宏福花園業主立案法團 對 吳錦娟

Case No.LDBM 135/2023
Court
Lands Tribunal
Date23 Oct 2026
Judge李紹豪
Case Document
100%

LDBM 135/2023

[2026] HKLdT 59

香港特別行政區

土地審裁處

建築物管理申請編號2023年第135宗

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  宏福花園業主立案法團 申請人
  及  
  吳錦娟 答辯人

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主審法官: 土地審裁處法官李紹豪(書面審理)
答辯方申請陳詞 2026年5月19日
申請方反對陳詞 2026年6月9日
答辯方回應陳詞 2026年6月23日
頒發判決書日期: 2026年10月23日

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判決書
上訴許可及暫緩執行等候上訴或許可申請

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1.本案經2025年6月2至5日審訊,及兩輪書面結案陳詞審理完畢後,本席在2026年1月30日頒下判案書(該判案書)[1]。該判案書的判決(該判決),包括下令吳須在42天內移除固定安裝在該31E單位外牆的該散熱器及該些喉管,並將該受損外牆還原至原狀(該強制令)。

2.審訊時,劉獲聘代表法團出庭,而吳則沒有律師代表,授權身為工程師的其夫曾代表出庭。

3.2026年3月13日,吳透過審訊後新聘代表律師存檔傳票(該傳票), 1)在其第1段申請針對該判決獲批上訴許可(該許可申請);2)在其第2段申請暫緩執行該判決,直至針對該判決的上訴作出裁斷為止(該暫緩申請),及3)在其第3段申請(倘若申請1)及/或2)不獲准的話)暫緩執行該判決,直至上訴法庭就該許可申請作出裁斷為止(該交替暫緩申請,申請2)及3)統稱該兩暫緩申請,而申請1)至3)統稱該三申請)。法團一概反對該三申請,並要求審裁處撤銷該傳票。

4.審裁處曾發出指示,批准雙方就該傳票第2及3段的該兩暫緩申請(而非第1段的該許可申請)存檔誓章。曾在2026年3月13日代表吳存檔支持誓章(曾支持誓章),黃代表法團在4月10日存檔反對誓章(黃反對誓章),曾其後再在4月20日存檔回應誓章(曾回應誓章)。

5.本席已全面考慮了劉代表法團提交的書面陳詞及案例,以及吳審訊後新聘的黃俊銘大律師(黃)提交的兩輪書面陳詞及案例。

6.另在該傳票存檔前,吳在2026年2月13日在沒有律師下存檔表格1,申請更改該判決內的暫准訟費命令,及申請暫緩執行該強制令(該表格1申請)。在本判決書頒發當日,本席將同日就該表格1申請頒發判決書(該判決書)。為免重覆,本席下文將部分採納該判決書的內容。

該判案書理由概要

7.該屋苑1995年入伙,共4座1024個單位,分兩房及三房單位,由房協發展及擔任首任經理人直至法團成立。吳自2004年起是該31E單位這三房單位的註冊業主,該31E單位設有多個冷氣機平台,其客飯廳面向天井的外牆有一個冷氣機平台,而另一邊窗外則設有該花槽。法團在2021年4月依條例成立,按該公契取替房協以經理人身份管理該屋苑,同年6月聘請昇捷協助:見B部分。

8.吳一方承認,她在2022年4月完成在該31E單位外安裝該判案書附上圖1該照片紅框內標記的該散熱器:第176(3)段。

9.2022年10月,昇捷向吳發出警告信,要求拆除該散熱器及還原該31E單位外牆:第176(4)段。同年12月,法團再張貼通告,指吳及另一業主違規安裝冷氣機:第179段。

10.2023年6月及7月,法團律師再兩度去信吳作出拆除要求但不果:第175(4)段。同年10月,法團提出本申請,針對向吳要求包括該強制令。

11.法團的案情,可見於C1部分。法團重點指,吳在沒有其批准下,用螺絲等將該散熱器及該些喉管固定在該31E單位外牆上,而該些喉管沿外牆伸延至下方該花槽,違反了1)該公契第42(a)條及2)第42(m)條(第32段)、3)該補充公契第36(c)條及4)第36(v)條(第40段),以及5)條例第34I(1)(a)條(第45段)。

12.其中,該屋苑每名住宅業主均按該補充公契第36(v)條向其他業主作出契諾:【not to install any air-conditioning units or plants through the windows or external walls of the Residential Premises except at places provided therefor and in accordance with the fixing instructions specified by the Manager(斜體後加)】(第36(v)條)。

13.吳的抗辯理由眾多,可見於C2部分,包括該散熱器是安裝在該花槽附屬的開箱形冷氣機台範圍,該位置屬她本人的專用地方,並非公眾地方,不用法團同意便可使用。兩房及三房單位的客飯廳花槽位置,都有相同設計,居民無需另行安裝冷氣機承托架於外牆牆身,而該等設計是記錄在該批准圖則內。該屋苑其他單位也安裝冷氣機在相同花槽位置多年,她的單位並非先例,她有合理期望同樣使用該位置。房協、法團及昇捷,都沒有在她安裝前發出通告,指該花槽冷氣機台上不能安裝冷氣機,或指如此做有違公契。

14.吳否認違反該等公契或條例。

15.吳另指,她2021年10月開展全屋裝修前,曾向管理處提出裝修申請,並按該屋苑裝修指引聘請合資格承辦商安裝該散熱器。2022年7月全屋裝修完成後,她在無違規下獲管理處歸還裝修押金。而在安裝冷氣機前,她有參考其他兩房及三房單位的安裝方法、 該批准圖則、該等公契,及諮詢建築專業人士[2]。

16.本席審訊時聽取了法團主席黃、吳及曾三名事實證人的證供,以及林及黎兩名專家證人的證供:見D部分。

17.本席首先認為,自2004年起,吳便受制及得益於該等公契,可享有其他業主在其內對她作出契諾(covenant)的裨益,同時她也須向其他業主履行其內她作出契諾的責任。而條例第34I條,本席再認為,適用於具備有效公契的該屋苑:見J部分。

18.本席經考慮證據後裁斷,該散熱器是用螺絲穿過屬於該31E單位外牆的【該平板】,固定在(或釘在)該平板的斜面上,以防止它往下墮:第91段。而該散熱器是連上該些喉管,而該些喉管是向下延伸到該花槽:第131段。

19.本席裁定,該平板[3]有100毫米高, 2,900毫米闊(第76段),又該平板不是懸臂式設計,不宜稱之為【簷篷】,也不應如林作供稱之為【樑】,反合適如黎作供稱之爲【板】(第93(2)及(3)段)。本席另接納林意見,該平板【不屬於結構構件】,【不承載負載】:第93(4)段。

20.經考慮該等公契條文、條例定義及附表1,適用詮釋公契的法律原則,本席認定,該31E 單位的外牆(包括該平板)屬條例下的【公用部分】:第24及33段,及K部分。

21.雖然吳有權按照該公契第4(a)條及第4(b)條,及該補充公契第4(a)條及第4(b) 條使用【公用部分】作其設計用途,但本席認為,該等權利的前提(provided)是吳必須遵守該等公契的契諾,包括法團依賴控告她的條文(及條例第34I條)。倘若她遵守了公契的相關授權或批准條文,她便不會被視作違反條例第34I條,反之則條例第34I條可針對她適用:第27及36段,及L部分。

22.本席繼而先考慮吳有否遵守第36(v)條。基於吳以螺絲穿透該平板表面的方式固定(或釘)該散熱器在該31E單位的外牆,本席認定,她表面上違反了第36(v)條上的安裝限制:第108段。

23.就第36(v)條住宅業主安裝冷氣機限制的【例外】情況(except),本席認為,吳需滿足共兩個條件才可依賴:即1)她【安裝】在【指定位置】(at places provided therefor)(第1例外條件);及(and)2)【按照經理人指示】【安裝】(in accordance with the fixing instructions specified by the Manager)(第2例外條件):第156(2)段。

24.針對第1例外條件的詮釋,本席沿用詮釋公契的法律原則(第114及56段),認為可考慮該批准圖則A7圖及A8圖兩圖上的記載:第115及116段。

25.兩專家在該聯合陳述書內的共同意見,本席接納的是,該批准圖則是有預留安裝冷氣機的位置,圖則內用上包括【A/C BOX】來代表安裝位置。要確定安裝位置,須同時參照A7圖和A8圖。圖則沒有規定冷氣機種類,即窗口機或分體式冷氣機皆可。在該批准圖則內,【A/C BOX】的位置是顯示在剖面圖,包括A8圖內的【DETAIL 2】剖面圖:第75(1)至(4)段。

26.A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖記載了一個長方形的【A/C BOX】位置,其範圍是用【虛線】組成,與其下方屬該31E單位外牆的該平板之間存在【空隙】(該空隙):第144段。該平板再往下,便是該花槽:見該判案書第68頁附上的黎報告內縮細了的「DETAIL 2」剖面圖(該剖面圖正好用上了31樓及32樓水平展示相關設計),及第72段。

27.兩專家對A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖記載的上述預留作安裝冷氣機的長方形(及用【虛線】組成的)【A/C BOX】位置,是否【懸空】在該平板之上,在證供上存在嚴重分歧,並構成二人的核心意見分歧:第117段。林的意見,在第110及78段。而黎的不同意見,則在第79段及113段。

