萬億置業國際有限公司 對 Mcp Ltd

Read the full judgment text of LDPE 190/2022 on BabelCite. This LDPE judgment was delivered on 23 February 2023.

1. 涉案處所位於新界屯門屯喜路2號栢麗廣場1樓116、117、118、119 及120舖。

Cites 11 cases

Case No.LDPE 190/2022
Court
LDPE
Date23 Feb 2023
Judge
Case Document
100%Judiciary

LDPE 190/2022

[2023] HKLdT 16

香港特別行政區

土地審裁處

申請編號LDPE 2022年第190宗

____________

  BILLION PROPERTY INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
(萬億置業國際有限公司)
申請人
   
  MCP LIMITED 答辯人

____________

主審審裁處成員 : 土地審裁處成員彭浩泉
審訊日期 : 2023年1月30日
判案書日期 : 2023年2月23日

____________

判 案 書

_______________

背景

1.涉案處所位於新界屯門屯喜路2號栢麗廣場1樓116、117、118、119 及120舖。

2.不爭議的是,早於2016年申請人已把涉案處所租予答辯人作商業用途, 而答辯人一直於涉案處所經營「現代美容中心」至2022年6月底。

3.根據一份於2019年8月20日訂立的租約 (下稱「涉案租約」), 申請人與答辯人同意續約3年, 由2019年10月1日起至2022年9月30日止, 每月租金為144,762元,不包括答辯人負責支付的管理費、冷氣費、差餉及地租,但答辯人須將此等費用連同租金一併繳付予申請人代為轉交。[1]

4.涉案租約的附表二有以下備註:[2]

(a) 租客須在期內每月的第一天上期繳付指定的租金予業主, 租客於應繳租金之日的五天內仍未清租金, 則須加付利息予業主以2%月息計算。

(b) ……

(c) 租客須購買第三者意外保險及購買……等與經營性質有關的保險, 業主不負責租客任何業務損失的責任。

(d) 因火災、水災、風災等天災或各種其他意外之災害時, 以致影響該物業不能運作, 業主不負任何責任。

(e) ……

(f) ……

(g) ……

(h) 租客遷出時, 必須在租期內將樓宇傢俬雜物全部搬出以清手續……

(i) ……

(j) 單位內之一切原來設備及間隔, 乙方遷出時必須履行還原工程。

(k) 單位由‘大昌物業管理有限公司’管理, 業主、租客雙方均需遵從及享用一切管理條例。

5.申請人於2022年4月21日, 經陳俊華律師事務所向土地審裁處 (下稱「審裁處」)提出申請收回涉案處所, 理由是答辯人未有支付2021年的1月及2月及2022年的2月、3月及4月共5個月的租金, 總欠723,810元。

6.申請人除追討租金欠款外, 更追討租金欠款利息及要求答辯人按涉案租約第7條規定[3], 將涉案處所還原至出租前的狀態下交吉回申請人。申請人亦要求訟費及其他後續濟助。

答辯人的反對通知書

7.答辯人於2022年4月29日向審裁處遞交反對通知書, 表示因答辯人於涉案處所經營美容院, 被政府以《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》(香港法例第599F章)的附表2列為表列處所, 於2020年12月10日至2021年2月17日及2022年1月7日至2022年4月20日期間被迫停業。 答辯人基於上述情況, 以普通法之「不可抗力」及立法會於2022年4月28日通過的《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》(香港法例第644章)為理由, 反對申請人的申請並禁止申請人追討上述租金及利息(如有)。[4]

8.根據上述第644章第5條第(5)款, 「如任何租賃的業主採取任何行動,而該行動(或其任何部分)是就第(4)款描述的有關租户沒有繳付租金而採取的,若該行動(或部分行動)在保護期[5]開始時尚未了結,則該行動(或部分行動)須予以擱置,直至以下兩個時間中的較早者為止 ——

(a) 保護期屆滿之時;

(b) 本款及第(4)款根據第(9)款停止就該租賃而適用當日開始之時。

9.第(9)款是指「該租賃終止,而終止理由並非第(4)或(6)款(視情況所需而定)描述的有關租户沒有繳付租金」或「該租賃屆滿或在其他情況下完結」, 又或「該處所不再在該租賃下完全或主要用作指明處所,或該指明處所自附表第2部剔除」。

10.如是者, 本案被暫時擱置, 雙方代表律師亦於2022年5月19日同意案件押後至不早於2022年8月1日再次排期聆訊的後續安排。

2022年7月4日的簡易判決申請

11.於2022年7月4日, 許享明律師事務所代表申請人, 按高等法院規則第14號命令及第1A號命令向審裁處提出簡易判決申請, 理由是答辯人已於2022年6月23日遷離涉案處所, 即根據上述第644章第5條第(9)款,涉案處所「不再在該租賃下完全或主要用作指明處所」,答辯人不能再以第644章所訂明的保護期為抗辯理由, 而拒絕向申請人支付所欠的租金,答辯人亦沒有任何可爭論的抗辯理由。

12.申請人的董事的黃耀進先生(下稱「黃先生」),更代表申請人於同日向審裁處遞交第一份非宗教誓詞,該第一份誓詞的第12段內容如下:[6]

「於2022年6月27日, 約晚上11時30分, 本人的太太到該店鋪, 並發現現代美容的員工將他們的物品從該店鋪移走。 隨後, 本人的太太看到現代美容的員工關閉了該店舖的大門及關掉店鋪燈光, 並在該店鋪的大門前張貼搬遷啟示(以下簡稱「搬遷啟示」)。 搬遷啟示的內容詳情如下:-

「為配合集團業務發展, 位於新界屯門屯喜路2號栢麗廣場1樓116-120舖分店將會在2022年6月23日遷移到屯門屯喜路2號栢麗廣場25樓01室。 ……」[7]

13.但於2022年7月5日, 申請人及答辯人取得同意傳票, 要求答辯人於2022年8月2日或之前, 就答辯人的反對通知書提供進一步資料及詳情, 否則答辯人的抗辯理由將被剔除。

