractual Discretion

Where a contract confers a discretion on one party, and the exercise of that discretion may adversely affect the interests of the other party, it will usually be implicit that the discretion must be exercised honestly and rationally and for the purpose for which it was conferred. An exercise of contractual discretion may be challenged on the same grounds that apply to a challenge to an administrative decision in public law.”

79.基本而言,假若合約一方行使該酌情權會負面影響到合約的另一方的權益時,應要誠實及理性地去行使該酌情權,亦要顧及行使該酌情權的目的。

80.顧及本案的整體證據,尤其是該會章的整體條文,及同鄉會成立的目的,本庭認為有關禮物(甚至更概括而言,同鄉會給予會員的福利的分配及派發)基本上是應交由理事會決定,而理事會原先是否應根據上述法則去行駛酌情權,去派發有關物資禮物給原告人及其家人,但若然沒有這樣做,是否應向原告人作出相關賠償,確實有可爭辯之處。

81.基於上述,假如原告人的案情最終經審訊後被法庭接納,他是被錯誤地開除會籍,表面上,同鄉會便會是基於一個錯誤的事實基礎,去行駛酌情權不派發有關會員福利給他。從以上的分析,本庭認為,就這方面的議題會涉及對會章條文的詮釋、同鄉會成立的相關事實背景,及不派發有關禮物給原告人及其家人的實際背景·情況,這些都牽涉到事實上的判斷,應由主審法官考慮過本案所有的證據後,才作出定斷。因此,實不適宜在這階段便貿然把原告人這方面的申索剔除,否則是有違公義,亦違反了相關剔除申請的法則。

要求退回捐給同鄉會的 $5000

82.就這項申索,原告人在其誓章中基本上的說法是,同鄉會在就他的捐款HK$5,000發給他收據,寫上「贊助廉江 - 中乐队 」是 同鄉會的人員寫上的, 他確實並不知同鄉會怎樣運用他的的捐款。而同鄉會的立場是,這捐款與原告人加入同鄉會並無關係。

83.但本庭留意到會章第5條把會員分成兩大類,一種是「普通會員」,而另一種是「特別會員」,特別會員是需要繳付特定的入會費,而形容有關入會費的用詞是「捐助」,而特別會員向同鄉會繳付的捐助,會撥入同鄉會之基金。經小心考慮本案的整體證據後(包括原告人所說,他是同鄉會的創始成員) , 本庭認為原告人所申索退回的HK$5,000的捐助,是否屬於他的會費的一部份,依現有的證據來看,是存有可爭拗之處。

84.其中,本庭又觀察到,假如這款項的真正性質是屬於原告人繳付給同鄉會的會費,而同鄉會又錯誤地開除原告人的會籍,不合乎會章的情況下剝奪了他原本可在同鄉會作為特別會員的一切權利/權益,但會章卻訂明每名會員都享有第6條之下所貨賦予的各種權利,在上述的情況下,原告人可否取回他早前給同鄉會的會費(或其任何部份),這會牽涉到複雜的復還濟助(restitutionary relief) 的法理原則,尤其是,該原則於非法團組織與其會員之間的關係上應用。如上文所說,同鄉會並沒有獨立實體,同鄉會只是由各名會員共同組成,而原告人亦是其中一員。

85.除上述之外,本庭還認為,在同鄉會仍在運作期間, 表面上,理事會都是替各會員(包括原告人)代為處理同鄉會收取的任何款項(包括原告人對同鄉會作出的任何捐助), 而兩者之間是否存有如信託人(理事會)及受益人(會員)般的關係或存在着其他法律的關係,是需要小心、認真處理的的法律問題。因此,假如同鄉會的基金有任何剩餘款項的話,原告人在被錯誤地開除會籍的情況下,是否絕對不能夠向同鄉會申索他曾給予同鄉會的HK$5,000的款項,法庭是難以亦不應在沒有清晰的案例的情況下,便貿然作出最終的判斷。更何況,譚大律師在這方面並沒有提供任何相關案例供法庭參考。因此, 這些可爭拗的議題應經過審訊後由主審法官考慮過案中整體的證據後及相關法理後,才作出相關的判定。在上述情況下,本庭認為,並非顯而易見地可以在現階段把這項申索剔除。