28.基於黎的上述意見,吳一方力陳該散熱器已【安裝】在【指定位置】,滿足第1例外條件:第109段。而法團一方則依賴林的上述相反意見,力指該散熱器並沒有【安裝】在【指定位置】,因而吳沒有滿足第1例外條件:第111段。

29.在沿用案例原則詮釋第1例外條件時,本席認為:

(1)  由於其局限,該建督回覆對吳一方的主張(及黎就兩專家核心意見分歧的論點)幫助不大:M1.7部分;

(2)  該等公契制定後才出現的小型工程監管制度,有別於林的意見,不宜納入來詮釋第1例外條件:M1.8部分;

(3)  當年在【A/C BOX】位置可先安裝冷氣機箱或架的技術可行性,應作為背景用來詮釋第1例外條件:M1.9部分;

(4)  林提供(並依賴)的2000年3月才生效的屋宇署給認可人士的關於《空調機凝結水的排放》的作業備考,不是詮釋第1例外條件的背景材料:M1.10部分;

(5)  就林作供指,根據渠務圖則,該平板沒有預留冷氣機排水喉管,支持他在兩專家核心意見分歧的意見,並不成立:M1.11部分;

(6)  林作供指該平板斜面這事實支持他在兩專家核心意見分歧上的意見的論點成立:M1.12部分;

(7)  該平板不負重這點,有力支持林在兩專家核心意見分歧上的立場:M1.13部分;

(8)  該空隙出現在組成【A/C BOX】的長方形虛線,以及下方的該平板之間,也支持林在兩專家核心意見分歧上的意見:M1.14部分;

(9)  法團另依賴的該公契第 42(a)條、該公契第42(m)條,以及該補充公契第36(c)條,也一定程度支持林在兩專家核心意見分歧上的意見:M1.15部分;及

(10)  合適一併考慮第2例外條件來詮釋第1例外條件,而第2例外條件亦支持林在兩專家核心意見分歧上的意見:M1.16部分。

30.經考慮上述一系列支持林的意見的證據及條文後,本席採納林就兩專家核心意見分歧上的意見,而棄黎的相反意見,裁定第1例外條件的正確詮釋為:在A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖上用虛線組成及和下方該平板之間存在該空隙的用【A/C BOX】文字標示的【指定】安裝冷氣機【位置】,實是【懸空】而不和下方該平版斜面接觸,當年設計上須按照經理人指示先安裝冷氣機箱或台後,才可安裝冷氣機在其內:第159及160段。

31.本席因此接納劉的陳詞, 裁定法團已證實該散熱器並沒有被安裝在該第36(v)條的【指定】【安裝位置】,而吳也未能證明她滿足了第1例外條件:第161段。

32.接著,就曾陳詞指,法團有責任向吳事前發出安裝指示而自2004年至吳安裝前沒有這樣做,吳因此沒有違反任何安裝指示,本席認為,第36(v)條業主契諾第2例外條件的正確詮釋是:需由個別業主在安裝前,主動向經理人申報其擬安裝的機種等資料索取指示,由經理人審視當時的技術、法例及單位狀況等之後給予指示。第2例外條件並沒有硬性規定經理人必須一次過預先向所有業主發出指示,或須主動接觸每一業主(或主動接觸未來每一買家業主)發出指示:第163至167段。

33.在證據上,本席再裁斷,吳從來沒有主動向經理人就該散熱器的安裝【詢問】或【索取指示】,因此她並沒有【按照經理人指示】【安裝】該散熱器,或獲得法團的批准安裝該散熱器。故此,除沒滿足第1例外條件外,她也沒滿足第2例外條件:第168至170段,及第162段。

34.本席因此裁定吳違反了第36(v)條:第171段。

35.在上述違反裁定、本席的事實裁斷及本席就該等公契條文(及和條例的)相互關係的法律看法下,本席繼而裁定吳也違反了該公契第42(a)條及第42(m)條、該補充公契第36(c)條,以及條例第34I(1)(a)條:第172及173段。

36.接著,本席考慮一系列因素,包括吳一方提出的其他多點反對理據,考慮是否行使本席的酌情權頒發該強制令。其中,本席考慮了在法團2021年4月成立前,除吳外,該屋苑還有其他 12宗類似的違規安裝冷氣機(即用螺絲固定冷氣機在外牆),及法團至今仍未針對這些其他單位業主提訴這點。最終,本席認為,仍然合適針對吳頒發該強制令:N至Q部分。

37.為完整起見,本席還決定不處理(或全面處理)曾陳詞提出的一眾和案件爭議無關,或之前沒有提出、或沒被兩專家引用(或沒向林或黃盤問)的其他許多指稱、條文、用語、定義及作業備考,以及兩房單位有和該31E單位相同冷氣機箱設計的論點及證據:第46、47、49、50及59段。

38.最終,本席在審訊後頒發該強制令:第191段。

該許可申請

適用法律條文及原則

39.對於黃在其申請陳詞8(1)段引述本席的判決書[4]道出上述條文及原則,本席絕無異議。

40.本席謹記,吳只可以以該判決在【法律論點上有錯誤】為由向上訴法庭提出上訴。除非吳獲批上訴許可,否則她不得上訴。批出的許可就該判決的某特定爭論點而批予,及受為使上訴得到包括迅速處置而需要的條件所規限。除非本席信納吳擬進行的上訴有【合理機會得直】,或有【其他有利於秉行公正的理由】應進行,否則不得批予許可[5]。關於【合理機會得直】的意思,雖然上訴得直機會無需達到「很可能發生」的準則,但亦需要多於「不是空想」或「只是可爭拗」的機會。

41.另外,如劉所陳,上訴法庭曾有案例[6]提醒:審裁處有權在判決中闡述其決定的主要要點,而不必闡述、討論然後駁回訴訟雙方所提出的每一個論點。最重要的是,它是一個專責審裁處。除非審裁處有明顯犯下錯誤或遺漏任何實質因素,否則申請人不得要求上訴法院重新審理他們向審裁處提出的所有論點,並粉飾此類論點為審裁處犯下法律錯誤[7]。

草擬上訴通知書

42.吳的上訴理由,載於該傳票附上的由黃草擬的14頁長草擬上訴通知書(該通知書)第2至14頁(該等理由),共5點17段。在該通知書第2頁,除了訟費外,吳一方只要求上訴法庭撤銷該強制令,及駁回法團的禁制令濟助要求,並沒有其他要求。

43.看該等理由標題,吳一方指:

(1)  本席錯誤詮釋第36(v)條;

(2)  本席對專家證據作有悖常理(perverse)及不合理(unreasonable)的評估及依賴;

(3)  本席錯誤適用第36(v)條導致作出錯誤的違反裁斷;

(4)  本席遺漏考慮(或沒有充分考慮)免除(waiver)、默許(acquiescence)及/或權利延誤(laches)的抗辯;及

(5)  本案存在有利於秉行公正的理由應批出許可

(下文分稱第1至第5點上訴理由)。

第1點上訴理由

44.這載於該等理由第2至5段[8],原文如下:

2.  The Judge however erred in failing to identify or have regard to the following features which are crucial to interpreting Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC correctly: -

(1)  Reading the DMCs as a whole, the specific purpose and intent of having Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC is to permit owners to install air-conditioning units “at places provided therefor” and “in accordance with the fixing instructions specified by the Manager”, notwithstanding that such designated areas may form part of the common areas;

(2)  Clause 4(b) of the DMC and Clause 4(b) of the Supplemental DMC expressly entitles owners to use the common areas “for the purposes for which the same are designed and intended to be used”, precisely providing the foundation for Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC to designate places (whether being common areas or not) for the purpose of installing air-conditioning units Clause as intended under A7&8;

(3)  The natural and ordinary meaning of the 1st Condition and the 2nd Condition, with the former governing where, whilst the latter governing how, air-conditioning units should be installed;

(4)  The stipulated consequence upon fulfilling the 1st Condition and the 2nd Condition under Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC, being that an owner is thereby allowed to “install any air-conditioning units or plants through the windows or external walls of the Residential Premises”;

(5)  The sectional diagram named “Detail 2” (“Detail 2”) on A7&8 gives an express and unequivocal designation of the precise location marked “A/C BOX”, which, as agreed between parties’ experts, represents the place where air-conditioning units are to be installed (Judgment §75(2)).

3.  The Judge therefore erred in adopting a wrong approach in construing the 1st Condition and reaching an erroneous reading: -

(1)  The Judge misunderstood and mischaracterised the 1st Condition as a requirement as to how or the way in which the air-conditioning units should be installed, when the same should be a requirement concerning where the air-conditioning units should be installed.

(2)  Proceeding on such erroneous basis, the Judge considered the wrong or irrelevant question of whether the air-conditioning units should be installed within a supporting frame or the same should be directly installed on the concrete slab forming the base of the planter box protruding from the external wall (the “Slab”) (Judgment §117), when the correct question to ask should be where are the “places provided therefor” designated for installing air-conditioning units.

(3)  In addressing the said wrong or irrelevant question, the Judge took into account irrelevant factors, particularly the slope of the Slab (Judgment §§134-138) and the load-bearing capacity of the Slab (Judgment §§139-143), both relating to irrelevant consideration of how the air-conditioning units should be installed as a matter of structural safety. In any events, the Judge misunderstood the effects of these factors, if any, in the interpretation exercise.

