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LDPE 190/2022
[2023] HKLdT43
香港特別行政區
土地審裁處
申請編號LDPE 2022年第190宗
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BILLION PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED (萬億置業國際有限公司) |
申請人 |
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MCP LIMITED |
答辯人 |
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| 聆訊日期: |
2023年5月10日 |
| 覆核判決書日期 : |
2023年5月29日 |
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覆 核 判 決 書
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1.答辯人在2023年3月15日根據《土地審裁處條例》第11A 條要求土地審裁處 (下稱「審裁處」) 覆核本席於2023年2月23日 頒下判案書(下稱「該判案書」) 的判決 。
背景
2.於本案, 根據一份於2019年8月20日訂立的租約 (下稱「涉案租約」)[1],申請人把位於屯門栢麗廣場的涉案處所租予答辯人作商業用途, 由2019年10月1日起至2022年9月30日止,而答辯人一直於涉案處所經營「現代美容中心」至2022年6月底, 但其間有部份時間沒有繳付租金。
3.根據該判案書的頒令, 答辯人須支付申請人由2021年1月1日至2021年2月28日及2022年2月1日起至2022年8月2日的租金/中間收益,共1,167,435元及利息。此外,答辯人須支付申請人由2022年8月3日起的損失,總數為589,332元及利息。
4.答辯人當時的抗辯理由,包括申請人曾口頭承諾免去期間部分或全部租金, 及因應《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》(香港法例第599F章), 答辯人有共246天關閉業務, 所以不應承擔該段期間之租金。答辯人又指, 是按申請人要求於2022年6月29日遷出涉案處所, 因此答辯人不應承擔2022年7月份及之後的租金。
5.可惜, 本席全然拒絕接受答辯人的所有抗辯理由。
6.根據答辯人於2023年3月15日遞交的覆核申請書, 該頒令有以下的法律錯誤:
(i) 簡易判決的程序;
(ii) 簡易判決的訟費;
(iii) 承諾不容反悔;
(iv) 不可抗力;及
(v) 錯誤依賴及/或接納無損權益信件作裁定的基礎。
7.此外,答辯人又指該頒令有以下錯誤的事實判決:
(i) 口頭承諾;
(ii) 2022年7月、8月和9月的租金; 及
(iii) 裝修費用。
簡易判決的程序
8.申請人本於2022年4月21日, 經陳俊華律師事務所向土地審裁處 (下稱「審裁處」)提出申請收回涉案處所, 理由是答辯人未有支付2021年的1月及2月及2022年的2月、3月及4月共5個月的租金, 總欠723,810元。
9.答辯人於2022年4月29日向審裁處遞交反對通知書,其中的抗辯理由只包括,疫情令美容院停業乃「不可抗力」理由, 及立法會於2022年4月28日通過了《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》(香港法例第644章), 其中第5條第(5)款規定:
「如任何租賃的業主採取任何行動,而該行動(或其任何部分)是就第(4)款描述的有關租户沒有繳付租金而採取的,若該行動(或部分行動)在保護期開始時尚未了結,則該行動(或部分行動)須予以擱置,直至以下兩個時間中的較早者為止 ——
(a) 保護期屆滿之時;
(b) 本款及第(4)款根據第(9)款停止就該租賃而適用當日開始之時。」
10.如是者, 本案被暫時擱置, 雙方代表律師亦於2022年5月19日同意把案件押後至不早於2022年8月1日再次排期聆訊的後續安排。
11.由於《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》第5條第(4)款, 只是禁止申請人就答辯人在2022年1月1日開始沒有繳付租金在審裁處提出訴訟,審裁處於同日,即2022年5月19日,根據訴訟雙方的同意傳票作出頒令如下:
“1. The applicant do file and serve on the respondent its request for further and better particulars of the Defence in respect of the arrears of rent for the months of January and February 2021 claimed by the applicant (the 2021 arrears);
2. The respondent do file and serve on the applicant its reply in respect of the 2021 arrears within 21 days thereafter;
3. If the Applicant shall proceed to take out any application under Order 14 or 14A of the Rules of High Court in respect of the 2021 arrears, such application shall be taken out on or before 4 July 2022.
4. The applicant’s claim in respect of the 2022 arrears be stayed pursuant to section 4(5) of Cap 644.
5. The next direction hearing (estimated time for 1 hour) be fixed for a date not before the 1st August 2022; and
6. Costs in the cause.”
12.即審裁處於2022年5月19日頒令了申請人如就答辯人在2021年期間沒有繳付租金提出訴訟,該申請須於2022年7月4日或之前提出。
13.其後答辯人於2022年6月21日發出傳票, 要求審裁處批准其就申請人於2022年5月31日要求的 “Further and Better Particulars for the Respondent’s Notice of Opposition (Form 7)” 於28日內作出回應。
14.可是基於答辯人已於2022年6月30日搬離涉案處所, 即根據《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》第5條第(9)款,申請人向答辯人追討欠租不再受到禁止, 申請人於2022年4月7日發出傳票,要求審裁處就答辯人的欠租事宜作出判決。
15.但於2022年7月6日的聆訊前夕, 申請人與答辯人於2022年7月5日發出同意傳票,內容如下:
“1. In respect of the Summons taken out by the Respondent[2]:
1.1 that unless the Respondent file and serve its reply to the Request of the Applicant in respect of the 2021 arrears before 4pm on 2nd August 2022, the Respondent’s Defence in respect of the 2021 arrears be struck out; and
1.2 the Respondent do pay the Applicant’s costs of this application be agreed at HK$750 to be paid forthwith.
2. In respect of the Order 14/14A application taken out by the Applicant[3]:
2.1 leave to the Respondent to file and serve its affirmation in opposition on or before 2nd August 2022;
2.2 leave to the Applicant to file its affirmation in reply within 28 days thereafter;
2.3 no further affirmation shall be filed by any party without leave of the Court;
2.4 estimated length for argument, two hours, to be fixed in consultation with Counsel’s diary; and
2.5 costs reserved.”