答辯人於2022年8月2日的反對誓章

14.答辯人的授權代表馬詠襄女士(下稱「馬女士」)於2022年8月2日遞交反對誓章, 就答辯人的反對通知書, 提供進一步資料及詳情。

15.根據馬女士所稱, 就2021年1月及2月的欠租爭議, 申請人曾於約2021年3月及4月通過 WhatsApp 及書信向答辯人提出如答辯人繳付欠款, 申請人同意2021年1月份租金減免50%, 2021年2月份租金減免10%。 以下是申請人於2021年3月9日上午11時47分向答辯人發出的WhatsApp內容:[8]

「我已將你地要求轉告黃生, 黃生話如果你公司在本月12日前交齊1月、2月、3月租金、管理費及第四季差餉地租, 就可以同意給予 貴公司特別要求1月份租金50% Discount 及 2月份租金10% discount, 合計60% Discount在租金上」

16.馬女士更附上申請人於2021年4月8日的追租函件:[9]

「 貴司2021年3月31日的來函內容收悉, 敝公司明白疫情對 貴公司的業務影響而早前已作出極大讓步, 同意給予 貴司於2021年1月份及2月份租金合計寬減達60%(即港幣$86,857.20), 惟 貴公司至今未能於限期內繳付1月份及2月份租金, 實令敝公司難以接受 貴公司屢次拖延相關租金!

本租約仍敝公司與 貴公司簽署, 在任何情況下 貴公司均有責任按租約內容準時繳付相關租金。

倘若 貴公司於2021年4月9日或之前存入1月及2月尚欠的租金合計港幣$289,524.00, 敝公司與將同意給予 貴司餘下的租期由2021年5月至2022年9月, 由租約的原定每月租金港幣$144762調整為港幣$137500, 首要條件 貴公司於餘下租期 (17個月) 必須準時繳付租金及完成相關租約期, 否則敝公司會撤銷此17個月寬減優惠(設有權追溯)。

隨信函附上 貴公司欠款帳單, 在收到 貴司書面回覆接受敝司給予的優惠及收到1月份及2月份租金後, 敝司會草擬租約寬減租金協議書給雙方簽署確認。」

申請人於2021年4月1日發出的租單繳款通知書/付款收據見本判案書附件1。[10]

17.馬女士續稱,答辯人之後又再提出改為減免該兩個月租金60%。 最後, 彼此電話商議後, 申請人答應免去該兩個月的租金並將此作為減免租約最後兩個月的租金。[11]

18.馬女士同意, 在正常情況下,申請人及答辯人應通過文書確認。 至於為何沒有這樣做, 乃因為彼此已口頭確認, 就上述2個月的租金, 在每個月的租單繼續掛帳, 待租約期滿前之租單才顯示撇帳 (下稱「該口頭承諾」)。 而於租約內附表一亦有描述, 申請人及答辯人亦同意就保証金作扣除的安排, 於答辯人遷出時, 倘若答辯人在租金或其他一切未付時, 申請人得在該項按金內扣除。 亦因為這樣, 申請人在往後每張租單上清楚列明有關該2個月租金而沒有列明利息。

19.馬女士表示,答辯人認為該口頭承諾在法律上是有效的。 若不存在上述事實, 申請人定必已向審裁處提出答辯人欠租的追索, 答辯人亦早已交付有關租金, 絕對不會做成今次的訴訟爭議。 也因為申請人答應或默許了免租2個月, 所以申請人往後約11個月內都沒有向答辯人追租, 也沒有向答辯人採取任何行動, 而往後約11個月的租單都如上述所提及, 一直將兩個月的租金掛帳在租單上而沒有列明利息。

20.可是在2022年1月, 政府以抗疫政策為由, 再次勒令表列處所(包括美容院)關閉, 答辯人再次向申請人提出減免租金, 而申請人這次非但不答應減免2022年2月的租金, 更違反該口頭承諾及/或默許, 反口並向答辯人追收2021年1月及2021年2月的租金。

21.馬女士又稱, 就不可抗力而言, 租約附表二內備註(d)只是同意免除申請人因火災、水災、風災等天災或各種其他意外之災害時的責任, 答辯人並沒有同意可免除因法例而導致物業不能用作經營時申請人的責任。 答辯人認為此乃政府政策而導致強制停止運作, 而租約於2019年10月1日生效, 當時政府仍未就《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》(香港法例第599F章)進行立法, 但其後涉案處所因該規例被列為「表列處所」, 在不可抗力之下不能使用。

22.馬女士續稱,就情勢變更而導致租約失效, 即普通法合同法中的合約「受挫失效」, 有鑑於答辯人於約2021年1月及2月和約2022年1月至4月因涉案處所受制於599F章被列為「表列處所」而被迫停止使用, 當中總共約4.5個月左右, 答辯人認為該共約4.5個月, 佔涉案租約36個月有一定重要的比例, 絕非微不足道。

23.馬女士又列出涉案處所曾因599F章被迫停止使用的下列日子:

  根據第599F章的規定及指示而須停止使用 總日數
1. 2020年4月10日至5月7日; 28
2. 2020年7月15日至2020年8月27日; 44
3. 2020年12月10日至2021年2月17日; 70
4. 2022年1月7日至2022年4月20日 105
    247

24.最後, 馬女士稱, 答辯人已配合申請人之前的要求,透過律師代表於2022年6月29日發出無損權益信件, 通知申請人已把涉案處所的鑰匙放在律師行, 並提示申請人的代表律師前來領取。 但申請人卻拒絕收回鑰匙。

黃先生的第二份非宗教式誓詞

25.黃先生於2022年8月26日, 向審裁處遞交第二份非宗教式誓詞,以回應馬女士的反對誓章, 其內容大致不同意申請人有該口頭承諾或曾答應免去涉案處所的2021年1月及2月的租金。黃先生並列出申請人於2021年3月與答辯人有關的全部對話內容:[12]

日期 時間 內容
申請人方 答辯人方
2021年3月9日 11:47 我已將你地要求轉告黃生, 黃生話如果你公司在本月12日前交齊1月、2月、3月租金、管理費及第四季差餉地租, 就可以同意給予 貴公司特別要求1月份租金50% Discount 及 2月份租金10% discount, 合計60% Discount在租金上  
11:52 租務是由黃生秘書全權負責, 佢會聯絡你地  
11:55 這已是非常幫你地手的人情, 如果你老闆唔交齊3月份租, 就冇這60% Discount因為貴公司唔交租, 我司會計及黃生秘書工作量增添唔少, 我司銀行供款利息都多佐  
18:14   同公司講了
18:41 都請盡快交返啲租啦!  
2021年3月12日 19:32 今天冇見到你公司會計按要求存入租金欠款喎!我公司取消在租金合計減60%的承諾呀!  
  19:33 相反會你公司追返原租約金額外, 都會追討利息及租約內提到遲交租將會徵收2%罰款  
  19:34   我問問
  19:34   已經通知 會計部
  19:35 但限期內冇付款……我已好盡力幫你地呀!  