(4)  Meanwhile, the Judge failed to take into account or to give any sufficient weight to the most directly relevant factor in the ascertainment of the “places provided therefor”, which is the designation of the area marked “A/C BOX” on Detail 2.

(5)  Such erroneous approach led the Judge to the erroneous conclusion that, under the 1st Condition, the air-conditioning units cannot be directly fixed or installed on the Slab (Judgment §160), notwithstanding that the plain language of “at places provided therefor” is incapable of importing such restriction and that neither A7&8 nor Detail 2 specify such restriction.

(6)  On a correct reading of the 1st Condition, the Judge should have held that the “places provided therefor” refer to the areas marked as the “A/C BOX” on Detail 2 and that the Condenser is installed squarely within such designated area in compliance with the 1st Condition. The 1st Condition does not dictate, one way or the other, whether the air-conditioning units can be directly fixed or installed on the Slab.

4.  The Judge likewise erred in adopting a wrong approach in construing the 2nd Condition and reaching an erroneous reading: -

(1)  The Judge deviated from the actual language of the 2nd Condition, being “in accordance with the fixing instructions specified by the Manager”, in the interpretation process. By construing the 2nd Condition as requiring owners to take the initiative to approach the Manager (Judgment §167(9)), seek approval from the Manager (Judgment §170), and to obtain specific fixing instructions before any installation (Judgment §167(9)), the Judge invented various requirements which the language of the 2nd Condition cannot connote.

(2)  The Judge misunderstood the relation between the 1st Condition and the 2nd Condition (Judgment §§157-158). Precisely because the DMCs impose no restriction on the installation of air-conditioning units except the 1st Condition concerning the place of installation, the 2nd Condition entrusts the Manager with the liberty and power to issue fixing instructions applicable to all or groups of owners to maintain safety and consistency across the estate.

(3)  The factors relied upon in support of the Judge’s interpretation are irrelevant, insignificant and/or illogical, and most importantly inconsistent with the Manager’s role as the one being responsible for the management of the estate’s affairs (Judgment §§167(1)-(10)).

(4)  On a correct reading of the 2nd Condition, the Judge should have held that the Manager is at liberty to issue fixing instructions in respect of the installation of air-conditioning units and the owners are obliged to comply with such fixing instructions (if so issued) when installing air-conditioning units pursuant to Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC. There was no such fixing instruction at the time when the Condenser was installed in 2022 (indeed there was never any) and hence there cannot be any breach of the 2nd Condition.

5.  Accordingly: -

(1)  The Judge’s interpretation of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC is erroneous.

(2)  The Judge’s finding that the Respondent is in breach of the same (Judgment §171) is erroneous.

(3)  The Judge’s consequential finding on the breaches of Section 34(I)(1)(a) of the Building Management Ordinance (Cap 344), Clauses 36(c) of the Supplemental DMC, and Clauses 42(a) and 42(m) of the DMC is erroneous (Judgment §172-173). In this connection, the Judge erred in failing to acknowledge that Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC isolates the “places provided therefor” being a specific part of the building designed and designated for the installation of air-conditioning units from the general common parts, and that other provisions in the DMCs concerning the external wall must be subject to the specific provision of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC.

45.本席拒絕就這點上訴理由批出許可,理由如下。

46.就該等理由第2段指本席忽略了可用於正確詮釋第36(v)條的考量及事宜,本席實已在第40段、第27段、第36段、第106段、第172段、第156(2)段,及第75(4)段考慮了。

47.有別於該等理由第3段所指,本席絕對沒有忘記第1例外條件的4個英文用字是【at places provided therefor】,反倒是黃無視該兩專家的核心意見分歧,在於A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖上記載預留作安裝冷氣機的長方形(及用虛線組成的)A/C BOX【位置】是否【懸空】在該平板之上。黃申請陳詞第39(4)段,本席認為,並不正確。無論如何,兩專家不外提供他們的專業意見協助本席,最終由本席依照案例原則詮釋第1例外條件。

48.故此,本席認為,本席詮釋第1例外條件的進路,是完全無可詬病的。視乎上述預留安裝【位置】【懸空】在該平板之上與否,當然有不同的安裝方法:見第117段。

49.而該平板的斜面及該平板不負重這兩點,如第138段、第142及143段所述,顯而易見是可協助解決兩專家的核心意見分歧,即上述預留安裝冷氣機【位置】是否【懸空】在該平板上,因此和正確詮釋第1例外條件有關,而非如黃申請陳詞第41段所指,單純和第2例外條件經理人如何發出安裝指示有關。

50.針對該等理由第3(5)段,本席絕不同意【at places provided therefor】4個英文字,有限制預留的安裝【位置】不可【懸空】(或禁止該等【位置】【懸空】)在該平板上。

51.除重覆第115段外,本席重申,兩專家的共同證據是:A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖上用虛線組成的A/C BOX【位置】,與其下方的該平板之間,是存在【該空隙】的。

52.而林的證供,不論在該聯合陳述書內,或在證人台上,本席強調,均須整體考慮。林供稱,A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖上用虛線組成及和下方該平板之間存在該空隙的用【A/C BOX】文字標示的【指定】安裝冷氣機【位置】,實是【懸空】在該平板之上,故當年設計上須先安裝冷氣機箱或架後,才可安裝冷氣機在該等冷氣機箱或架之內:見第78段、110段、124段、134段、142段及146段。

53.本席接著處理該等理由第4段。本席絕不同意本席有偏離第36(v)條住宅業主安裝限制的第2例外條件的10個英文用字,即【in accordance with the fixing instructions specified by the Manager】。

54.上述10個英文用字,本席得指出,出現在【住宅業主】在外牆等安裝冷氣機【限制】的【契諾】之內,而非【經理人】的【權利】或【權力】條款之內。它們亦絕對沒有禁止不可由擬打算安裝的住宅業主採取主動索取(及按照)經理人指示安裝,反倒看該通知書第4(4)段,吳一方對它們新增了不存在的【(if so issued)】或【(if any)】字眼,或不存在的【at liberty】字眼。如劉反對陳詞第43段所陳,在吳沒有獲經理人指示下,絕對談不上她有【按照】【in accordance with】經理人所發指示【the fixing instructions specified by the Manager】安裝這回事。

55.黃在申請陳詞第30段承認,依照確立已久詮釋公契的法律原則,第1例外條件及第2例外條件須一併整體考慮:見M1.16部分。如第154及157段所述,倘若業主可直接放置冷氣機接觸(或穿過)外牆(即安裝【位置】非【懸空】在該平板之上的話),該等公契的制定者多不會進一步規定第2例外條件,單純規定第1例外條件即可。本席因此絕不同意本席有誤解了兩個例外條件之間的關係。

56.另本席認為,第2例外條件本身也是對【住宅業主】在外牆等安裝冷氣機的其中一個【限制】,擬打算安裝的業主(透過合資格承辦商等,如需協助的話)有責任索取(及遵守)經理人的安裝指示,實屬合情合理。誠然,經理人(及法團)有【管理】該屋苑的【職責及義務】(見第29、30、43及44段),但吳在享用該等公契契諾裨益之餘,同時有契諾責任【遵守】其規定。

57.同樣地,黃在申請陳詞第33段承認,該第36(v)條須一併和該等公契【保護】【外牆】這【公用部分】的其他條文整體考慮。本席因此也不同意黃回應陳詞第8段指,本席有錯誤考慮這些其他條文來協助詮釋第1例外條件:見M1.15部分。

58.如黃申請陳詞第24段承認,終審法院在Donora Company Limited 訴 荃錦中心業主立案法團 案[9]有規定(及本席在該判案書內有謹記)如下:

【In line with the modern approach to construction, the DMC should be read as a whole in light of the factual and legal context of its making and the practical objects which it was intended to achieve. Textual analysis and contextualism are tools in the construction exercise and the utility of each tool vary according to the circumstances of the particular document or documents. To arrive at a proper construction, the court has to conduct a unitary exercise in each case going through an iterative process. In light of that, one cannot place too much reliance on cases decided in respect of another deed of mutual covenant designed for another building.(斜體後加)】。

59.如本席在第56段及98段所述,公契須作客觀詮釋,視乎該等公契制定時(而非之後)的情況,亦非受個別人士(不管吳、黃或房協)的主觀看法或後續行為所左右。

60.上訴法庭在黎偉雄 訴 信和物業管理有限公司 案[10],在引述黃申請陳詞第25段提述的Sino Channel Holdings Ltd訴Vast Faith Investment Ltd案[11]後,便曾重申:

【The overriding objective in construction is to give effect to what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to mean. Instead of focusing on the ordinary and natural meanings of a few words in a clause, very often the broader context provides surer guide(斜體後加)】。

61.因此,如本席就第1例外條件進路的結論一樣,本席詮釋第2例外條件的進路,本席同樣認為,絕無可詬病之處。

62.有別於該等理由第4(3)段,本席就第2例外條件在第167段考慮的眾多事宜,包括審視吳一方主張對經理人進行【有效物業管理】的影響,本席認為,毫無疑問是【有關】、【合適】,及【合乎邏輯】的。