16.及後審裁處於2022年8月30日作出命令, 指示雙方須於2022年9月14日或之前就審訊進行排期。答辯人的代表律師曾就此來信詢問簡易判決及審訊是否分開進行, 審裁處口頭回覆會合併處理。
17.在2023年1月30日的審訊結束時, 答辯人要求就簡易判決應獲得全部訟費, 審裁處並不同意, 亦於該判案書第112段作出如下闡釋:
「查本席較早前已審理相類因新冠肺炎疫情導致租客欠租, 而後者也嘗引用「不可抗力」或「受挫失效」抗辯的個案,...... 如果不是本案答辯人的馬女士於2022年8月2日的反對誓章中, 突然加上該口頭承諾的新的抗辯理由, 本席會毫不猶豫的以簡易判決裁定申請人得直。」
18.答辯人認為審裁處不選擇把簡易判決及審訊分開進行, 答辯人便失去了爭辯簡易判決的權利, 造成程序不公及偏頗。
19.可是根據「香港民事訴訟2023」第1冊1B/1段,審裁處有案件管理的高度酌情權。就本案原涉簡易判決的爭議, 正是源於答辯人在其2022年4月29日的反對通知書所指之「不可抗力」理由, 縱使代表答辯人的蘇竟大律師 (「蘇大律師」)在2023年1月30日的審訊時「據理力爭」, 本席已於該判案書第62段至80段闡釋「不可抗力」並不適用於答辯人拒絕繳付租金的抗辯。答辯人從來沒有失去這「不可抗力」爭辯的權利。
20.「如果不是本案答辯人的馬女士於2022年8月2日的反對誓章中, 突然加上該口頭承諾的新的抗辯理由」,審裁處根本沒有必要要求排期審訊: “Indeed, for relatively simple case where parties are ready, this Tribunal could have determined the application at the first hearing. In other words, this Tribunal need not fix a trial hearing on a later date.”[4]
21.至於該簡易判決的訟費, 訴訟雙方在2022年5月19日的同意命令中已同意訟費歸於案中(Costs in the cause)。審裁處把簡易判決及審訊合併處理, 是行使案件管理的酌情權, 並非根據《高等法院規則》(香港法例第4A章)第14號命令第7(1)段駁回申請人的簡易判決申請, 更非答辯人在簡易判決中勝訴。
22.本案的情況極其量是類近答辯人被給予無條件抗辯許可, 根據「香港民事訴訟2023」第1冊14/7/13段,同樣的一般訟費安排是訟費歸於案中。所以並不存在簡易判決的訟費應全部給予答辯人的情況。
23.無論如何, 根據《土地審裁處條例》(香港法例第17章)第12條(1), 在審裁處進行的所有法律程序的訟費及附帶訟費均由審裁處酌情決定,審裁處並有一切權力決定誰人須支付該等訟費以及須支付的範圍。而於本案, 本席判決答辯人所引用的「不可抗力」抗辯理由敗訴。
口頭承諾
24.答辯人指口頭承諾, 顧名思義是沒有文書證據支持的承諾, 因此判定口頭承諾的存在與否應基於:
(a) 誠實可靠的證人供詞; 及
(b) 當事人的行為
作為間接證據。
25.答辯人針對該判案書的第46段, 指審裁處已清楚表明申請人的唯一作供證人黃耀進先生(「黃先生」)說謊, 審裁處反而沒有對答辯人的兩位證人, 冼嘉敏女士(「冼女士」)及馬詠襄女士(「馬女士」)作出不信任的判決, 她們的證供應較為可信, 那審裁處的唯一合理推論是有答辯人所稱的口頭承諾存在。
26.本席不以為然。法庭在考慮證人的可靠性時, 必然給予文書證據最多的比重。比方, 在Hui Cheung Fai & others v Daiwa Development Ltd & Others, HCA 1734/2009 (無彙報的案例,日期為2014年4月8日)一案的第77段至79段, 法庭已重申:
(1) 一般來說,與關鍵事件同時期存在的文件對評估證人的可信性至關重要。
(2) 證人的說法的固有可能性,或是否符合明顯的邏輯,也是重要的指標。
(3) 法庭亦可考慮證人的口供是否前後一致,或是否與不能爭議的證據相符,或是否存在矛盾。
(4) 總括而言,法庭可考慮客觀證據、證人的動機,及整體證據的可能性。
27.於本案, 本席在參閱申請人及答辯人於2021年3月9日及2022年4月7日的WhatsApp通訊紀錄後,質疑與冼女士於2021年3月商談答辯人要求減租的聯繫人盧小姐, 是否有權代表申請人決定減免答辯人應繳的租金。見該判案書第47段至51段。
28.雖然蘇大律師稱,冼女士只是普通平常人 (layman), 並不具有關法律知識, 所以沒有理解盧小姐的法律權限, 冼女士只因她認為盧小姐作為黃先生的太太, 盧小姐便能代表申請人承諾減租, 但本席已在該判案書第48段及49段引述有關案例, 並於第50段作出闡釋:
「可惜答辯人在這方面未能提供有關證據。 冼女士於接受陳大律師盤問時承認她與盧小姐並不稔熟,亦沒有私交, 只是透過屯門中央廣場的業主立案法團知道她是黃先生太太而矣, 似乎她正是上段(iv)的情況, 並不清楚盧小姐的法律權限。相反, 2021年3月9日的WhatsApp通訊中, 如盧小姐正是代表申請人一方說:「我已將你地要求轉告黃生 ......」, 同日她又說:「租務是由黃生秘書全權負責, 佢會聯絡你地」, 盧小姐已否認她有代表申請人決定減免答辯人應繳的租金的權限。」
29.在英國Fielden v Christie-Miller [2015] EWHC 87 (Ch)一案, Sir William Blackburne在其判案書的第26段正好解釋有關情況:
“[代表被告人的大律師所申辯的] fundamental proposition that where estoppel is in issue it is sufficient merely that the claimant asserting the estoppel believes that the person with whom he is dealing has the authority needed and that it is sufficient that the agent has the appearance of authority with nothing to suggest to the claimant that he does not is not one with which I am able to agree. Elementary fairness requires that before a person can be bound by the acts of another purporting to act on his behalf, that other must have his authority to bind him in the matter. Whether he has will depend on the usual principles of agency. This applies, in my judgment, as much in the field of estoppel as it does in other contexts. In the language of estoppel, there is nothing unconscionable in a person denying what another has come to believe and acted upon to his detriment if that person has not, either himself or through his agents, allowed the other to reach that belief. It is not therefore sufficient simply to plead that Mr Jodrell "appeared" to be speaking on behalf of all three trustees.”