26.黃先生稱, 若申請人有向答辯人提出免去2021年1月及2月的租金, 他根本不會向答辯人提出追回涉案處所有關租金。 黃先生補充, 申請人於2021年4月8日開出的優惠租金是有條件的, 是答辯人於剩餘的租期必須準時繳付租金及完成相關租約期。[13]

27.黃先生續稱,於2022年7月14日左右[14], 他的代表律師收到答辯人寄出的涉案處所鑰匙, 隨後他進入涉案處所時發現答辯人沒有進行清除或拆除工作, 答辯人沒有將涉案處所還原至出租前的狀態下交吉予申請人, 因此違反了涉案租約第7條的規定。 黃先生稱,他確認申請人需要聘請裝修公司進行清除及拆除工作, 使涉案處所可還原至出租前的狀態。

28.黃先生稱,他有向不同裝修公司查詢有關涉案處所的還原工程, 而King’s Design and Production於2022年8月1日的報價約為427,980元:[15]

Description QTY Unit cost Amount HKD
1 前期工程
1.1 工程所需之勞工及第三者意外保險 1 Item 15,000.00 15,000.00
1.2 提供人手及工具做大堂保護 1 Item 5,000.00 5,000.00
2 清拆工程
2.1 提供人手及工具清拆室內所有天花、地台、地毯、地磚、地板、牆身、橺格磚、舊傢俬、潔具並清走 1 Item 240,000.00 240,000.00
3 泥水工程
3.1 提供人手及材料室內用一小時防火輕磚新砌橺格磚牆, 雙面英泥沙批盪, 面做油漆 748 sq m 135.00 100,980.00
3.2 提供人手及材料室內原有地下按水平
盪英泥沙地台面
1 Item 17,000.00 17,000.00
4 門窗工程
4.1 提供人手及材料新造12mm強化玻璃單掩門
包地較、上下夾及抽手
5 Item 10,000.00 50,000.00
Total 427,980.00

黃先生的證人陳述書

29.黃先生於2022年12月12日正式提交證人陳述書,大致是複述他之前遞交的兩份誓章內容。 此外, 黃先生的證人陳述書也展示申請人於2021年3月23日向答辯人發出的「最後通知」[16]

「……

敝司對 貴公司過往多月遲交租仍予與通融延長寬限期外, 亦已多次給予減免優惠, 惟 貴公司並未因得到減免而安排準時交租! 資料顯示, 貴公司截至2021年3月24日止, 貴公司仍欠交2021年1月及2月份租金, 合計港幣$289,524.00

貴公司要求全數豁免2021年1月及2月的租金是完全不合常理及合約精神, 敝司無法安排及不能接受。 請 貴公司必須於2021年4月7日或之前, 支付1月及2月尚欠的租金連同4月份租金、管理費、冷氣費, 合計$450,838.00。

倘若 貴公司未能於上述日期期限或前全數支付所欠金額, 敝司決定將交由律師經土地審裁處及執達吏追討相關租金而不再作另行通知。 所有因此法律追收訴訟而產生的一切費包括律師訴訟費用、執達吏費用、欠款利息及租約內提到2%遲交租金罰款行政費用等, 將一併向 貴公司追討,……」(後加強調)

30.黃先生稱涉案處所的還原工程已於2022年8月30日完成, 並於2022年9月6日租予另一新租戶作商業用途, 租期由2022年9月8日起至2024年9月30日止, 每月租金為155,000元, 其他條款與涉案租約一致。[17]

31.由於答辯人拒絕履行涉案租約及提早退回涉案處所, 申請人追討損失222,058元, 其計算如下:[18]

如果MCP沒有拒絕履行合同, MCP應該支付的金額 申請人從新租戶實際收到的租金記錄
租金期:
2022.07.21 - 2022.07.31
HK$51,367 租金期:
2022.07.21 - 2022.07.31
HK$0
租金期:
2022.08.01 - 2022.08.31
HK$144,762 租金期:
2022.08.01 - 2022.08.31
HK$0
租金期:
2022.09.01 - 2022.09.30
HK$144,762 租金期:
2022.09.01 - 2022.09.30[19]
HK$118,833
  HK$340,891   HK$118,833

答辯人於2022年12月7日的證人陳述書

32.答辯人於2022年12月7日也遞交了兩份草擬證人陳述書, 分別由冼嘉敏女士(下稱「冼女士」)及馬女士撰寫。

33.冼女士稱, 就2021年1月及2月的欠租爭議, 於約2021年3月及4月, 申請人通過電話、WhatsApp及書信向答辯人提出: 「萬億理解疫情對MCP的影響, 所以, 如MCP繳付1月、2月、3月的租金、管理費及第4季差餉地租,萬億同意減免MCP 2021年1月份租金50%及2021年2月份租金10%。」

34.冼女士又稱,約於2021年3月底到4月之間, 申請人及答辯人雙方進行電話商議。 在電話商議中, 冼女士代表答辯人向申請人指出:

a. 2021年1月及2月的租金理應可以從答辯人已向申請人繳交的3個月租金押金中扣除, 因此答辯人並沒有欠申請人任何租金; 及

b. 答辯人在疫情下需要關閉業務, 答辯人對於減免2021年1月份租金50%及2021年2月份租金10%仍然感到非常吃力及困難。 由於答辯人在疫情前總是按時繳交每月租金, 是一個很好的租戶, 希望申請人能考慮完全免去2021年1月及2月份的租金。