63.就第1例外條件,本席看來,黃實質指,只須考慮A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖上用上虛線及【A/C BOX】文字標示的三維【位置】便足夠,其他什麼也不用再考慮,全都是經理人就第2例外條件的關注。如本席在第167段評論曾就第2例外條件的陳詞,黃的這等觀點,也未免同樣【過於狹隘】,及絕對有違案例上確立已久詮釋公契條文時,要同時考慮其上文下理、整體公契、該屋苑的設計、當時的建造方式,及擬達成的目標的法律原則:第98段。

64.故此,在詮釋第36(v)條上,本席不同意本席就第1例外條件的詮釋有誤。就算如此,本席也不認為本席就第2例外條件的詮釋亦再有誤。單一例外條件詮釋錯誤,如劉強調,無助吳上訴,因她須滿足兩個例外條件才成。

65.故此,該等理由第5段指本席錯誤詮釋第36(v)條,因此錯誤裁定吳違反了該條(繼而錯誤裁定吳違反了其他該等公契及條例條文)的論點,本席認為,絕不成立。

66.基於上述原因,第1點上訴理由,本席認為,並無合理得直機會。

第2點上訴理由

67.這載於該等理由第6至10段,原文如下:

6.  At the outset, the Judge erred in failing to appreciate the scope of the expert directions contained in the order dated 8 August 2024 and further receiving and considering out-of-scope evidence: -

(1)  The three specific questions on which expert evidence is sought are: -

(i)  【英文翻譯省略】

“參考包括屋宇署核准建築圖則及其他有關涉案大廈文件,在1996年1月16日或以前,涉案單位建築上有否預留安裝分體式冷氣機散熱器的位置?若有的話,其所有位置在哪?”

(ii)  【英文翻譯省略】

“參考包括屋宇署核准建築圖則及其他有關涉案大廈文件,《表格29》內圖1紅框內分體式冷氣機散熱器現在安裝在該大廈哪處地方?”

(iii)  【與黃陳詞無關,省略】

(2)  On proper interpretation of the expert directions, particularly against the context at the time when the expert directions were given where the Detail 2 (together with the “A/C BOX” marking thereon) was still not noticed by the Applicant (which is indeed absurd) and not adduced before the Judge, the central issue to be addressed by experts must and can only be where is the designated place for installing air-conditioning units according to the approved building plans and other relevant documents, but not whether an installation as such is structurally safe and sound.

(3)  The Judge however received and relied upon expert evidence that fall outside the aforesaid scope of the expert directions, particularly the evidence from the Applicant’s expert, Mr Lam Siu Shu Eddie (“Mr Lam”), as to the alleged non-load-bearing nature of the Slab. Such expert evidence being extraneous to the three expert questions ought to have been disregarded, or could only be received by the Judge upon expanding or at least clarifying the scope of the standing expert directions such that both experts could prepare accordingly.

7.  The Judge erred in preferring the evidence of Mr Lam to that of the Respondent’s expert, Mr Lai Tin Yun (“Mr Lai”), and placing such degree of reliance on Mr Lam’s evidence:-

(1)  Mr Lam omitted the existence of Detail 2 in his Report filed on 15 August 2024 and only became aware of the same after reading the Mr Lai’s Report filed on 22 January 2025 (Judgment §§72-73). The Judge erred in overlooking or underestimating the adverse impact of such omission to the competency and reliability of Mr Lam as an expert witness given that indisputably the identification Detail 2 (together with the “A/C BOX” marking thereon) is crucial in answering the expert questions being posed to him.

(2)  Mr Lam shifted his opinion only when testifying at trial on the crucial issue of whether the Condenser is installed within the designated “A/C BOX” area (Judgment §76), casting serious doubts on his impartiality as an expert witness and the overall reliability of the evidence given by him, which however was overlooked or underestimated by the Judge.

(3)  The Judge erred in accepting Mr Lam’s purported explanation for his shifting of opinion, being that Mr Lam simply failed to express what he thought when drafting his Report in Chinese (Judgment §77), and in finding consistency in Mr Lam’s various statements stated in his Report (Judgment §78). In so doing, the Judge indeed misunderstood the true and overall effect of Mr Lam’s evidence, which is that air-conditioning units should and can be installed within the “A/C BOX” area (i.e. on the Slab: Judgment §78)2)), provided that such facilities are not directly fixed or installed on the Slab as a matter of safety.

(4)  Mr Lam’s opinion on the load-bearing capacity of the Slab (Judgment §§93 (4), 139-143) is palpably unreasoned and unsupported by any site inspection, calculation or test (not to mention falling outside the scope of the expert directions), such that no reasonable court would have accepted or placed such considerable weight on the same as the Judge erroneously did.

(5)  Mr Lam’s opinion that it is not suitable to directly install air-conditioning units on the sloped surface of the Slope (Judgment §§134-138) is fallacious, illogical and contrary to the reality that apparatus can be used to fix the air-conditioning units on the Slab in a safe and horizontal manner, such as the “two legs” (兩腳仔) of the Condenser as found by the Judge (Judgment §§91(2), 138).

(6)  Various parts of Mr Lam’s reasoning were shown at trial to be unsound and mistaken as admitted by himself, for example his failure to grasp the basic fact that the Slab protrudes from the glass windows rather than from the hanger wall (Judgment §82).

8.  In parallel, the Judge erred in rejecting Mr Lai’s evidence without good or sufficient reason:-

(1)  The Judge erred in prematurely concluding that Mr Lai is unqualified in his capacity as a Building Services Engineer to comment on the load-bearing capacity and the structural aspect of buildings, but overlooking or failing to have regard to his unchallenged qualification as a Registered Inspector (Engineer) at the Buildings Department, which entitles him to give professional on the aforesaid matters. Such error, being a fundamental observation or assumption adopted by the Judge when assessing Mr Lai’s evidence, tainted the entire analysis and assessment of Mr Lai’s evidence.

(2)  In any event, Mr Lai gave consistent, coherent and well-reasoned evidence throughout, committed no material errors (as Mr Lam did), and directly and helpfully addressed the expert questions being posed to him by identifying and adducing Detail 2 for the Tribunal (as Mr Lam failed to do). Mr Lai evidence that the Condenser is located squarely within the “A/C BOX” area designated on Detail 2 (Judgment §75(6)) and such area was designated for the purpose of installing air-conditioning units (Judgment §75(2)), both being crucial and directly relevant to the interpretation of the “places provided therefor”, was indeed unchallenged and should have been accepted.

9.  Furthermore, the Judge erred in placing such degree of reliance on Mr Lam’s evidence on the existence and meaning of the dotted line outlining the “A/C BOX” and the alleged gap between the “A/C BOX” and the Slab on Detail 2 (Judgment §§144-149):-

(1)  The Judge erred in failing to appreciate that this topic only emerged for the first time at trial, such that neither expert had prepared on it in advance and any views expressed by experts under such unprepared condition are inherently unreliable or at least should be treated with great circumspection.

(2)  The Judge erred in failing to take note that this topic concerns the interpretation of architectural drawings and markings, which falls squarely within the expertise of an architect and is outside the expertise of both Mr Lai and Mr Lam. Neither expert is indeed qualified to give evidence on this topic or at least any views expressed by them should be treated with great circumspection.

(3)  Yet, the Judge erroneously accepted Mr Lam’s impromptu and inherently unreliable opinion, thereby reaching an unsupported conclusion on this topic.

10.  Accordingly: -

(1)  The Judge’s assessment of the expert evidence was wrong in approach, perverse and unreasonable.

(2)  The Judge’s erroneous reliance on Mr Lam’s evidence and rejection of Mr Lai’s evidence tainted the Judge’s construction of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC and the ultimate finding of breach.

68.除該等理由第6段外,就這點上訴理由,本席看來,吳實質【重覆】曾原審結案陳詞內的眾多陳詞,嘗試推翻本席作為主審法官就專家意見所作的【事實裁定】。

69.首先, 本席認為,該等理由第6段的投訴明顯不成立。林關於該平板不承重(以及斜面不宜直接放置冷氣機)的意見證據,如上解釋,和預留的【指定】安裝冷氣機【位置】是否【懸空】在該平板之上有關,是他就專家意見議題1的理由,審裁處當然可接納。該等林的意見證據,早出現在該聯合陳述書內,黎亦有回應前者:第78(3)段及79(2)段。吳亦應當知悉該等證據,審訊時她卻沒有提出反對審裁處接納該等證據。曾結案陳詞時,亦沒有挑戰其可接納性,只挑戰其可信或可靠性。因此,這投訴實是黃審訊後接手本案的新論點。

70.為記錄起見,專家意見議題1,有別於黃回應陳詞第17(2)段,本席得指出,本席並沒有指明【該花槽】這個位置,或限制兩專家所持【位置】意見理由的來源,而是用上【開放式】的問題,即:【參考包括屋宇署核准建築圖則及其他有關涉案大廈文件,在1996年1月16日[12]或以前,涉案單位建築上有否預留安裝分體式冷氣機散熱器的位置?若有的話,其所有位置在哪?(粗體後加)】。

71.至於林1)在撰寫林報告時,忽略了A7圖上的【DETAIL 1】及【DETAIL 2】剖面圖標記,和A8圖上的【DETAIL 1】及【DETAIL 2】剖面圖;2)遭盤問時,改稱該散熱器不在【A/C BOX】位置,而是放置在下方的平板上;及3)遭盤問時,確認聯合陳述書內表格6.2的結構陳述不再適用(因【A/C BOX】位置向室內方向實是【窗戶】,而非他稱的【吊牆】(Hanger Wall),曾已在結案時一一陳詞,就此對林作出【各色各樣尖銳批評】。