30.在該判案書第52段, 本席續說:
「又即使本席的判斷有誤, 即盧小姐有代表申請人決定減免答辯人應繳租金的權限, 根據涉案租約繳付租金是答辯人的法律責任, 正如申請人在2021年3月23日向答辯人發出的「最後通知」所說, 答辯人「要求全數豁免2021年1月及2月的租金是完全不合常理及合約精神」, 豁免2021年1月及2月的租金是沒有價值 (consideration) 支持, 在法理上不能成立。 又如冼女士所說, 申請人或盧小姐拒絕通過文書確認, 即拒絕有產生法律效力的意圖, 這正如馬女士在其2022年8月2日遞交反對誓章所說,申請人會待租約期滿前之租單才顯示撇帳, 或如冼女士在其證人陳述書第6段所說, 「申請人在每個月的租單中會繼續掛帳, 待租約期滿前之租單才會顯示為撇帳(如免租期的撇帳)」。這亦可解釋冼女士於2022年4月29日遞交反對通知書內沒有寫上此重要的反對理由(如有)。 」
31.本席已考慮了證人的書面證詞及庭上證供、相關文件證據及證人說法的固有可能性或其說法是否合符明顯的邏輯。 本席因此在該判案書第53段說:
「相對而言, 申請人於2021年4月8日的追租函件末段曾稱, 如答辯人回覆接受申請人給予的優惠及收到1月份及2月份租金後, 申請人會草擬租約寬減租金協議書給雙方簽署確認。」
32.基於同樣理由, 本席在該判案書第54段說:
「...... 不接納冼女士於接受陳大律師盤問時的解釋,謂反對通知書內沒有足夠空間填寫。如冼女士認為該減免安排重要, 她首先不會輕易忘記, 因為根據她所說, 這安排是經她著力與盧小姐達成的, 她必定會如同其他相類案件的答辯人一樣, 在反對通知書上另加附頁, 這亦是一般學生也懂的常識。於此, 本席同意陳大律師所說,即使當時代表答辯人的律師莫超權律師行於2022年5月5日去信申請人, 仍然說著答辯人是根據普通法“不可抗力”及《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》為理由提出抗辯, 沒有提及該口頭承諾。」
33.本席在該判案書第55段,在考慮了相關文件證據及證人說法的固有可能性或其說法是否合符明顯的邏輯後, 同意代表申請人的陳珽浺大律師(「陳大律師」)所說,這口頭承諾的減租抗辯理由純然是答辯人或冼女士的事後想法 (afterthought)。
34.此外, 本席在該判案書第56段指出, 上述詮釋亦符合申請人於2021年4月8日的追租函件內所述的減租條件:
「首要條件 貴公司於餘下租期 (17個月) 必須準時繳付租金及完成相關租約期, 否則敝公司會撤銷此17個月寬減優惠(設有權追溯)。」
35.因此本席在該判案書的第57段,表明不相信如冼女士所稱申請人突然有1800的轉變, 無條件答應100%完全免去答辯人須繳付的2021年1月及2月租金。「申請人在有條件的情況下, 如要求答辯人必須準時繳付租金及完成相關租約期才於租約期滿時撇除答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金, 亦可合理解釋為何申請人在往後的租單繳款通知書/付款收據上沒有加上追討欠租利息等, 也解釋了申請人為何不早不遲, 於答辯人拒絕繳付2022年的2月、3月及4月的租金後, 於2022年4月21日, 經陳俊華律師事務所入禀審裁處, 提出申請收回涉案處所,及向答辯人追討2021年的1月及2月及2022年的2月、3月及4月共5個月的租金及相關利息。」
36.本席更在該判案書的第59段稱,「觀乎冼女士於其證人陳述書的內容,本席贊同 … 答辯人或冼女士是「斷章取義」。
37.答辯人要求覆核的理據, 只是重複它於2023年1月30日審訊時的陳述。本席並不同意蘇大律師所稱,冼女士所提供她與盧小姐於2021年3月9日的如下WhatsApp 通訊[5], 足以證明申請人同意完全免去2021年1月及2月份的租金:
「我已將你地要求轉告黃生, 黃生話如果你公司在本月12日前交齊1月、2月、3月租金、管理費及第四季差餉地租, 就可以同意給予 貴公司特別要求1月份租金50% Discount 及 2月份租金10% discount, 合計60% Discount在租金上」(後加強調)
很明顯, 這是有條件的, 亦不是「完全免去2021年1月及2月份的租金」, 而事實上冼女士也不同意這2021年3月9日的安排, 在冼女士於2022年12月19日遞交審裁處的證人陳述書中[6], 她約於「2021年3月底到4月之間」, 即在2021年3月9日之後, 仍希望申請人能考慮完全免去2021年1月及2月份的租金。申請人亦有實質文件證據以否定雙方曾有達成口頭協議, 申請人於2021年3月23日在其最後通知中, 清楚列明申請人拒絕答辯人所要求全數豁免2021年1月及2月份的租金。[7]
38.在覆核誓章第29段, 答辯人指「土地審裁處亦在判決時沒有充分考慮業主完全免去租客租金是疫情下的常態。 在疫情期間, 答辯人觀察到九倉及不少美容業業主向租戶減租, 與租戶共渡難關。 答辯人認為申請人和九倉及不少美容業業主一樣, 所以, 答辯人才會相信並依賴申請人的口頭承諾 ......」
39.首先, 本席當指出,答辯人在2023年1月30日的審訊過程中完全沒有提及上述之「常態」, 審裁處亦沒有察覺此「常態」的存在[8]。本席不僅認為答辯人只是道聽途說, 即使有此類的減租個案, 也可能是個別例子, 只是因應個別業主與租客的自身情況發生, 並不能稱之為「常態」。
承諾不容反悔
40.既然本席不同意答辯人能證明盧小姐有權代表申請人決定減免答辯人應繳的租金, 又本席判決申請人沒有口頭承諾免去答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金, 這沒有任何反悔可言, 答辯人的覆核根本沒有意義。
不可抗力
41.同樣, 答辯人引用「不可抗力」的理由, 企圖反對申請人的追租申請並禁止申請人追討上述時段的租金及利息(如有)。
42.本席在該判案書第65段, 已引用Sunbroad Holdings Limited v A80 Paris HK Limited & Another, HCA 735/2020 及HCA 1174/2021(無彙報的案例,日期為2022年7月29日)的案例,否定答辯人可以新冠肺炎疫情為「不可抗力」的理由而拒絕繳付租金。
43.在本覆核申請,蘇大律師嘗試引用新加坡高等法院在Dathena Science Pte Ltd v JustCo (Singapore) Pte Ltd [2021] SGHC 219 及 Lachman’s Emporium Pte Ltd v Kang Tien Kuan (trading as Lookers Music Café, a sole proprietor) [2022] SGHC 19 的判決意圖翻案, 可是香港上訴法庭在 Vember Lord Limited v The Swatch Group (Hong Kong) Limited, CACV 83 及84/2022 (無彙報的案例,日期為2023年3月15日)已裁定此兩案並不適用於香港:
“29.1. Then there are two Singapore cases. The important distinguishing feature between those cases and our case is that there were government mandated prohibitions in Singapore on non-essential services and entertainment venues, but none in Hong Kong affecting operations of the Premises as retail watch shops. First, in Dathena Science Pte Ltd v Justco (Singapore) Pte Ltd, the defendant rented buildings and provided workspaces therein to its customers. At the end of 2019, the plaintiff (a software developer) was interested in renting premises in one such building (OCBC).