35.冼女士稱,在電話商議中, 申請人最後答應:[20]

a. 完全免去答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金 (申請人只願意作口頭承諾, 不願意作書面承諾); 及

b. 就上述2個月的租金, 申請人在每個月的租單中會繼續掛帳, 待租約期滿前之租單才會顯示為撇帳(如免租期的撇帳)。

36.冼女士又稱,答辯人相信並依賴申請人上述的口頭承諾 (即該口頭承諾), 而該口頭承諾亦反映在以下雙方的行為上:

a. 申請人由2021年3月至2022年2月都沒有向答辯人追討2021年1月及2月份的租金;

b. 申請人由2021年3月至2022年2月都沒有向審裁處提出追討答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金;

c. 由於申請人已經完全免去答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金, 往後約11個月的租單都如上述所提及, 一直將兩個月免去的租金掛帳在租單上, 待租約期滿前之租單才會顯示為撇帳, 由於這兩個月免去的租金不是欠款, 所以租單上沒有列出利息;

d. 答辯人一直相信並依賴該口頭承諾, 沒有接受申請人最初提議的減免2021年1月份租金50%及2021年2月份租金10%, 卻而接受申請人最後答應的完全免去答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金; 及

e. 答辯人容許申請人將兩個月免去的租金掛帳在租單上, 待租約期滿前之租單才會顯示為撇帳(如免租期的撇帳)。

37.冼女士指, 申請人約於2022年4月7日, 透過WhatsApp通知答辯人, 涉案租約的事宜, 會特別由申請人的代表Frankie[21]處理。同日,Frankie主動透過電話聯絡答辯人並指出:[22]

a. 由於答辯人從事美容行業, 常常受到疫情影響而需要關閉業務, 申請人不想再把涉案處所出租給答辯人, 寧願將涉案處所出租給其他行業; 及

b. 要求與答辯人提前終止租約, 並要求答辯人在2022年6月30日前搬離涉案處所(沒有表示會就提前終止租約向答辯人賠償)。

冼女士稱:「本人聽到馬詠襄對萬億代表Frankie指出的事宜沒有回复, 僅表示會將萬億代表Frankie指出的事宜傳達給MCP董事。」[23]

38.冼女士續稱, 約於2022年5月3日, 申請人的代表Frankie繼續要求答辯人在2022年6月30日前搬離涉案處所。[24] 於同日, 在暫緩追租條例有效期間, Frankie還不斷發訊息給她轉交答辯人, 而她亦有發訊息給Frankie, 提醒他《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》已經生效, 可惜申請人仍然繼續向答辯人追租。[25]

39.冼女士又指,申請人其後張貼大字報, 舉紙牌騷擾答辯人,答辯人於無可奈何下, 被迫按申請人要求搬離涉案處所, 否則答辯人會租用涉案處所至涉案租約完結為止。[26]

40.冼女士又嘗試列出是次答辯人拖欠租金的處理(應對)方法如下:[27]

租金月份 處理方法
2021年1月 萬億口頭承諾答應100%完全免去
2021年2月
2021年2月 由於MCP被迫要按萬億要求在2022年6月30日前搬出上述物業, MCP及萬億雙方一直在商議租金會否有減免的空間,期待能夠在MCP搬出上述物業前商議好。
此外, 考慮到MCP從事沒有零售元素的美容行業,MCP需要根據第599F章《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》, 在2020年12月10日至2021年2月17日以及2022年1月7日至2022年4月20日期間(包括其他日子, 在該規例下合計246天)關閉業務。 由於該規例是在MCP及萬億簽訂續租協議後才成立的,MCP在不可抗力的情況下失去了寧靜享用上述物業的權利, MCP不應該承擔關閉業務時期之租金。
無論如何,租金理恁可以從MCP之前向萬億交的3個月租金押金中扣除。
2021年3月
2021年4月
2021年5月
2021年6月

41.冼女士又稱,為按申請人要求, 答辯人嘗試歸還涉案處所的bare shell予申請人, 但在答辯人開始拆除涉案處所的裝修時, 被申請人代表透過管理處阻止。

42.冼女士表示, 約於2022年6月29日, 答辯人已按申請人要求, 遷離涉案處所, 並透過代表律師通知申請人已把涉案處所的鑰匙放在答辯人的代表律師行, 並要求申請人的代表律師前來領取。 但申請人拒絕收回該鑰匙。

43.馬女士的證人陳述書內容, 大致只是重複冼女士的證人陳述書內容, 本席在此不再贅述。

審訊

44.本案於2023年1月30日於本席席前進行審訊。 申請人由許享明律師事務所轉聘陳珽浺大律師(「陳大律師」)代表, 答辯人則由劉莉婷律師事務所轉聘蘇竟(「蘇大律師」)大律師代表。申請人由黃先生代表出庭作供及接受蘇大律師盤問, 答辯人則由冼女士及馬女士代表出庭作供及接受陳大律師盤問。

該口頭承諾

45.申請人及答辯人在各誓章及證人陳述書中皆以對方的有限公司法人身份稱呼對方, 鮮有提及對方的聯繫人是誰(Frankie除外), 所以雙方大律師在審訊時皆花去不小時間處理該口頭承諾有否存在及其效力(如有)。

46.於此, 本席認為黃先生在回答蘇大律師盤問時表現過於謹慎, 甚至說謊。 比方黃先生否認盧小姐(即他太太)有參與答辯人於2021年3月至4月期間的減租要求傾談, 並指盧小姐在申請人公司並無身份。[28] 但黃先生承認他,盧小姐及冼女士皆為屯門中央廣場的業主立案法團委員, 因此冼女士與盧小姐是相互認識。另一方面, 根據冼女士回答陳大律師時的證供, 她在這事情上只有與盧小姐聯絡, 卻不曾與黃先生或他的秘書聯絡。[29]

47.本席在參閱申請人及答辯人於2021年3月9日及2022年4月7日的WhatsApp通訊紀錄[30],相信盧小姐正是與冼女士於2021年3月商談答辯人要求減租的聯繫人。在2021年3月9日的WhatsApp通訊中, 申請人一方說:「我已將你地要求轉告黃生 ......」, 同日申請人一方又說:「租務是由黃生秘書全權負責, 佢會聯絡你地」, 這兩段訊息己顯示這內容不是黃先生或其秘書關小姐所寫, 而該兩句也否定黃先生所稱, 主要是他本人參與答辯人的租務商談[31], 而據他所知,盧小姐是沒有參與其中[32]。本席更不可能相信黃先生所說, 他或他公司擁有約100個出租單位也是由他親自處理各租客的租務。[33]