要求公開道歉的濟助

86.原告人要求同鄉會向他及其家人公開道歉,看來並非法庭在本案中可給予他的濟助。但另一方面,法庭觀察到被告人的傳票只是要求把原告人整份傳訊另狀及申索陳述書剔除,撤銷他在本案提出的訴訟,並沒有作出任何交替申請要求申索陳述書內的任何一部份剔除。綜合觀察過被告人是次剔除申請的情況後,本庭不行使酌情權把原告人所要求的公開道歉濟助個別獨立地剔除。但本庭會下令,原告人須在今天起計21天內向法庭及被告人表示會否放棄這一項要求的濟助;本庭亦會作出指示,要求聆案官在處理本案的案件管理傳票或會議時(視乎合適的情況而定),跟進這方面的事宜,以及根據該規則第15號命令第12(2) 條,原告人需否向法庭申請委任合適的人士代表同鄉會,以繼續本案的法律程序。(見《香港民事訴訟程序2025》第一冊,第15/12/11及15/12/24段),但這指示並不妨礙原告人在這之前按第15號命令第12(2) 條就上述事宜向法庭提出相關的申請。

結論

87.基於以上的原因,被告人的剔除申請的傳票應被撤銷。

延期存檔抗辯書的傳票

88.原告人的傳訊令狀是在2024年5月13日於本法院登記處發出的。原告人指稱他已有效將有關傳訊令狀連同其申索陳述書送達與被告人。但沒有爭議的是被告人在2024年11月28日已存檔了傳送令狀送達認收書,表示就本案有關法律程序提出爭議。

89.基於上文就剔除申請的分析,由於本庭認為雙方就原告人所申索的濟助(除原告人要求被告人對他及其家人公開道歉之外)皆存有可爭辯之處,基於案件的整體公義來看,本地認為應給予被告人延期存檔其抗辯書。(見:Schindler Lifts (Hong Kong) Ltd Ocean Joy Investment Ltd [2002] 1 HKLRD 279;亦参見:Kwan Tat Chung Ho Cheuk Kwun (HCPI 381/2002, 5.12.2002)判詞第9至11及14段)

90.因此,經考慮過本案的整體情況後,本庭行使酌情權批准被告人於本判決下達起計28天內存檔其抗辯書。

非正審判決的申請

91.由於本庭已批准了被告人的延期申請,因此,再沒需要處理原告人就非正審判決的申請(見:Schindler Lifts (Hong Kong) Ltd案第19段)。在這情況下,本庭就該申請,不作任何命令。

命令

92.基於上述,本庭頒令如下:

(1) 被告人的剔除申請的傳票被撤銷;

(2) 批准被告人由今天起計28天內存檔其抗辯書;

(3) 就原告人提出的非正審判決的申請,不作任何命 令;

(4) 原告人須在今天起計21天內以信函方式,通知法庭及被告人的代表律師,會否放棄要求被告人向他及其家人作出公開道歉的濟助;

(5) 聆案官在處理本案的案件管理傳票或會議時(視乎合適的情況而定),需跟進上文第86段所指的事宜。

訟費

93.由於剔除申請的傳票被撤銷,而被告人向法庭申請延期存檔期抗辯書,一般而言,都需給予原告人相關的訟費,但由於原告人是親自行事的關係,沒有律師代表,他所申請的非性審判決,亦不獲批准。本庭經小心考慮過本案整體的情況後(包括雙方在是次聆訊中各自處理其申請的方法,以及向本庭所能提供到的協助),本庭認為在是次聆訊中,就上述三項申請,皆不作出任何訟費命令,是公允及恰當的做法。因此,就上述的各項申請,本庭不作任何訟費命令。

  ( 何世文 )
  區域法院暫委法官

原告人:無律師代表,並親自應訊

被告人:由譚錦棠律師事務所譚明德大律師代表



[1]   本案中沒有爭議,黎會長是一名叫黎法欽的人士。

[2]   本案中沒有爭議,該黃姓男子是一名叫黃宗清的人士。

[3]   被告人陳詞大綱所附註的相關英文用詞是「causation at law and in fact」。

[4]   見被告人陳詞大綱第3.7.3.5 段。

[5]   聆訊文件冊149至150頁

[6]   從本聆訊的整體證據看來,看似是第四屆換成第五屆的。

[7]   聆訊文件冊102頁

[8]   該案的另一名被告人是黎法欽的女兒黎相如。

[9]   聆訊文件冊130至131頁

[10]   聆訊文件冊44頁

[11]   聆訊文件冊144至145頁

[12]   聆訊文件冊146頁

[13]   黎會長第一份誓章是用作反對原告人申請非正審判決及被告人申請延期存檔抗辯書的誓章。

[14]   聆訊文件冊57頁