29.2. It was of paramount importance to the plaintiff that the premises could meet its IT requirements and that it could physically move its servers into the premises before the start date of the lease. These requirements meant that certain works had to be done at the premises before the plaintiff moved in.
29.3. By an agreement called the “membership agreement” dated 16 January 2020, the plaintiff agreed to rent the premises from the defendant for 2 years commencing 1 May 2020. The plaintiff made various payments to the defendant, for (among other things) the required works.
29.4. However, before the plaintiff could move in, in early April 2020 the Singapore Government announced “circuit breaker measures” under which non-essential services were required to cease. As a result, the defendant could not undertake the required works so as to make the premises ready for the plaintiff to move in.
29.5. On 29 May 2020, the plaintiff issued a notice of termination of the membership agreement on the basis that:
(a) it had not been able to commence occupancy of the premises due to delays in the works at the premises;
(b) the membership agreement has been frustrated.
29.6. The defendant then attempted to persuade the plaintiff to sign a new agreement for another one of its buildings (Bras Basah) to replace the membership agreement for the OCBC premises.
29.7. At trial, the plaintiff sought the return of the sums it had paid the defendant by relying on the Frustrated Contracts Act to support its argument that the membership agreement for the OCBC premises had been frustrated by the “circuit-breaker measures”. The defendant denied that the membership agreement had been frustrated.
29.8. At §187, the judge found “looking at the facts”, that the contract had been frustrated. The judge found that the defendant’s own conduct in attempting to persuade the plaintiff to sign a new agreement for the Bras Basah premises indicated that it was aware that it could not perform its contractual obligations as previously agreed to in the membership agreement for the OCBC premises.
30. As this was a finding on facts based on the defendant’s conduct, it is not of much help to our case if at all. In any event, the facts were very different to our case in that the Singapore government’s “circuit-breaker measures” prohibited the performance of the works before moving in, which was “of paramount importance”.
31.1. The other Singapore cases referred to was Lachman’s Emporium Pte Ltd v Kang Tien Kuan (trading as Lookers Music Café, a sole proprietorship). The citation of the summary judgment decision in the High Court dated 26 January 2022 is [2022] SGHC 19 (“the SJ Decision”), and that of the leave to appeal judgment before the Appellate Division of the High Court dated 24 March 2022 is [2022] SGHC(A) 13 (“the Leave Judgment”).
31.2. The facts are set out in the SJ Decision. The plaintiff was the landlord of premises in Geylang, Singapore. The defendant tenant operated a music lounge there.
31.3. By a tenancy agreement dated 26 December 2019, the tenant rented the premises from the landlord for a period of 2 years from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021. The agreement required the tenant
“to use the demised premises as pub/bar/cabaret/nightclub/ discotheque/karaoke lounge only”.
31.4. The tenant failed to pay the rent for March 2020, and for the period from August 2020 to April 2021, at the end of which he terminated the agreement. The landlord then applied to the authorities for change of user.
32. The landlord applied for summary judgment against the tenant, who argued that the agreement was frustrated. The tenant’s evidence varied between alleging that the agreement had been frustrated by the Covid pandemic itself (which started in January 2020) and/or by the Covid regulations which came into force on 27 March 2020 under which the Government closed all public entertainment venues.
33.1. In the SJ Decision, the judge held (§11):
“a contract may also be frustrated when the effect of a supervening event thwarts the commonly held purposes by the parties when they entered into the contract. In the present case, the COVID-19 measures rendered the Premises no longer capable for its intended purpose, ie as a music lounge, contrary to what the tenancy agreement has provided for ... There is a triable issue as to whether using the Premises as a music lounge is a commonly held purpose shared by both parties. If so, the contractual obligations might have been rendered radically or fundamentally different from what was agreed upon in the contract and that performance of the contract is futile in light of the supervening event”. (Emphasis added).
33.2. At §13, the judge then said:
“In the present case, although the primary obligation to lease has not been rendered impossible by COVID-19 nor the COVID-19 measures, there is a bona fide defence of the frustration of the shared purpose of using the Premises for a music lounge. On the fact of the Tenancy Agreement, it may be said that there was a shared purpose of using the Premises to run a music lounge ... At the time of the contract, parties may not have contemplated that the Premises might be prevented by a tiny coronavirus from being used as a music lounge. The fact that the plaintiff had to write in to the URA subsequently in April 2021 to ask for a temporary permission to use the Premises as a restaurant reinforces my view that the plaintiff had similarly intended the Premises to be used as a music lounge. With the imposition of COVID-19 measures and the closure of night-time entertainment venues, it was obvious that this purpose cannot be achieved. It may however transpire that this purpose was not shared – or it might not; but for the purpose of this summary judgment application, I find that the defendant has raised a bona fide defence”. (Emphasis added).
33.3. The judge dismissed the landlord’s summary judgment application in its entirety.
34.1. The landlord applied for leave to appeal on the sole ground that it should have obtained summary judgment for the rent for the period 1 March 2020 to 26 March 2020 (“the reduced sum”), as the government’s measures only took effect from 27 March 2020.
34.2. The tenant argued that the frustration occurred from late January 2020, and not from the date the closure regulation came into force in March 2020. As mentioned above, his evidence before the judge had varied between alleging that the agreement had been frustrated by the Covid pandemic itself (which started in January 2020) and/or by the Covid regulations which came into force on 27 March 2020.
35.1. The Appellate Division noted that the landlord had not previously advanced an alternative case for summary judgment for only the reduced sum, and for that reason the judge could not be faulted for not distinguishing between the two postulated dates.
35.2. It noted at §11 that “a holistic reading of the SJ Decision indicates that the judge had identified the COVID-19 regulations as the frustrating event”.
35.3. It also noted a number of matters affecting the landlord’s new alternative application for the reduced sum which required further consideration, such as the tenancy deposit, the COVID-19 (Temporary Measures) Act 2020 which introduced temporary rental reliefs, and the relevance (or otherwise) of the Frustrated Contracts Act 1959.
35.4. For those reasons, the Appellate Division dismissed the landlord’s application for leave to appeal for summary judgment for the reduced sum.
36. Mr Bernard Man SC for the tenant argued that the Lachman decisions fortified his argument that there was an arguable case of frustration of purpose. When the decisions are analysed as above, I do not consider that either the SJ Decision or the Leave Judgment is of much assistance to the tenant in our case. There was no examination of the issue whether the pandemic itself (without the closure order) would have been sufficient to cause the lease to be frustrated.”