48.雖然如此, 在Thanakharn Kaiskorn Thai Chamkat (Mahachon) v Akai Holdings Ltd (No 2) (2010) 13 HKCFAR 479一案, 香港終審法院在其判案書第47段指出,聯繫人有否表面權限代表一方(「主事人」)訂立契約取決於:

(a) 可以證明準備訂立契約的另一方「有理由地倚賴」該聯繫人的權限所需的思想狀態;

(b) 聲稱曾與被指是表面代理人的人進行訂立契約的另一方可否及在何等程序上可倚賴該聯繫人在未獲授權下所作的陳述, 以作為該聯繫人致使主事人訂立有關契約的權限; 及

(c) 準備訂立契約的另一方須提交何等證據以證明他曾倚賴該聯繫人的表面權限。

即答辯人須證明盧小姐曾明示或暗示, 或其行為有顯示她有權代表申請人決定減免答辯人應繳的租金。

49.法律典籍Chitty on Contracts第 21-063段也有列出表面權限需包括的條件如下:

“(i) A representation must be made by words or conduct. But though such representation may be express, it may also be implied from acts of a quite general nature, e.g. putting the agent in, or allowing him to adopt, a position carrying with it a usual authority. …

(ii) The representation must be made by the principal, or someone authorised in accordance with the law of agency to act for him. A representation by the agent as to his authority cannot of itself create apparent authority. But the conduct of the principal may make it more reasonable for the agent’s representation as to facts upon which his authority depends to be relied on; and in a well-known decision the principal was held bound on the basis that the agent, known to have limited authority to contract, nevertheless had authority to communicate the principal’s approval to the transaction in question. …

(iii) On general principles the representation must be of fact and not of law. …

(iv) The third party must act on the representation. If he does not know of any representation, express or implied, but deals with the agent as a principal, it is obvious that he cannot rely on the doctrine. …

(vii) The authority will be that which the agent reasonably appeared to have to the third party, taking into account the manifestations of the principal, the implied authority normally applicable in the circumstances or to a person in the agent’s position, or both.”

50.可惜答辯人在這方面未能提供有關證據。 冼女士於接受陳大律師盤問時承認她與盧小姐並不稔熟,亦沒有私交, 只是透過屯門中央廣場的業主立案法團知道她是黃先生太太而矣, 似乎她正是上段(iv)的情況, 並不清楚盧小姐的法律權限。相反, 2021年3月9日的WhatsApp通訊中, 如盧小姐正是代表申請人一方說:「我已將你地要求轉告黃生 ......」, 同日她又說:「租務是由黃生秘書全權負責, 佢會聯絡你地」, 盧小姐已否認她有代表申請人決定減免答辯人應繳的租金的權限。

51.本席認為本案的情況與英國樞密院在Kooragang Investments Pty Ltd v Richardson & Wrench Ltd [1982] AC 462 (PC) 一案很相似(there is no question in this case of any 'holding out' of 盧小姐by 申請人):

“Emphasising, once again, that there is no question in this case of any 'holding out' of Rathborne by the defendants (if there were, the case would be wholly different), the plaintiff's argument involves the proposition that so long as a servant is doing the acts of the same kind as those which it was within his authority to do, the master is liable, and that he is not entitled to show that in fact the servant had no authority to do them. This is an extreme proposition and carries the principle of vicarious liability further than it has been carried hitherto. It is necessary, first, to consider whether it is supported by authority.” (p.473C-D)

“In the present case, the defendants did carry out valuations. Valuations were a class of acts which Rathborne could perform on their behalf. To argue from this that any valuation done by Rathborne, without any authority from the defendants, not on behalf of the defendants but in his own interest, without any connection with the defendants' business, is a valuation for which the defendants must assume responsibility, is not one which principle or authority can support. To endorse it would strain the doctrine of vicarious responsibility beyond the breaking point and in effect introduce into the law of agency a new principle equivalent to one of strict liability. If one then inquires, as their Lordships think it correct to do, whether Rathborne had any authority to make the valuations in question, the answer is clear: it is given in clear and convincing terms by the trial judge. Rathborne was not authorised to make them: he made them during a period when the G B group were not in a client relationship with the defendants, when valuers were ordered not to do business with them. Rathborne did them, not as an employee of the defendants, but as an employee, or associate, in the G B Group and on their instructions. They were done at the premises of the G B Group, and using the staff of the G B Group: they were not processed through the defendants and no payment in respect of them was made to the defendants. Mr Hodgson, the responsible director, knew nothing of them. They had no connection with the defendants except through the use, totally unauthorised - to say nothing more - of the defendants' stationery. A clearer case of departure from the course or scope of Rathborne's employment cannot be imagined: it was total.” (p.475A-B) (後加強調)

52.又即使本席的判斷有誤, 即盧小姐有代表申請人決定減免答辯人應繳租金的權限, 根據涉案租約繳付租金是答辯人的法律責任, 正如申請人在2021年3月23日向答辯人發出的「最後通知」所說, 答辯人「要求全數豁免2021年1月及2月的租金是完全不合常理及合約精神」, 豁免2021年1月及2月的租金是沒有價值 (consideration) 支持, 在法理上不能成立[34]。 又如冼女士所說, 申請人或盧小姐拒絕通過文書確認, 即拒絕有產生法律效力的意圖[35], 這正如馬女士在其2022年8月2日遞交反對誓章所說,申請人會待租約期滿前之租單才顯示撇帳[36], 或如冼女士在其證人陳述書第6段所說, 「申請人在每個月的租單中會繼續掛帳, 待租約期滿前之租單才會顯示為撇帳(如免租期的撇帳)」。[37] 這亦可解釋冼女士於2022年4月29日遞交反對通知書內沒有寫上此重要的反對理由(如有)。