72.上述該等理由第7(1)-(3)及(6)段的投訴,看其引述的該判案書段落編號,便知本席已一一小心考慮、處理,並道出本席的想法及理由:就1),見第72至75段;就2),見第76至79段;及就3),見第82段。

73.吳一方的上述投訴,實質不外是重覆曾的結案陳詞,並無新意,而上訴亦絕不是第二次審訊。

74.作為有第一手獨特優勢親自聽取證人原審作供的原審法官,本席不認為本席對林的評估【有悖常理】,或【不合理】至【超出合理可能範圍】,而構成【法律論點上的錯誤】。而給予證人證據的份量或比重,依確立已久的案例法律原則,如劉反對陳詞第55段引述的Pang Kam Chuen 訴 Pang Kam Bor案[13]所述,這是由原審法官衡量的,單單上訴法庭可能有不同的結論,並不是足夠的理由干預原審法官的事實裁斷。

75.就評估專家意見的正確進路而言,如第84段所述,本席評估林(及黎)的意見證據時,時時刻刻都有謹記劉結案引述的 Chinachem Charitable Foundation Limited 訴 Chan Chun Chuen案[14]【483-490】內的寶貴提醒,包括:

【…one of the important criteria that the court can adopt in testing the reliability of the evidence of an expert is his impartiality and due observance of his overriding duty to the court…

An expert should not advance an argument or use a piece of information or data to support his opinion unless he is professionally convinced of the validity of the argument or the appropriateness of the use of that supporting material…[15] An independent and impartial professional expert should not resort to a tactic of putting forward some plausible arguments in favour of his client which he personally has difficulty in vouchsafing and leaving it to his counterpart to convince the court that the arguments should be rejected. In my view, such an expert has not discharged his overriding duty to the court, which is to use his own professional expertise to assist the court without regard to the exigencies of litigation.

…If it can be shown that an expert persistently adopted a stance which he himself had obvious difficulty in sustaining, most of the time this is the hallmark of the expert’s failure to adhere to the duty of independence.

Further, … Counsel’s cross-examination of an expert witness will assist the court in forming a view as to the reliability of his evidence. Very often, the most telling indicia of the professionalism and impartiality of an expert witness is how he deals with his weakest point under cross-examination. In Best Origin, I have set out what this court expects from an expert witness when he is faced with his own mistake after he produced his report. Instead of keeping silent and hoping that the point would not be discovered, he should correct it on his own volition as soon as practicable.

Another acid test on the reliability of an expert witness is the way in which he deals with the arguments of his counterpart. Nowadays, the court expects expert witnesses to act responsibly and professionally in meeting the points raised by the experts on the other side….

No matter how experienced and well qualified an expert may be, it is always possible that he misses some salient points in the preparation of his first report despite the exercise of due care and diligence... An impartial and responsible expert, after studying the report of his counterpart, should re-assess his own views and if there are valid points against his opinion, he should acknowledge them instead of finding other new material to salvage an exposed weakness.

The joint meeting is an opportunity for the experts to narrow their differences... At such meeting, an expert should bear in mind his overriding duty to the court to act independently without any fear of compromising his client’s position. Thus if his professional judgment dictates that a concession should be made in the light of arguments advanced by the other side, he should not feel inhibited from doing so due to conflicting opinion previously expressed by him in favour of his client...

… instead of spending time on indiscriminate defence of one’s position, expert witnesses should give due weight to the arguments set out in their counterpart’s opinion and try to reach agreement on points which are not worthy of argument. Unfortunately, there are occasions … where some experts jumped straight to a defensive mode instead of adopting a “step-back and look” approach in considering the other side’s arguments. In so doing, I am afraid that such expert is abandoning his impartiality and neglecting his overriding duty to the court.】

76.經採用上述正確進路後,本席經深思熟慮後,才認為曾的【各色各樣尖銳批評】【未免過激及不合理】,而【林仍不失為一名有貫徹履行其凌駕性責任,獨立地協助審裁處提供其公正無私意見的一名有資歷及稱職的專家證人】。

77.記錄起見,本席並沒有盲目及一概地採納林的所有意見而否決黎的所有意見。本席在第83段這樣說:【本席自當在下文分解林和黎二人在該聯合陳述書內的核心意見爭議,並(如需的話)分析二人各自提出支持自己意見的眾多論點是否成立(斜體後加)】。如上文該判案書理由概要道出,經獨立分析兩專家各點不同意見後,本席在該判案書內也有不接受林的意見(及採納黎的意見)的地方。

78.針對該等理由第7(4)段,本席不同意林發表該平板不載重的意見沒有基礎、理由或依據。林是結構工程師,【閱讀圖則及結構方面應屬他的專長】(曾結案陳詞第4.17(10)段),他看過該屋苑的結構圖則,深知屋宇署審批圖則的做法,但發現該平板卻沒有結構細節(structural detail),但它屬一個淨跨度達3,000 mm的單向簡支板(simply supported one-way slab),超越一般承托冷氣機板約700mm的淨跨度,另他庭上補充【窗戶】【不受力】:第78(3)段、第82段、第139至142段。

79.反之,回應該等理由第8(1)段,如第85至88段所述,黎只是一名屋宇裝備工程師,不是建築師或結構工程師。遭劉盤問下,黎沒有保留地同意他沒有專業資格評論樓宇結構能否承重。黎沒有提出他身為在屋宇署登記的【Registered Inspector(Engineer)】而有資格如此評論,或提出他憑經驗而能如此評論(曾結案時也沒有提出這兩點)。

80.本席有理由相信,黎在和林進行無損權益討論後,得悉林關於【A/C BOX】位置没【結構設計細節】的意見,因其【個人局限】而在聯合陳述書內【迴避】討論該等【結構設計細節】。但黎卻另一方面在庭上主動將該平板由黎報告內的【平板建築構件】改稱【構築物】(見第76及81段),以圖表達該平板有【一定承托力】,實有給予專家意見超出其專業範圍及偏頗吳之嫌。

81.黃在該等理由第7(4)段批評林沒有提供測試結果或提供計算,本席得指出,黎也同樣沒有。如劉反對陳詞第67(2)(d)段所陳,吳一方亦沒有呈交證據證明該平板可載重。

82.黃申請陳詞第80(9)段的批評,本席留意,實不在該通知書內。無論如何,本席認為,該等批評毫無道理,審裁處絕不能以猜測代替呈堂證據。吳的證人(及黃)都沒有作供【該屋苑30 多年來未聽聞冷氣機台出現倒塌】,吳亦沒有如此盤問黃。再者,如劉反對陳詞第67(2)(e)段所陳,重點在該平板設計上是否載重,冷氣機直接放置在其上後發生意外與否,變數眾多,亦非重點所在。還有的是,本席並沒有在第91及138段裁定該散熱器被【安全地】直接放置在該平版上,看第175(1)段便知本席的裁斷正正相反:【該散熱器的違契安裝,可構成結構或安全上的問題】。

83.針對該等理由第7(5)段,本席也不同意該段的投訴。本席認為,如M1.12部分分析,林作供稱,該平板本身斜面,不適宜直接放置該散熱器,絕無不妥或不合邏輯。黃顛倒【矯正】方法以圖爭辯該平板本身斜面合適直接放置該散熱器,本席認為,實屬混淆視聽。如吳作供,倘若該散熱器不【固定】在該平板的話,她擔心她要為該散熱器【掉到街上】負責(第91(2)段),足證該平板因其本身斜面設計,直接放置該散熱器是有下墮風險的。

84.就該等理由第7(3)段後段投訴本席誤解林的證供,以劉反對陳詞第63(4)段引述謄本上林的證供作為一例[16],及本席上文所介紹的兩專家核心意見分歧,本席反倒認為,黃才是【斷章取義】及沒有真正充分瞭解林【整體】證供的那人。雖然A8圖【DETAIL 2】剖面圖圖紙上沒用文字記載安裝冷氣機方法,但看用虛線組成的A/C BOX【位置】與其下方不載重的該平板斜面之間存在該空隙,林作供認為,該指定位置的設計是【懸空】在該平板之上。而該指定【位置】設計上是否如此【懸空】,構成兩專家的核心意見分歧。基於此等分歧,林不同意該散熱器有安裝在指定位置,而黎卻持相反意見。

85.回應該等理由第9(1)段,誠然,林首次在庭上提及該空隙(本席認為,這點也和專家意見議題1有關,牽涉預留的指定安裝【位置】是否【懸空】在該平板之上),但本席得同時指出,A8圖的【DETAIL 2】剖面圖由黎早過林發現,及由黎在黎報告內首次帶出,黎對該剖面圖當不應陌生。審訊時,林作為第2證人作供時,黎有在公眾席聆聽及協助吳一方盤問,黎更是第5名(即最後一名)作供證人,他作供前在公眾席有聆聽林、吳及曾的作供及盤問,故黎作為吳的專家證人不乏時間及機會準備回應林的證供。