44.雖然這樣, 陳大律師亦強調Dathena Science與本案的案情並不相同:
(a) 在Dathena Science,對於原告人(租客)而言, 一個非常重要的因素是該處所必須符合原告人的資訊科技(IT)要求, 以及原告人可以運送他的服務器前往該處所 (It was of paramount importance to the plaintiff that the premises could meet its IT requirements and that it could physically move its servers into the premises before the start date of the lease. These requirements meant that certain works had to be done at the premises before the plaintiff moved in.)[9] 但於本案, 涉案租約沒有限制答辯人在涉案處所只可以從事受制於《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》附表2所列的美容業務, 本案涉案租約第2條, 只說「租客除將該物業作商業用途外, 不可將該物業或其任何部份作其他用途」[10]。
(b) 新加坡政府在2020年4月宣佈相關的新冠狀病毒疫情規例,根據這些規例, 非必要性服務必須停止。 言而,Dathena Science的被告人未能把該處所交予原告人使用 (However, before the plaintiff could move in, in early April 2020 the Singapore Government announced “circuit breaker measures” under which non-essential services were required to cease. As a result, the defendant could not undertake the required works so as to make the premises ready for the plaintiff to move in.)[11] 相反, 本案的答辯人在所有關鍵時段皆可使用涉案處所作商業用途, 除非該商業用途受《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》禁止。
(c) Dathena Science的原本合約受挫的主要原因是基於被告人嘗試說服原告人簽署一份新的租約以取代原本的租約, 而該新的租約性質是一份完全不同的租約, 因此該案的法庭裁定JustCo (Singapore)知道它不能履行原本的合約 (29.8 ...the judge found “looking at the facts”, that the contract had been frustrated. The judge found that the defendant’s own conduct in attempting to persuade the plaintiff to sign a new agreement for the Bras Basah premises indicated that it was aware that it could not perform its contractual obligations as previously agreed to in the membership agreement for the OCBC premises. 30. As this was a finding on facts based on the defendant’s conduct, it is not of much help to our case if at all.)[12]。於本案, 答辯人從來沒有要求申請人簽署新的租約, 而答辯人可以在涉案處所從事任何商業用途, 除非該商業用途受《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》禁止。
45.陳大律師亦強調Lachman’s Emporium與本案的案情並不相同。Lachman’s Emporium一案的租約列明場所的原意用途是作「音樂休息室」(a Music Lounge), 反觀本案,涉案租約第2條, 只說「租客除將該物業作商業用途外, 不可將該物業或其任何部份作其他用途」, 限制明顯較為寬鬆。
46.此外, 陳大律師也認為Vember Lord的案情與本案稍有不同:
(a) 該案的被告人可以在店鋪經營賣“Swatch”手錶(Under Section III clause 1, the tenant was obliged to use these premises wholly and exclusively as a shop for the sale of watches under the “Swatch” trade name.)[13]
(b) 上訴法庭也在第22段指出「在租約受挫的情況下, 租約的共同商業目的可以從租約的條款中推斷出來, 而該條款限制該處所的使用用途」(In the context of frustration of leases, the common commercial purpose of the contract can be inferred from the express terms of the lease which restrict the use of the demised premises to a particular purpose .)[14]
(c) 陳大律師強調, 本案的涉案租約第2條, 只說「租客除將該物業作商業用途外, 不可將該物業或其任何部份作其他用途」。 申請人與答辯人的共同商業目的是答辯人只可以在涉案處所從事任何商業用途, 租約沒有限制答辯人只可以在涉案處所經營受制於《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》附表2所列的美容院。
47.至於答辯人在覆核誓章第41段指, 涉案處所「亦不可能突然將物業的用途作變更」,陳大律師指答辯人沒有清楚提出任何證據或實質解釋為何答辯人不能在涉案處所從事其他商業活動。即使答辯人認為在涉案處所改變由經營美容院業務至其他商業業務會帶來重大經濟損失或不方便之處, 但在Sunbroad Holdings一案, 梁俊文高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官在其判案書第41段已指出, 單純盈利下降或經濟損失的因素不足以構成「合約受挫」:
“It follows that the threshold for proving frustration proper is very high. Mere incidence of expense, delay, less profitability or onerousness is not sufficient. Cases leading to a successful frustration are therefore extremely rare.”
48.陳大律師更指出,本案的涉案租約從來沒有指明申請人需要保障答辯人在涉案處所的經營能否有任何盈利, 申請人只是需要根據租約向答辯人交出涉案處所及不得干擾答辯人享用該店舖的權利等。
49.又正如本席在該判案書第79段所說, 答辯人以美容院被政府以《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》 下令必須停業期間以「不可抗力」或「合約受挫失效」理由沒有支付2021年1月及2月的租金及2022年2月至6月的租金, 但卻在其他受《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》影響的時段願意支付租金, 是自相矛盾。
50.答辯人又認為本席未有充份考慮涉案租約附表二內備註(d)的免責條款, 當中雙方同意免除申請人因火災、水災、風災等天災或各種其他意外之災害時的責任。可是這免責條款只免除申請人作為業主的責任, 並不是免除答辯人的任何責任。況且這免責條款沒有提及流行病也足以獲得同等看待。 而火災、水災、風災等天災只局限於地質災害, 與流行病或新冠狀病毒扯不上關係。
51.於此, 該判案書第73段提及的Financial Conduct Authority v Arch Insurance (UK) Ltd and Others [2021] UKSC 1案例, 英國的最高法院說,新冠狀病毒的保險賠償, 如有,也會有地域的局限:
“69. A disease that spreads is not something that occurs at a particular time and place and in a particular way: it occurs at a multiplicity of different times and places and may occur in different ways involving differing symptoms of greater or less severity. Nor for that matter could an “outbreak” of disease be regarded as one occurrence, unless the individual cases of disease described as an “outbreak” have a sufficient degree of unity in relation to time, locality and cause. If several members of a household were all infected with COVID-19 when a carrier of the disease visited their home on a particular day, that might arguably be described as one occurrence. But the same could not be said of the contraction of the disease by different individuals on different days in different towns and from different sources. Still less could it be said that all the cases of COVID-19 in England (or in the United Kingdom or throughout the world) which had arisen by any given date in March 2020 constituted one occurrence. On any reasonable or realistic view, those cases comprised thousands of separate occurrences of COVID-19. Some of those occurrences of the disease may have been within a radius of 25 miles of the insured premises whereas others undoubtedly will not have been. The interpretation which makes best sense of the clause, in our view, is to regard each case of illness sustained by an individual as a separate occurrence. On this basis there is no difficulty in principle and unlikely in most instances to be difficulty in practice in determining whether a particular occurrence was within or outside the specified geographical area.
70. ...
71. ...
72. ... But it does not follow that cases of a disease occurring outside the specified radius are themselves part of the peril insured against by the disease clause. On the contrary, it is clear from the words used that they are not.
73. ...