53.相對而言, 申請人於2021年4月8日的追租函件末段曾稱, 如答辯人回覆接受申請人給予的優惠及收到1月份及2月份租金後, 申請人會草擬租約寬減租金協議書給雙方簽署確認。

54.本席又不接納冼女士於接受陳大律師盤問時的解釋,謂反對通知書內沒有足夠空間填寫。如冼女士認為該減免安排重要, 她首先不會輕易忘記, 因為根據她所說, 這安排是經她著力與盧小姐達成的, 她必定會如同其他相類案件的答辯人一樣, 在反對通知書上另加附頁, 這亦是一般學生也懂的常識。於此, 本席同意陳大律師所說,即使當時代表答辯人的律師莫超權律師行於2022年5月5日去信申請人, 仍然說著答辯人是根據普通法“不可抗力”及《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》為理由提出抗辯, 沒有提及該口頭承諾。[38]

55.本席又同意陳大律師所說,這減租抗辯理由純然是答辯人或冼女士的事後想法 (afterthought)。

56.本席的上述詮釋亦符合申請人於2021年4月8日的追租函件內所述的減租條件: 「首要條件 貴公司於餘下租期 (17個月) 必須準時繳付租金及完成相關租約期, 否則敝公司會撤銷此17個月寬減優惠(設有權追溯)。」[39]

57.本席不相信如冼女士所稱申請人突然有1800的轉變, 無條件答應100%完全免去答辯人須繳付2021年1月及2月的租金。 冼女士稱該口頭承諾亦反映在以下雙方的行為上, 包括:

a. 申請人由2021年3月至2022年2月都沒有向答辯人追討2021年1月及2月份的租金;

b. 申請人由2021年3月至2022年2月都沒有向審裁處提出追討答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金;

c. 由於申請人已經完全免去答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金, 往後約11個月的租單都如上述所提及, 一直將兩個月免去的租金掛帳在租單上, 待租約期滿前之租單才會顯示為撇帳, 由於這兩個月免去的租金不是欠款, 所以租單上沒有列出利息。

58.但這正如香港終審法院在Shanghai Tongji Science & Technology Industrial Co Ltd v Casil Clearing Ltd (2004) 7 HKCFAR 79一案第38段所說, 法庭不會輕易推斷這類隱含合約。 答辯人所倚賴的行為必須是毫不含糊地歸因於尋求推斷出的隱含合約; 單單是「有可能」歸因於該合約並不足夠。 申請人在有條件的情況下, 如要求答辯人必須準時繳付租金及完成相關租約期才於租約期滿時撇除答辯人2021年1月及2月份的租金, 亦可合理解釋為何申請人在往後的租單繳款通知書/付款收據上沒有加上追討欠租利息等, 也解釋了申請人為何不早不遲, 於答辯人拒絕繳付2022年的2月、3月及4月的租金後, 於2022年4月21日, 經陳俊華律師事務所入禀審裁處, 提出申請收回涉案處所,及向答辯人追討2021年的1月及2月及2022年的2月、3月及4月共5個月的租金及相關利息。

59.又觀乎冼女士於其證人陳述書的內容,本席贊同黃先生在其第二份非宗教式誓詞第8段所說, 答辯人或冼女士是「斷章取義」[40]

60.本席明白蘇大律師嘗試以承諾不容反悔的原則(promissory estoppel)替答辯人辯解, 但該原則只應用於答辯人有倚賴該口頭承諾而作出有違自身權益的行為(the promisee reasonably relies upon that promise and is induced to alter his or her position on the faith of it, so that it would be inequitable or unconscionable for the promisor to act inconsistently with the promise)[41]

61.同樣, 英國上訴法庭在Steria Ltd v Hutchison [2006] EWCA Civ 1551一案, Neuberger LJ(當時官階) 要求不容反悔須符合3個條件, 其中一項是“after the act the part of the claimant which was reasonably taken in reliance upon the representation or promise, the claimant being able to show that he will suffer detriment if the defendant is not held to the representation or promise.”[42] 但洗女士在庭上回覆本席的查問時回答, 如果2021年4月時, 申請人不同意豁免2021年1月份及2月份的租金, 她會鍥而不捨一直爭取下去[43]。 而洗女士在證人陳述書第14段亦表示, 「答辯人於無可奈何下, 被迫按申請人要求搬離涉案處所, 否則答辯人會租用涉案處所至涉案租約完結為止。」[44] 這顯示答辯人沒有因倚賴該口頭承諾而作出有違自身權益的行為。 因此, 本席裁定答辯人不可以不容反悔的原則作出辯解, 申請人有權以答辯人拒絕繳付2022年的2月、3月及4月的租金, 因此違反「該口頭承諾」(如有)的先決條件, 向答辯人追討2021年的1月及2月及2022年的2月、3月及4月共5個月的租金及相關利息。[45]

不可抗力

62.有時候, 在日常生活中, 合約各方或其中一方會因一些特殊情況的發生而無法履行合約的責任。 當這些情況發生, 而又不是因合約的任何一方之過失所導致, 即任何一方也「不可抗力」, 法院有機會因應有關之合約內容, 裁定有關合約失效, 合約各方便解除了各自的合約責任。

63.答辯人於2022年4月29日向審裁處遞交的反對通知書, 表示因答辯人於涉案處所經營美容院, 被政府以《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》(香港法例第599F章)的附表2列為表列處所, 於2020年12月10日至2021年2月17日及2022年1月7日至2022年4月20日被迫停業。 答辯人基於上述情況, 以前段所述之「不可抗力」理由, 反對申請人的追租申請並禁止申請人追討上述時段的租金及利息(如有)。

64.答辯人主要的理據, 是在涉案租約商談及訂立之時, 答辯人不可能將有關關閉業務之規定因素考慮在內。答辯人於關閉業務期間, 需要把整個涉案處所關門, 不可進入, 令整個業務沒有任何收入。