86.另外,值得一提的是,吳的案情自《反對通知書》開始,便是【該批准圖則內】該花槽的設計【讓居民無需要另行將安裝冷氣機承托架於外牆牆身之上】。又自聯合陳述書開始,林和黎是明顯地就是否應放置該散熱器在該平版上,及是否安裝冷氣機箱或架來放置該散熱器在其内存在分歧:見第78段及79段。該空隙這議題,在上述雙方紛爭背景下,本席認為,想不應令吳一方(或其專家證人黎)驚奇或難以應付(如有理據的話)。

87.該等理由第9(2)段的新投訴,本席認為,同樣不成立。本席得再指出,審訊及結案時,雙方都沒有挑戰對方專家連基本閱讀該建築圖則的能力都沒有(而是挑戰對方的解讀是否正確、可信或可靠),這又是另一個黃提出的審訊時證據上沒處理的新論點。

88.看M1.14部分本席給予的理由,本席認為,本席是可以選擇就該空隙這點採信林的意見。事實上,林就這點的意見,得到黎證供上的支持。盤問下,黎也同意有該空隙的存在,亦一度回答建築師【當然】【有意思】留下該空隙。黎報告內的履歷顯示黎是一名就屋宇裝備系統提供演講(lectures)的顧問,但他卻從來没有作供說該空隙只是如曾所陳的【畫圖技巧】。而本席也實在看不到林就這點的證供如何內在不可靠,林遭曾盤問後亦全無動搖。

89.經第一手觀察黎在庭上的表現,作為原審法官,本席並不能苟同該通知書第8(2)段對黎的好像完美評價。本席重申G5部分。如需例子的話,見第81、91(5)、93(4)、113及120、123、136、137、145及148段等。而為記錄起見,劉有盤問質疑黎在兩專家核心意見分歧的相關意見證據,黃的陳詞實有誤。

90.最後,如上文該判案書理由概要介紹,本席不是單純依賴林的意見證據便達至本席就第1例外條件的正確詮釋,而是適用案例上詮釋公契的法律原則,考慮一系列因素(包括第2例外條件,以及該等公契的其他條文)才達至。

91.基於上述理由,就此點針對本【專責審裁處】就專家證人評估及相關【事實裁斷】的上訴理由,本席不同意有合理機會得直,並拒絕就此批出上訴許可。

第3點上訴理由

92.這載於該等理由第11及12段,原文如下:

11.  Had the Judge reached a correct reading of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC, the Judge would have come to the correct conclusion that both the 1st Condition and the 2nd Condition were not breached. Paragraphs 3(6) and 4(4) above are repeated.

12.  Even assuming the Judge’s interpretation of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC is correct, namely that air-conditioning units cannot be directly installed or fixed on the Slab, the Judge still erred in the application of the clause to the facts and in concluding the same has been breached: -

(1)  The Judge correctly found that the Condenser is installed and fixed on the Slab through the “two legs”, that it is these “two legs” that make contact to the Slab, and that the using of “two legs” allows the Condenser to be fixed on the Slab in a safe and horizontal manner (Judgment §§91 (2), 138).

(2)  Against such factual findings concerning the existence and function of the “two legs”, the Judge erred in concluding that the Condenser itself is directly installed and fixed on the Slab, or prematurely leaping to such conclusion without taking into account and canvassing whether the “two legs” create any space or gap between the body of the Condenser and the surface of the Slab.

(3)  Insofar as the Judge’s interpretation of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC is to the effect that air-conditioning units can only be placed within a separate supporting frame installed on the Slab (which goes beyond merely prohibiting direct fixing), such interpretation is erroneous for reasons stated under Ground l. Particularly, the language of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC cannot bear such meaning and at nowhere in the DMCs and A7&8 make reference to such requirement.

93.本席也拒絕就這點上訴理由批出上訴許可,理由如下。

94.首先,黄不外在該等理由第11及12(3)段重覆第1點及第2點上訴理由,本席上文已解釋二者為何沒有合理機會在上訴時得直,此處不贅。

95.針對該等理由第12(1)及12(2)段,本席認為,黃再次漠視吳一方的證人證供、曾的結案陳詞,及歪曲本席的理由及事實裁斷,嘗試提出牽涉【事實證據】的新論點提出上訴,這實非上訴程序所容許。

(1)  首先,吳並沒有供述該散熱器在用上【兩腳仔】固定安裝在該平板後,該散熱器機身和該平板表面之間,出現或存在空間/空隙,及(如有的話)有多高(曾也没有如此作供)。二人都【不知道】承建商如何固定該散熱器在該平板:第91(2)及(4)段。

(2)  反之,黎盤問下從該相片確認,該散熱器是【接觸】到其 下構築物(即該平板)的【表面】,但他也【不能】回答該散熱器是如何安裝:第91(5)段。

(3)  第三,黃亦沒有陳詞指出,吳一方審訊時曾盤問林,提出或指出該散熱器在安裝後,該散熱器機身和該平板表面之間,因【兩腳仔】而出現或存在空間/空隙。倘若吳一方如此盤問林的話,本席實不知林會如何回答(包括空間/空隙的高度,如有的話),亦不知劉會否進一步就這點盤問吳、曾及黎,及結果如何。

(4)  林庭上作供指出,A8圖「DETAIL 2」剖面圖上用虛線構成的【A/C BOX】位置,與下方的該平板是【分開】的,因此安裝冷氣機組的【位置】,應是【懸空】於該平板之上, 而不應與該平板有接觸(第110段);而據他供述,該散熱器是用【螺絲】【釘】在該平板(第91(3)段)。

(5)  曾結案陳詞內,亦從來沒有提出該散熱器在安裝後,其機身和該平板表面之間,因【兩腳仔】而出現或存在空間/空隙,及(如有的話)有多高。相反,曾著力質疑該散熱器是否用【螺絲】【釘】在該平板,及主張如此安裝(如證實的話)並沒有破壞該31E外牆或【公用部分】:見結案陳詞第10.4及10.6段。

(6)  在上述證據、盤問及陳詞背景下,本席認為,本席是絕對合適及可以達至下述的事實裁斷,即:

(i)  【該散熱器是用螺絲穿過該平板,固定在(或釘在)該平板,以防止它往下墮】(第91段);

(ii)  【吳以螺絲穿透該平板表面的方式固定(或釘)該散熱器在該31E單位的外牆】,【違反了該補充公契第36(v)條上不可如此安裝的限制】(第108段);及

(iii)  因吳安裝的該散熱器是用螺絲穿透該平板固定(及直接接觸或放置在)在其斜面,該散熱器並沒有被安裝在第36(v)條的【指 定】【安裝位置】,而吳也未能證明她滿足了第1例外條件(第161段)。

(7)  本席因此絕對沒有如該等理由第12(1)段所指,裁斷該平板只和【兩腳仔】接觸(事實上,上述各裁斷,都沒有【兩腳仔】三字),就算黃在其回應陳詞第20(2)段,也看來沒有陳詞該平板只和【兩腳仔】接觸,更何況黃不可以其【陳詞】代替原審出庭作供證人的【宣誓證詞】。

96.故此,本席結論,此點上訴理由,並沒有合理機會在上訴時得直。

第4點上訴理由

97.這載於該等理由第13至16段,原文如下:

13.  The Judge erred in failing to identify, let alone address or give any proper consideration to, the Respondent’s defences of waiver, acquiescence and laches, notwithstanding that these defences had been squarely raised by the factual allegations contained in the Respondent’s Form 7 dated 1 November 2023 and the witness statements.

14.  The Judge erred in overlooking or giving no weight to the following critical matters which, on any reasonable view, ought to have been decisive on the defences:-

(1)  The Judge erred in disregarding the existing installations at the 2-room units (Judgment §§49-50), without understanding that there is indeed no distinction between 2-room and 3 -room units insofar as the places designated for installing air-conditioning units are concerned. On a proper reading of the A7&8, Detail 2 and the “A/C BOX” designation apply equally to both unit types.

(2)  The Judge gave no or insufficient consideration to the factual witnesses’ evidence (both in written statements and oral testimony) from both sides as well as photographs regarding the prevalence of similar installations across the estate and the complete absence of any prior enforcement action over the years.

15.  The Judge further erred in concluding that any waiver or acquiescence on the part of the Applicant’s predecessor does not bind the current Applicant by applying Grand Power International Ltd v Chan Sing Hoi Enterprises Ltd [2020] 2 HKLRD 142. This conclusion is legally unsound: -

(1)  Grand Power at §47 as cited by the Judge in support of the proposition advanced is not ratio decidendi and cannot bind the Tribunal.

(2)  In any event, both the previous (i.e. Hong Kong Housing Authority) and current (the Applicant) managers act in the same capacity under the DMCs. There is no true “predecessor-successor” distinction that would allow the Applicant to resile from the acquiescence and waiver on the part of the person performing the manager’s role. Grand Power is hence distinguished.

16.  Had the Judge properly considered these defences:-

(1)  The Judge would have held that the Applicant’s right to complain about any breach in respect of the installation of the Condenser has been barred by waiver, acquiescence and/or laches.

(2)  Furthermore, these factors ought to have weighed heavily against the grant of a mandatory injunction.

(3)  In the absence of a proper determination on these defences which could have materially impacted the outcome of the case, at the very least, the case should be remitted for retrial on these defences.