74. We conclude that the disease clause in RSA 3 is properly interpreted as providing cover for business interruption caused by any cases of illness resulting from COVID-19 that occur within a radius of 25 miles of the premises from which the business is carried on. The clause does not cover interruption caused by cases of illness resulting from COVID-19 that occur outside that area.” (後加強調)
52.至於答辯人引用的美國案例UMNV 205-207 Newbury, LLC v Caffe Nero Americas Inc, 2021 WL 956069 (Massachusetts Supreme Court, 8 February 2021, 2084CV01493-BLS2), 本席在該判案書第71段已闡釋拒絕採納的原因, 不贅。
53.無論如何, 本席已在該判案書第72至78段引述了相關的英國上訴法庭案例。 加上最近香港上訴法庭的Vember Lord案例, 本席看不到答辯人的「不可抗力」理由, 有甚麼機會可推翻這些案例。
無損權益信件
54.在衡量申請人是否可追討2022年7月及之後的租金損失時, 本席於該判案書第94段如是說:
「又由於《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》第5條第5款, 本案在該條例生效期間被擱置, 及至申請人知悉答辯人搬離涉案處所,「不再在該租賃下完全或主要用作指明處所」, 再至2022年6月29日, 當時答辯人的代表律師莫超權律師行向申請人發出的無損權益信件, 本席裁定答辯人未有在無條件下交回涉案處所的空置管有權。」
55.本席於該判案書第95段又說:
「又根據答辯人所提供, 當時答辯人的代表律師莫超權律師行於2022年8月17日向申請人發出的信件(該2022年8月17日函件)第4段提到:「在2022年6月28日的無損權益信中, MCP 曾表示上述物業拆埸到 “bare-shell” 之費用以市埸報價HK$20萬元代替」, 本席裁定答辯人未有涉案租約附表二(j)段於遷出時履行還原工程。」
56.答辯人指本席錯誤依賴及接納2022年6月28日或29日的無損權益信件而得出以上裁定。2022年6月29日的無損權益信件實際上是由答辯人當時的代表律師發出予申請人的律師樓 (答辯人稱, 當時的代表律師於2022年6月28日亦沒有發出過作為2022年6月28日的信件)。
57.正如蘇大律師承認, 審訊文件冊亦從來沒有出現所謂2022年6月28日或29日的「無損權益」信件的證物, 答辯人所指的所謂「無損權益」信件, 實際上是基於訴訟雙方同意的審訊文件冊第317頁中提及一份由答辯人律師行於2022年8月17日發出的沒有標示「無損權益」的信件 (下稱「8月17日信件」, 其副本見於本判決書附件一)。 申請人在2023年1月30日審訊中的陳詞, 也有指向這8月17日信件。
58.在Re Jinro (HK) International Ltd [2002] 4 HKC 90一案, 香港高等法院原訟法庭在其判案書第13段已澄清, 如訴訟一方要求與對方的某些對話須受「無損權益」保障, 這對話必須是建基於該方真誠希望與對方達成和解協議:
“For a claim of privilege to succeed, the party claiming it must establish that the communication in question was made "(1) in a bona fide attempt to settle a dispute between the parties, ... and the communication was made in a genuine attempt to further negotiations to settle that dispute. The fact that a communication concerns a dispute between the parties is not sufficient to confer privilege - it must be made in furtherance of the settlement of the dispute".”
59.但觀乎8月17日信件的內容, 答辯人從來沒有表示向申請人提出和解條件。 陳大律師指出, 答辯人在8月17日信件的實際用途, 只是主張答辯人所稱的法律權利 (Assertion of the Respondent’s Rights), 這包括反對申請人向答辯人追討2022年6月30日之後的損失、反對申請人的指控、不同意申請人的還原工程費用, 以及保留答辯人的法律權利。
60.本席同意陳大律師的陳詞,本覆核申請有關8月17日信件的爭議, 與英國上訴法庭在 Buckingham County Council v Moran [1990] Ch 623 一案中情況相同,Slade LJ在634D至635E指出該案的信件並非「無損權益」信件, 該信的作者只是主張他的法律權利而已:
“In re Daintrey, Ex parte Holt [1893] 2 Q.B. 116 , 119, Vaughan Williams J., delivering the judgment of the court, stated the conditions for the application of the "without prejudice" rule as follows:
"In our opinion the rule which excludes documents marked 'without prejudice' has no application unless some person is in dispute or negotiation with another, and terms are offered for the settlement of the dispute or negotiation, and it seems to us that the judge must necessarily be entitled to look at the document in order to determine whether the conditions, under which alone the rule applies, exist. The rule is a rule adopted to enable disputants without prejudice to engage in discussion for the purpose of arriving at terms of peace, and unless there is a dispute or negotiations and an offer the rule has no application."
If this statement represented the outer limits of the "without prejudice" rule, there could be no question of its availing the defendant, since by his letter of 20 January 1976, he was not offering terms for the settlement of any dispute or negotiation subsisting between him and the council. Later authorities, however, have expressed the principle in rather wider terms. This court in South Shropshire District Council v. Amos [1986] 1 W.L.R. 1271 held that privilege can attach to a document headed "without prejudice" even if it is merely an "opening shot" in negotiations. As Parker L.J. said, at pp. 1277-1278:
"It attaches to all documents which are marked 'without prejudice' and form part of negotiations, whether or not they are themselves offers, unless the privilege is defeated on some other ground as was the case in In re Daintrey, Ex parte Holt [1893] 2 Q.B. 116 ."
More recently the House of Lords in Rush & Tomkins Ltd. v. Greater London Council [1989] A.C. 1280 has stated the general *635 principle that the rule applies "to exclude all negotiations genuinely aimed at settlement whether oral or in writing from being given in evidence:" see per Lord Griffiths, at p. 1299.
I think the judge was right to regard the relevant question as being whether or not the letter of 20 January 1976 could properly be regarded as a negotiating document. But I respectfully disagree with his conclusion that it could. As the judge himself said, and as the letter itself indicated, the defendant was writing the letter in an attempt to persuade the council that his case was well founded. As I read the letter, it amounted not to an offer to negotiate, but to an assertion of the defendant's rights, coupled with an intimation that he contemplated taking his solicitor's advice unless the council replied in terms recognising his asserted rights. I cannot derive from the letter any indication, or at least any clear indication, of any willingness whatever to negotiate.