65.其實在 Sunbroad Holdings Limited v A80 Paris HK Limited & Another, HCA 735/2020 及HCA 1174/2021(無彙報的案例,日期為2022年7月29日), 案中的被告人,另一美容集團, 亦曾嘗試引用「不可抗力」的理由拒絕繳付2020年2月1日起的租金並停止營業。但高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官梁俊文在其判決書的第40及41段認為,類似的「不可抗力」理據不應輕易引用致使合約任何一方不去承擔他/她的營商風險。 梁法官其後在判決書的第44至52段認為, 根據該案的租約, 業主沒有保證所租舖位是適合於租客租用的目的, 同時該租約並不是業主與租客之間的商業合作協議, 租客怎樣使用所租舖位全是租客自己的事。 至於新冠肺炎疫情所帶來的問題,梁法官認為這全然是商業的經營風險, 與一般的「不可抗力」事故相去甚遠, 縱使租客的商業運作受到限制, 所租舖位仍然可以使用:

“50. ..., whilst the business operation of the Tenant at the Premises might be compromised due to the specific restrictions and social distancing measures imposed by the government as well as the market situation, there is no allegation or evidence that the Premises have become inaccessible. There was no lockdown or temporary closure of the building where the Premises were or its vicinity. The Tenant’s possession and use of and operation at the Premises has never been rendered physically or commercially impossible. Nor has the Landlord’s discharge of its contractual obligation under the Lease been.

...

51. ..., It would have been up to the Tenant to propose any modification of the mode or products of its business operation at the Premises as adaptation to the adverse business environment, which the Landlord could have considered consenting to pursuant to the Lease. That was never done.

...

53. Objectively, the complaint about the impact of COVID-19 on the use and operation of the Tenant at the Premises has not fundamentally or radically changed the obligations of the parties under the Lease that exceeded their reasonable contemplation at the time of entering into the Lease. Such complaint did not suffice as event of such character and magnitude that would justifies bringing the Lease to an end. The frustration ground is not arguable.” (後加強調)

66.本席認為上述梁法官的判決理由, 同時適用於本案, 營商本身就充滿不可預見的機遇和風險,答辯人並不可以因為與期望落差而癈除合約:“But it by no means follows that disappointed expectations lead to frustrated contracts.”[46] 即答辯人不能以新冠肺炎疫情為「不可抗力」的理由而拒絕繳付租金。

67.蘇大律師試圖以上述Sunbroad Holdings案的爭辯理由沒有提及《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》而解釋本案與該案不盡相同, 但查實該案的租約是由2019年8月26日開始至2022年8月25日止, 但租客自2020年2月起已沒有繳付租金, 而該案的業主是要追討租期餘下的租金損失。 所以該租客的抗辯理由所指的受疫情影響, 當包括2020年2月之後政府因應2019新冠肺炎病毒所頒布的法令,這包括2020年4月10日根據《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》實施的關閉美容院命令。

68.香港政府早於2020年1月8日開始, 已因應2019新冠肺炎病毒推動有關立法工作如下:[47]

日期 事件
2020年1月8日 政府於1 月8 日刊憲將「嚴重新型傳染性病原體呼吸系統病」納入《預防及控制疾病條例》(香港法例第599章)的法定須呈報傳染病,以及修訂其附屬法例《預防及控制疾病規例》(香港法例第599A章)。
2020年2月7日 政府刊登憲報,訂立《若干到港人士強制檢疫規例》及《預防及控制疾病(披露資料)規例》。兩項《規例》將於2月8日生效。
2020年3月18 日 政府刊登憲報,訂立《外國地區到港人士強制檢疫規例》(香港法例第599E章), 強制從中國以外的所有地區的抵港人士進行檢疫。
2020年3月24 日 政府刊登憲報,訂立《2020 年若干到港人士強制檢疫(修訂)規例》(《修訂規例》)。《修訂規例》將14日的強制檢疫安排由只適用於內地抵港人士擴展至澳門及台灣的抵港或過去14日曾於該地逗留的人士。《修訂規例》於2020年3月25日零時零分生效。
2020年3月27 日 政府刊登憲報,訂立《預防及控制疾病( 規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》(香港法例第599F章)。《規例》將於2020年3月28日凌晨零時零分生效,為期三個月。同時,食物及衞生局局長根據《規例》藉在憲報刊登的公告發出兩個為期14 天的指示, 由2020年3月28日下午六時起生效。
2020年3月28 日 食物及衞生局局長根據《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》(香港法例第599F章)發出的兩個指示由下午六時起生效。兩項指示內容如下:
指示一: 餐飲業務。有關要求包括:
(a) 餐飲處所售賣或供應食物或飲品, 供在該處所內進食或飲用, 則該處所內的顧客的數目, 在任何時間均不得超過該處所通常座位數目的50%;
(b) 任何餐飲處所內的桌子擺放布局, 須確保該處所內任何2張供顧客使用或顧客正在使用的桌子之間,最少有1.5米距離或設有某種形式的隔板作出有效分隔;
(c) 在任何餐飲處所內, 不得有多於4 人同坐一桌;
(d) 任何人身處任何餐飲處所內, 除於在該處所內飲食時外, 須一直佩戴口罩;
(e) 在容許某人進入餐飲處所前, 須先為該人量度體溫; 及
(f) 須在任何餐飲處所, 為在該處所的人提供消毒潔手液。
指示二:表列處所。要求所有附表所列處所停止營業, 包括:
(a) 遊戲機中心;
(b) 浴室;
(c) 健身中心;
(d) 遊樂場所;
(e) 公眾娛樂場所; 及
(f) 設置(或擬設置)供租用舉行社交聚會的處所(一般稱為「派對房間」) 。
2020年3月29日 由凌晨起,根據《預防及控制疾病(禁止羣組聚集)規例》(香港法例第599G章), 政府禁止於公眾地方進行多於4 人的羣組聚集,為期14天。
2020年4月1日 政府刊登憲報,訂立《2020 年預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)(修訂)規例》(《修訂規例》)。食物及衞生局局長根據《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所) 規例》(《規例》)(香港法例第599F章) 及上述《修訂規例》藉在憲報刊登的公告發出最新指示,並由同日下午六時起生效,為期14 天:
(a) 關閉卡拉OK 場所及暫停餐飲處所及會址的卡拉OK 活動;
(b) 關閉麻將天九耍樂處所及暫停餐飲處所及會址的麻將天九活動;
(c) 關閉通常供人飲酒, 以及跳舞或作其他娛樂的、營業至深夜的場所(一般稱為夜店或夜總會);
(d) 任何人身處任何該《規例》附表2第1部下的美容院、會址及按摩院處所內,在可行情況下須一直佩戴口罩;
(e) 在容許某人進入《規例》附表2第1部下的美容院、會址及按摩院處所前,須先為該人量度體溫;
(f) 須在任何《規例》附表2第1部下的美容院、會址及按摩院處所,為在該處所的人提供消毒潔手液。
2020年4月10日 食物及衞生局局長根據《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》(香港法例第599F章) 及《預防及控制疾病(禁止羣組聚集)規例》(第599G章)藉在憲報刊登的公告發出的指示由凌晨零時起生效至2020年4月23日。指示內容包括:
(a) 延長向餐飲業務實施有關要求的有效期至2020 年4月23日;
(b) 指示關閉美容院和按摩院, 及延長關閉第599F 章的表列處所的有效期至2020年4月23日;
(c) 延長向會址實施有關要求有效期至2020年4月23日;
(d) 第599G章下有關禁止於公眾地方進行多於4人的羣組聚集繼續生效至2020 年4月23日。