98.本席經詳細考慮黃申請陳詞F部分(及相關案例),劉反對陳詞E部分(及相關案例),及黃回應陳詞E部分(及相關案例)後,同意第4點上訴理由,存在案例上定義的合理得直機會,並就此點理由附帶下文提述條件批予許可。

99.但是,為免誤解起見,本席批出上述許可,不代表本席:

(1)  認同吳據此理由擬進行的上訴【很可能】成功;

(2)  認同(或完全認同)該等理由第13至16段內的投訴、吳有提出該些段落所稱的抗辯、呈堂有所稱或所稱程度或範圍的證據、其內提出的聲稱法律觀點及其聲稱後果;或

(3)  認同(或完全認同)黃的相關陳詞。

100.為記錄起見,本席得指出:

(1)  曾2025年5月25日開案陳詞第6段羅列的【爭議事項】(或【議題1】至【議題5】),以及曾2025年7月 10 日結案陳詞第3.2段羅列的【爭議事項】(或【議題一】至【議題九】),都沒有提及【免除】、【默許】或【權利延誤】;

(2)  在曾2025年7月 10 日提交結案陳詞前[17],吳收到的法團2025年 5 月 13 日案例典據列表第3至6項,以及法團2025年 6 月 18 日補充案例典據列表第10至17項,都是不同程度提及和裁斷【免除】及/或【默許】的中文及英文案例,包括有本席的判案書[18]、該等理由第15段內黄投訴本席錯誤適用的上訴法庭Grand Power International Ltd 訴 Chan Sing Hoi Enterprises Ltd案[19],以及劉結案陳詞依賴的另一上訴法庭The Incorporated Owners of Kam Luk Building 訴 吳靜燕 案[20];

(3)  曾其後在2025年7月 10 日結案陳詞第7.4段曾如此陳述:【必需重申,根據【該公契】及/或【該補充公契】Mutual Grant 4(a)及(b)條授予【答辯人】有全權自由使用“A/C BOX”安裝冷氣機及將冷凝排放排水喉位置,無須向公契管理人或管理處作出申請及取得批准,亦不需要法團”默許”(粗體後加)】;

(4)  有見曾上述第7.4段內的表示,劉再後在2025年7月 31 日結案陳詞註腳64便寫著:【由此可見,答辯人似乎不倚賴「默許」作為她的抗辯理由。但由於答辯人沒有法律代表,其案情及陳詞時有不清,為使申請人的結案完整,並協助法庭處理所有案情可能引申出的相關論點,申請人作出以下陳詞(粗體後加)】,及在結案陳詞第98段寫上【如果答辯人希望以默認作為依據...(粗體後加)】;及

(5)  該通知書第2頁,實沒有要求上訴法庭將本案發回審裁處針對上述吳就本點上訴理由聲稱依賴的抗辯進行重審。

第5點上訴理由

101.這載於該等理由第17段,原文如下:

17.  In any event, leave to appeal should be granted in the interests of justice having regard to the estate-wide implications of the Judgment: -

(1)  Similar installations on the same slab designated as “A/C BOX” exist in a very large number of units throughout the 4 towers of the estate. The Judgment, if allowed to stand, will directly affect dozens if not hundreds of owners.

(2)  This application represents the very first enforcement action taken by the Applicant against any such installation despite their existence for many years. It deserves to be determined by the appellate court before being relied upon by the Applicant for subsequent enforcement actions.

(3)  Should the Judgment be upheld, it is likely to trigger widespread enforcement actions, mandatory removal orders, and large-scale reinstatement works across the estate. Such works on a massive scale would carry significant safety risks and cause substantial disruption and expense to many owners.

(4)  The appeal raises important points of principle concerning the proper construction of Clause 36(v) of the Supplemental DMC, the interaction between approved building plans and deeds of mutual covenant, and the correct approach to expert evidence, all being issues that affect not only this estate but potentially many others with similar design features.

(5)  In all circumstances, it is in the interests of justice that the Respondent be granted leave to appeal so that these important issues can be authoritatively determined by the Court of Appeal before any irreversible and extensive enforcement steps are taken.

102.本席可簡單處理這點上訴理由如下。

103.第一,審訊時呈堂證據顯示,基於【資源及時間有限】,法團只【將在本案審結後】,【繼續合適跟進其他12宗違規安裝】個案(第176(6)段),法團並沒有計劃對該屋苑其他違規業主(如有的話)採取執行該等公契的行動。未來該其他12個業主(及該屋苑其他違規業主,如有的話)是否提出反對,及會否和法團發生爭議(甚或訴訟),現在來說,實屬言之尚早。倘若發生爭議(或訴訟)的話,議題是否和本案雷同,也是未知之數。就算議題雷同,由於該其他12個業主(及該屋苑其他違規業主,如有的話)不是本案的訴訟方,法律上,本案也不會對他們構成【既判案件】(res judicata),本案的裁斷都不會對他們有約束力。

104.第二,如上(及如黃及劉陳詞)可見,詮釋公契的法律原則確立已久,包括有終審法院的案例給下級法院跟隨。評估專家證人證供的進路,法律上也清楚不過。本案中,吳及法團只不過爭議如何適用上述確立已久的法律原則到該等公契(及該屋苑的建造方式,和該批准圖則上的記載及設計等該等公契制定時的背景),以及林及黎兩人的專家意見。其他屋宇可以有和該屋苑不同的建造方式、不同的批准圖則記載及設計、不同的公契條文[21],及/或在不同的時間(或年代)建成。其他案件的訴訟方,也可以傳召和兩專家不同的證人,而這些不同的證人,亦可供述和兩專家不同的意見證據。

105.第三,黃回應陳詞的第29段理據,實沒載在該等理由第17段內。無論如何,針對本席有否在本案中,正確適用Grand Power International Ltd案及/或處理吳聲稱有所依賴的默許等抗辯,本席已就第4點上訴理由決定批出上訴許可。

106.基於上述原因,本席實在看不到有【其他有利於秉行公正的理由】應就吳擬進行的上訴進一步批出許可。

該兩暫緩申請

適用法律條文及原則

107.本席看來,劉及黃對確立已久Star Play Development Ltd 訴Bess Fashion Management Co Ltd 案[22] 訂下的適用原則(及其內提述的《高等法院規則》第59號命令第13(1)條規則的規定)沒有分歧,二人的分歧在如何適用該等原則到本案,及審裁處在平衡涉案雙方的利益後應如何作出決定。

討論

108.首先,本席得指出,黃申請陳詞第127(3)段(及曾回應誓章第7(3)段)的交替建議,不在該傳票之內,本席不予處理。

109.如要處理的話,本席認為,該判決書第54及55段內的理由,稍作修改,仍可針對上述新交替建議(及針對該兩暫緩申請)作回應。故本席就此採納,此處不贅。就此,本席已考慮了曾回應誓章內的證物【TTW-3】,看來吳與法團就吳再次安裝存在分歧,上述新建議【大有可能】【無限期】拖延吳履行該強制令(如按該新建議行事的話)。

110.因應吳在該表格1申請後提出該許可申請,及雙方就該兩暫緩申請存檔誓章的其他內容,本席補充如下。

111.如上交代,本席不認為第1、2、3點上訴理由有合理機會得直,也不認為第5上訴理由成立。雖然本席願意就第4點上訴理由批出許可,但本席同時認為,該上訴理由未至【強而有力】(strong),吳擬據此提出的上訴亦未至有【很大機會】(strong likelihood)獲判得直。

112.雖然吳終在曾支持誓章出示了移除(及重新安裝)該散熱器的報價單,但本席留意,金額不外2萬多元,不見得巨大,曾亦沒稱吳未能在財務上負擔。本席重申該判決書第55(11)至(14)段。

113.另本席得強調,該兩暫緩申請針對的該強制令執行的標的物,只是該31E單位外牆這【公用部分】的該散熱器及該些喉管,而非該屋苑其他單位安裝的冷氣機(包括在曾支持誓章出示的曾遲至2026年3月審訊後才拍攝的【TTW-2】證物相片內的該屋苑其他單位的冷氣機)。該強制令的涉事方,亦只是負有責任管理該【公用部分】及審訊後勝訴的法團,和3年多來聲稱有權(及不用申請)便可使用該31E單位外牆安裝該散熱器但審訊後敗訴(而現在按該判決負有法律責任履行該強制令但至今仍未履行)的吳兩方,不涉及任何第三方。

114.本席因此看來,合適重申第49及50段,以及上文第103段。該屋苑其他業主,以及他們安裝的冷氣機,本席認為,實和該兩暫緩申請毫無關係(或關係不大)。故此,本席認為,曾支持誓章第17段的理據,並不成立(或並不能有力支持吳的申請)。反之,本席維持第175(2)及(3)段的觀點。因此,該強制令不獲執行,本席認為,對審訊後勝訴有權享用【勝訴成果】及有責任執行該等公契的法團來說,絕對構成不利。

115.至於曾支持誓章第16段的理據,本席看來,法團在黃反對誓章第13段表明不同意,雙方對聲稱過去【默許】與否實存在爭議,還待上訴法庭在吳擬進行的上訴審理第4點上訴理由後才可能有分解,吳實難稱現已獲證實或現在成立。

116.相反,本席明確地在第175(4)及(5)段、第176(2)至(5)段、第178及179段裁斷,法團這個法人在2021年4月依條例成立後,絕對沒有遲緩或怠慢針對該散熱器執法,但3年多來遭審訊後敗訴的吳拒絕合作至今。