If, as is my view, the letter of 20 January 1976 cannot fairly and properly be read as an "opening shot" in negotiations, the attribution of the protection of "without prejudice" privilege to it would in my opinion go beyond the bounds of that privilege established by existing authority and would not in my opinion be justifiable. The public policy on which the privilege rests does not in my judgment justify giving protection to a letter which does not unequivocally indicate the writer's willingess to negotiate. Though I think this will make no difference to the result on the substantive issue, this head of appeal is in my judgment accordingly well founded.” (後加強調)
61.此外, 這8月17日信件, 實際上是回覆申請人於2022年8月5日的信件, 而這8月5日的信件(見審訊文件冊第314頁及本判決書附件二)同樣沒有表示其為「無損權益」信件。申請人在該8月5日的信件中, 並非有意圖尋求與答辯人達成和解, 申請人純粹告知答辯人:
(a) 申請人已經接受涉案處所的鎖匙及單位的管有權,
(b) 答辯人未有履行租約的要求先把涉案處所進行還原工作, 及
(c) 申請人進行還原工程並保留追究任何損失的權利。
62.又即使8月17日信件屬於「無損權益」性質, 本席同意陳大律師的陳詞,答辯人已經放棄「無損權益」的特權。 答辯人從收到審訊文件冊至2023年1月30日的審訊, 從來沒有提出反對8月17日信件列入審訊文件冊。陳大律師在該審訊時亦有多次引述8月17日信件, 而答辯人也沒有提出反對。
63.再者,該判案書第94段只是本席重覆本案案情, 本席根本看不到答辯人當時的律師於2022年6月29日發出予申請人的律師樓的「無損權益」信件。相反, 冼女士於其2022年12月19日遞交的證人陳述書第23段敘述如下:[15]
「於約2022年6月29, MCP 按萬億要求, 退出上述物業, 並透過代表律師通知萬億已把上述物業的鑰匙於在MCP 代表律師行, 並要求萬億代表律師前來領取。 但萬億拒絕收回該鑰匙。」
64.首先,如答辯人已決定把涉案處所的空置管有權交回申請人, 答辯人是有責任把涉案處所的鑰匙交予申請人或其代表律師, 而不是要求申請人前往某處取回。就此, 本席及蘇大律師於2023年1月30日亦有查問代表申請人的證人黃先生, 這正如該判案書第91段所述,「黃先生回答指該律師事務所的交回鑰匙建議是有附帶條件的, 所以申請人不能接受。於此, 由於答辯人未能提供任何證據反駁, 本席裁定申請人有權不接受答辯人有附帶條件的交吉建議, 這亦不影響申請人向答辯人追討期間所拖欠的租金的權利。」
65.因此, 本席只是在該判案書第94段重覆本案案情,沒有依賴答辯人當時的代表律師於2022年6月29日發出予申請人的律師樓的「無損權益」信件。
66.至於該判案書第95段所述的情況, 冼女士於其2022年12月19日遞交的證人陳述書第22及24 段敘述如下:[16]
「22.為按萬億要求, 歸還上述物業的bare shell, 退出上述物業, MCP開始拆除上述物業的裝修, 但被萬億代表通過管理處禁止MCP繼續進行拆除工程。
23. ......
24. 於約2022年7月21日, 萬億才收回上述物業鑰匙, 並且開始拆除上述物業的裝修。」(後加強調)
67.由此可見, 即使本席沒有參閱8月17日信件, 本席亦可裁定答辯人未有涉案租約附表二(j)段於遷出時履行還原工程。
2022年7月、8月和9月的租金
68.答辯人指, 是申請人的代表Frankie要求答辯人於2022年6月29日搬出涉案處所, 這也是Frankie代表申請人的口頭承諾。 此口頭承諾導致答辯人提早搬出涉案處所,申請人不能違反此口頭承諾向答辯人追討2022年6月30日後的租金損失。
69.本席同意陳大律師的陳詞, 答辯人完全歪曲Frankie 在5月3日的WhatsApp對話內容, 該判案書第87段已列出該WhatsApp短訊如下:
「即使條例生效與否
租金都係要交
又何必拖住大家
你25樓7月都開張
你呢家交租, 我同意你早d退租
你又慳返43萬
你老細禁好數口其實點會唔識計呢」
70.Frankie沒有要求答辯人搬出涉案處所, 相反Frankie向答辯人作出有條件的建議 (conditional offer): 如果答辯人即時交回欠租,Frankie同意答辯人可提早退租。 事實上, 答辯人從來沒有向申請人交回欠租, 答辯人不能滿足Frankie有條件的建議。 當答辯人拒絕繳付根據涉案租約訂下的租金, 是答辯人表示拒繳履行涉案租約 (repudiation of contract)[17]。
71.至於蘇大律師指是Frankie於約2022年4月7月主動通過電話聯繫答辯人, 並向答辯人稱申請人不想再把涉案處所出租予從事美容行業的答辯人,並要求答辯人在2022年6月30日前搬離涉案處所[18], 所以提出提前終止涉案租約一方是申請人而不是答辯人, 本席認為這簡直是倒因為果,顛倒時序。 如果答辯人或蘇大律師所說的是正確, 這就不會有5月3日的WhatsApp短訊。
72.又如果答辯人於約2022年4月7月收到的信息有任何疑惑, 這5月3日的WhatsApp短訊已作出了澄清, Frankie的建議是有條件的, 就是答辯人須即時交回欠租。
73.於此,陳大律師呈交了Chitty on Contracts, 第34版第25-049段,意謂即使提前終止涉案租約一方是申請人而不是答辯人,沒有證據顯示Frankie 或申請人同意不去追討答辯人拒繳履行涉案租約所造成的損失:
“25-049 Waiver of breach One party may waive his right to terminate a contract consequent upon a repudiation of the contract by the other party. It is, however, important to distinguish between the case in which a party waives his right to treat the contract as repudiated but does not abandon his right to claim damages for the loss suffered as a result of the breach and the case, which admittedly may be rare, where the innocent but also his claim for damages for the breach …”
74.同樣, 在 世榮集團有限公司訴梁甘雨 [2003] 2 HKLRD 882一案,上訴法庭法官袁家寧在其判案書第47段指出, 被告人可同時尋求沒收租賃和普通法下的補救:
“…, it is clear that the judge was right when he held that the Plaintiff in the present case could pursue both the forfeiture remedy and the common law remedy. Here, the non-payment of rent had reached a substantial amount, there was no offer on the part of the Defendant to make even part payment of outgoings such as rates and air-conditioning charges, let alone rent, and of course there were the two letters on 15 February 2001 and 19 February 2001 which showed that the Defendant could no longer continue with the tenancy agreement and wished to withdraw from it.”
裝修費用
75.又在該判案書第102(1)段, 本席認為答辯人聘用「大進清拆工程五金回收公司」的報價單沒有提及工程所需之勞工及第三者意外保險,答辯人指購買勞工及第三者意外保險的責任在於工程外判商, 不在於工程客戶, 所以勞工及第三者意外保險的支出是工程外判商的營運支出, 不會顯示在裝修報價單上, 亦不會是工程客戶的責任。 於此, 本席並不同意。 首先羊毛必出在羊身上, 所以有關開支必會反映在報價單上。另如果在進行工程時, 客戶並不知悉工程外判商有否購買適當的保險,萬一出現意外,客戶亦要負上賠償責任。 而最重要的是,管理公司在允許商場內進行工程前, 亦必須確認該項工程已購買適當的專屬保險,工程報價單內必須列明包括勞工保險及第三者意外保險,甚至在進行工程前要提供勞工保險及第三者意外保險保單的副本, 否則一般不會允許工程進行, 這已是物業管理的慣常做法。因此本席裁定答辯人未能滿足舉證責任,以證明申請人聘用的King’s Design and Production的裝修報價427,980元並不合理。
76.又該判案書第102(3)段, 本席認為根據黃先生回答蘇大律師及涉案處所的地址, 涉案處所原為6個個別但相鄰單位, 所以本席接納黃先生的解釋,King’s Design and Production的裝修報價必須包括其第3項所指的泥水工程及第4項的門窗工程。答辯人稱審訊文件冊內涉案處所的相片沒有顯示單位在租予答辯人時有黃先生所聲稱的6個間隔, 黃先生亦確認文件冊內涉案處所的相片只顯示到涉案處所的一部份, 因此本席應接納文件冊內涉案處所的相片作為主要證據, 即涉案處所原來就沒有6個間隔。 而且涉案租約也沒有訂明申請人在把涉案處所租予答辯人時, 涉案處所就有6個間隔。所以答辯人只需把bare-shell交還給申請人。
77.在一般涉及物業單位內部的審訊, 許多情況是雙方只提供單位內部的一些照片, 鮮有如在Tin Kung Investment Limited v Secretary for Transport, LDRW 16/2001 (無彙報的案例,日期為2004年6月29日)一案般, 提供物業單位內部的3600影像。所以審裁處不可能單靠涉案處所其中一隅的相片作為證據, 以決定涉案處所原來的間隔。 但涉案租約表二第(j)段清楚表明,「單位內之一切原來設備及間隔, 乙方遷出時必須履行還原工程」, 並非如答辯人所指的把涉案處所以“bare-shell” 交回申請人。[19] 所以本席根據黃先生回答蘇大律師及涉案處所的地址[20], 決定涉案處所原為6個個別但相鄰單位。
78.根據《土地審裁處條例》(香洪港法例第17章)第10 (6)條,審裁處可接納任何陳述、文件、資料或事宜為證據,不論該等陳述、文件、資料或事宜在其他情況下會否被接納為證據,並可按情況而權衡其作為證據的分量。
79.答辯人又指涉案處所的地址, 實由116、117、118、119 及120號舖5個單位組成, 而非黃先生所說的6個個別相鄰單位, 可是在2023年1月30日審訊時, 答辯人沒有表示異議。
80.此際, 馬女士於2023年3月15日提交的覆核誓章第58段, 卻又承認於2016年接收涉案處所時, 確實收取了116、117、118、119 及120號舖5個單位, 這相對上文第76段答辯人所指, 涉案租約也沒有訂明申請人在把涉案處所租予答辯人時, 涉案處所就有6個間隔,互有出入。[21] 又根據馬女士於2022年12月19日提交的證人陳述書及於2023年1月30日審訊時表示, 她是於2022年3月後才處理涉案租約的事宜。因此, 就有關答辯人於2016年接收涉案處所時的情況, 馬女士只能聽取第三者的意見, 其可信性存疑。
81.而答辯人現時從屯門柏麗廣場網站找到涉案一樓商場的平面圖,稱涉案處所各舖位是處於商場內, 並沒有設有窗口, 故King’s Design and Production的裝修報價單上(4)的門窗工程亦非合理。可是King’s Design and Production的裝修報價單上(4)的門窗工程所指的是「提供人手及材料新造12mm強化玻璃單掩門包地較、上下夾及抽手」[22], 「強化玻璃單掩門」應是指單位之間的玻璃門, 並不是指窗門。而報價單上亦聲稱是「5 Item」, 這與5個單位另加大門脗合。這無論是5個單位(或6個單位的勘誤), 正如本席在該判案書第103段所說, 「答辯人未能滿足舉證責任,以證明King’s Design and Production的裝修報價427,980元並不合理。」
結論
82.本席在聽取答辯人及申請人的法律代表先後陳詞後, 認為本席於2023年2月23日的判决沒有任何不妥, 答辯人所要求覆核本席判决的理據, 本席亦已在上文逐點詳細分析, 所以本席決定撤銷答辯人的覆核申請。
83.因此, 本席亦作出暫准訟費命令, 答辯人須支付本覆核申請的訟費,連同大律師證書。如雙方未能就訟費金額達成協議,則由法庭以區域法院準則評定訟費,暫准命令在14天後成為絕對命令。
申請人: 由許享明律師事務所轉聘陳珽浺大律師代表
答辯人: 由劉莉婷律師事務所轉聘蘇竟大律師代表
附件一(1)

附件一(2)

附件二
[1] 申請人早於2016年已把涉案處所租予答辯人作商業用途。
[2] 即答辯人於2022年6月21日發出的傳票。
[3] 即申請人於2022年6月30日發出的傳票。
[4] 見First Grade International Trading Limited v. Meera Industries Limited, LDPE 167/2023(無彙報的案例,日期為2023年5月3日)第41(12) 段。
[5] 亦見該判案書第15段。
[6] 見該判案書第34 及36 段(節錄自審訊文件夾第275至277頁)。
[7] 見該判案書第29 段。
[8] 見Sunbroad Holdings Limited v A80 Paris HK Limited & Another, HCA 735/2020 及HCA 1174/2021(無彙報的案例,日期為2022年7月29日)。
[9] 見Vember Lord Limited的上訴法庭判案書第29.2段。
[10] 該判案書第71段。
[11] 見Vember Lord Limited的上訴法庭判案書第29.4段。
[12] 見Vember Lord Limited的上訴法庭判案書第29.8及30段。
[13] 見Vember Lord Limited的上訴法庭判案書第3.2段。
[14] 見Vember Lord Limited的上訴法庭判案書第22段。
[15] 見審訊文件冊第281頁。而答辯人的另一證人馬女士亦於其2022年12月19日遞交的證人陳述書第6(b)段有如出一徹的敘述,見審訊文件冊第302頁。
[16] 見審訊文件冊第281頁。而答辯人的另一證人馬女士亦於其2022年12月19日遞交的證人陳述書第8段有如出一徹的敘述,見審訊文件冊第303頁。
[17] 見該判案書第90段。
[18] 見該判案書第37段。
[19] 見該判案書第102(2)段。
[20] 涉案處所的每一單位皆有各自的土地註冊登記。
[21] 見馬女士於2023年3月15日提交的覆核誓章第58段。
[22] 見該判案書第28段。
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