117.回應曾支持誓章第15段的理據,本席看來,曾明顯忽略了第120段(尤其(2)及(3)分段),吳並沒有選擇在向屋宇署查詢位置時,透露包括她已經將該散熱器直接放置或安裝在該平板上。另本席重覆該判決書第55(10)段。暫緩執行該強制令至上訴法庭在【未明將來日期】就吳擬進行的上訴作出裁斷,本席認為,在該判案書現在仍未被推翻的事實裁斷(及本席拒絕就第1、2、3點上訴理由批出許可)的基礎下,確實會增加該散熱器從不承重的該平板不慎下墮的安全風險,對可能要為【公用部分】引致意外的傷/死者負責的法團構成不利(或可能不利)。

118.再者,本席留意,曾沒有在曾回應誓章內,否認黃反對誓章第14段所指,即吳在該31E單位有其他位置可供再次安裝該散熱器。看第4段(及林報告內的相片),本席相信,吳確實可在客飯廳面向天井外牆的另一冷氣機平台再次安裝該散熱器。

119.因此,相比法團要承受的重大不利(及可能不利),拒絕暫緩執行該強制令等候上訴的話,本席認為,不會帶給吳生活上的極大不便,極其量只會要求她支付她應付及負擔得起的金錢,及在工序上對她產生【不便】而已。

120.曾提出的【合乎經濟效益】、【對吳更便利】,或【符合與該強制令或本案無關的第三方的可能利益】的理據,本席認為,都不是好的理由支持該暫緩申請。

121.本席唯一接納曾支持該暫緩申請的理據的是:有見該強制令本身的性質,拒絕申請將使得吳擬進行的上訴變得毫無意義(因按第4點上訴理由,吳稱她現在直接放置該散熱器在該平板上,獲得法團的聲稱【免除】及/或【默許】等)。鑒於本席認為吳就該點理由有案例上定義的【合理機會得直】,二者合起來終說服本席吳有【好的理由】有條件地批准該暫緩申請。

122.但是,為保障法團作為勝訴方的利益(及儘量在時間上減低對法團的不利或可能不利),本席下文除要求吳兌現曾申請及回應誓章的內容,向審裁處提交她親自簽署的書面【承諾書】(undertaking)[23],承諾她將迅速地進行(pursue expeditiously)她針對該判決的上訴外,本席將同時對批出的上訴許可(及批准的暫緩執行命令)附上適當的條件,以確保吳遵守其承諾,及在她未來違反時,審裁處可撤銷該等許可,及令到針對該強制令頒發的暫緩執行不會進一步無理延長。

123.既然本席決定(就第4點上訴理由)批准該許可申請,及批准該暫緩申請,本席認為,再沒有需要處理該交替暫緩申請了。

就該傳票的頒令

124.基於上述理由,本席就該傳票頒令如下:

(1)  針對該傳票第1段,在吳滿足下述第1條件、第2條件及第3條件的前提下,審裁處批准吳按附上該傳票的該通知書內該等理由第13至16段的第4點上訴理由獲批針對該判決的上訴許可。除此之外,審裁處撤銷該傳票第1段餘下的許可申請;

(2)  作為批出上文(1)許可的第一條件,吳須在本判決書頒發後7天內遞交上文第122段由她個人簽署的書面承諾書,對審裁處作出該段所指的承諾,並同日送達副本給法團律師(第1條件);

(3)  作為批出上文(1)許可的第二條件,吳須在本判決書頒發後7天內,按照《土地審裁處規則》第30C條,送達審裁處及法團《高等法院規則》第60A號命令所規定的針對該判決的《上訴通知書》(第2條件);

(4)  作為批出上文(1)許可的第三條件,吳須在送達上文(3)《上訴通知書》後7天內,按照《高等法院規則》第60A號命令第4條規則將上訴排期,及同日書面通知法團律師(第3條件);

(5)  法團可在吳沒有遵守第1條件、第2條件,或第3條件任何一個(或多個)條件的情況下,向審裁處作出書面申請(及抄送吳),申請即時撤銷上文(1)的上訴許可。

(6)  針對該傳票第2段,審裁處頒令暫緩執行該強制令7天。在吳滿足第1條件及第2條件後,暫緩執行再自動延長至送達《上訴通知書》後7天。在吳滿足第3條件後,暫緩執行再自動延長至上訴排期後12個月、上訴法庭就上訴開始正式上訴聆訊首日,或法庭進一步命令為止(以三者較早者作準)。當上訴法庭就上訴開始正式上訴聆訊後,暫緩執行再自動延長至上訴法庭作出裁斷,或法庭進一步命令為止;

(7)  審裁處不就該傳票第3段頒令;及

(8)  吳的律師須於7天內呈交本命令草稿(其前言須寫上上文第122段吳的承諾內容)給審裁處審批,獲批後7天內存檔及送達蓋印副本給法團律師。

該傳票的訟費

125.吳在該傳票第5段,申請將該傳票的訟費,歸於她擬進行的上訴的訟案中(黃也如此陳詞)。相反,劉陳詞要求吳支付該傳票的訟費。

126.看上文頒令,吳及法團在該許可申請上各有勝負,而吳則成功獲批該暫緩申請,本席因此不用處理該交替暫緩申請。

127.整體處理該傳票的訟費,本席認為,合適將合適百分比該傳票的訟費,歸於吳擬進行針對該判決的上訴的訟案中,但如她沒進行該等上訴至上訴法庭進行正式上訴聆訊的話,則她須支付法團該等合適百分比的該傳票訟費。

128.本席因此就該傳票的訟費頒令如下:

(1)  該傳票訟費的40%(包括所有保留訟費的40%,以及本書面審理訟費(連大律師證書)的40%),均歸於吳擬進行針對該判決的上訴的訟案中,如果吳進行該等上訴至上訴法庭進行正式上訴聆訊的話;及

(2)  倘若吳沒有進行她擬進行針對該判決的上訴至上訴法庭進行正式上訴聆訊的話,則吳須支付法團上述(1)的訟費,金額若雙方未能達成協議的話,則交由訟費評定官按照區域法院訟費標準作訟費評定。

  ( 李紹豪 )
土地審裁處法官

申請人:由陳俊華律師事務所轉聘劉韻瑩大律師代表呈交書面陳詞

答辯人:由董吳謝林律師事務所轉聘黃俊銘大律師代表呈交書面陳詞



[1]  [2026] HKLdT 1,除另有指明外,本席在本判決書採用該判案書的簡稱,及所有段落(及部分)均指該判案書的段落(及部分)

[2]  吳作供承認指的只是曾:第61段

[3]  林從林報告至庭上皆稱該平板為【建築裝飾鰭】(architectural fin),而黎在該聯合陳述書首稱之為【平板建築構件】,庭上改稱【構築物】(structure)

[4]  The Incorporated Owners of Grenville House v Wong Tak Keung Stanley and Claudia Canepa Wong [2024] HKLdT 69【12-15】

[5]  《土地審裁處條例》第11及11AA條

[6]  Chan Shiu Chong v Director of Lands [2019] HKCA 758 【26-27】

[7]  英文原文為【The Tribunal is entitled to set out the main thrust of its decision in a judgment, without having to set out, discuss and then reject, each and every contention raised. On top of that, it is a specialist tribunal. Unless there were plainly obvious errors in respect of material factors which the Tribunal failed to take into account, it is not open to applicants to ask the Court of Appeal to re-hear all the arguments they had advanced before the Tribunal by dressing up the omission of the Tribunal to address each such argument as an error of law.】

[8]  吳一方在該等理由第1段,並沒有投訴本席犯上了任何【法律論點的錯誤】,故省略。

[9]  (2024) 27 HKCFAR 166【55】

[10]  [2020] HKCA 448【26】

[11]  [2020] 2 HKLRD 1286

[12]  這是該等公契的締結日期

[13]  [2026] 1 HKLRD 261【62-63】

[14]  未經彙編, 高等法院遺囑訴訟 2007年第8宗, 判案書日期2010 年2月2 日

[15]  原本註腳為【This does not mean that an expert witness cannot revise his opinion after his report has been filed. The court fully appreciates that it is perfectly possible that an expert may responsibly revise his opinion, particularly after he has the opportunity of reading the report of his counterpart. Indeed, in most of the cases, it would be necessary and proper to do so, as explained below. But an expert should not put into his report an argument the soundness of which he is not personally satisfied at the time when he writes the report.】

[16]  其他例子可見於謄本23G-N,24A-I,42O-Q,43S-U,46P-Q,47A-E,62C-D,84G-H

[17]  訴訟雙方案情完結後,本席曾下令雙方先交換補充案例典據列表,後才由吳一方先遞交書面結案陳詞,最後才由法團呈交書面結案陳詞

[18]  第10及第16項

[19]  第14項 [2020] 2 HKLRD 142或[2020] HKCA 133

[20]  第13項 [2022] HKCA 1896

[21]  黃申請陳詞第121(2)段引述案例的公契條文,本席留意,和第36(v)條不盡完全相同。如劉反對陳詞第91(1)段所陳,本案針對該等公契的詮釋,也不能在其他屋苑的紛爭上被過分依賴。黃在回應陳詞第28段,也同意劉的見解。

[22]  [2007] 5 HKC 84 【6-10】

[23]  倘若吳有違反她對審裁處的承諾,本席在此嚴正警告,法團可以她藐視法庭為由,他日申請將她交付羈押。

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