69.蘇大律師亦似乎忽略了在Sunbroad Holdings案, 業主曾在較早時提出簡易判決申請,高等法院原訟法庭聆案官黃若鋒(當時官階)在2021年6月3日的判決書第23段, 已考慮了《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》會帶來的影響。 同樣, 梁法官在上文第65段引述的判決已考慮了「..., the business operation of the Tenant at the Premises might be compromised due to the specific restrictions ..., imposed by the government」。

70.蘇大律師又舉出美國的案例UMNV 205-207 Newbury, LLC v Caffe Nero Americas Inc, 2021 WL 956069 (Massachusetts Supreme Court, 8 February 2021, 2084CV01493-BLS2) 中, 政府於新冠肺炎疫情期間立例禁止所有餐廳營業, 租客Caffe Nero 因此需要暫時關閉停止營業。 最後, 法庭裁定Caffe Nero於暫停營業期間之欠租沒有違反租約。

71.但正如陳大律師回應指出, 該案的租約條款稍有不同, Caffe Nero只可以(solely)使用處所作提供餐飲膳食用途(a café with sit-down restaurant menu “and for no other purpose”)。 反觀本案, 涉案租約的第2條, 只說「租客除將該物業作商業用途外, 不可將該物業或其任何部份作其他用途」[48], 限制明顯較為寬鬆。這正如該美國案例的判案書第6頁所說, 合約的主要目的是一重要的考慮關鍵。此外, “The foreseeability of the event is … a factor in that determination, but the mere fact that the event was foreseeable does not compel the conclusion that its non-occurrence was not such a basic assumption.” 人生畢竟有很多事情也不可預見, 合約任何一方不能每每因事情不似預期而要求合約無效。而這UMNV 205-207 Newbury, LLC v Caffe Nero Americas Inc個案亦是至目前唯止,於美國唯一的租客可因新冠肺炎疫情期間禁止營業而成功引用「不可抗力」的理由不用交租例子。[49]

72.本席亦於庭上向蘇大律師指出, 英國則有更多否定租客可因新冠肺炎疫情期間禁止營業而引用「不可抗力」的理由不用交租例子, 這可包括Commerz Real Investmentgesellschaft mbh v TFS Stores Ltd [2021] EWHC 863 (Ch) (判案書日期為2021年4月16日), Bank of New York Mellon (International) Ltd v Cine-UK Ltd [2021] EWHC 1013 (QB)(判案書日期為2021年4月22日)及London Trocadero (2015) LLP v Picturehouse Cinemas Ltd & Ors [2021] EWHC 2591 (Ch) (判案書日期為2021年9月28日)。

73.英國同樣因應2019新冠肺炎爆發,通過一系列Coronavirus Regulations, 禁止或限制餐飲處所及娛樂場所營業。 詳情可見於The Financial Conduct Authority v Arch Insurance (UK) Ltd and Others [2021] UKSC 1:

"The emergence of COVID-19 and initial Government response

7. On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization ("WHO") announced that a novel coronavirus had been identified in samples obtained from cases in China. This announcement was subsequently recorded by Public Health England. The virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or "SARS-Co V-2", and the associated disease was named "COVID-19".

8. On 30 January 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern".

9. On 31 January 2020, the Chief Medical Officer for England confirmed that two patients had tested positive for COVID-19 in England. The first case confirmed in Northern Ireland was on 27 February 2020, the first in Wales on 28 February 2020 and the first in Scotland on 1 March 2020.

10. On 10 February 2020, the Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020 (SI 2020/129) were made by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care, pursuant to powers under the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 ("the 1984 Act"). In broad terms, these Regulations provided for the detention and screening of persons reasonably suspected to have been infected or contaminated with the new strain of coronavirus. The Regulations were subsequently repealed on 25 March 2020 by the Coronavirus Act 2020 ("the 2020 Act").

11. On 2 March 2020, the first death of a person who had tested positive for COVID-19 was recorded in the UK, although the first death from COVID-19 was publicly announced by the Chief Medical Officer for England on 5 March 2020.

12. On 4 March 2020, the UK Government published guidance titled "Coronavirus (COVID-19): What is social distancing?". It referred to the Government's action plan from the previous day, which discussed four phases of response: "contain", "delay", "research" and "mitigate". It also referred to the possibility of introducing social distancing measures and asked people to think about how they could minimise contact with others.

13. On 5 March 2020, COVID-19 was made a "notifiable disease", and SARS-Co V-2 made a "causative agent", in England by amendment to the Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010 (SI 2010/659) ("the 2010 Regulations"). Under the 2010 Regulations, a registered medical practitioner has a duty to notify the local authority where the practitioner has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a patient has a "notifiable disease", defined as a disease listed in Schedule 1, or an infection which presents or could present significant harm to human health. The local authority must report any such notification which it receives to, amongst others, PHE. Schedule 1 to the 2010 Regulations contained a list of 31 notifiable diseases before the addition of COVID-19. On 6 March 2020, similar amendments were made to the Health Protection (Notification) (Wales) Regulations 2010 (SI 2010/1546). COVID-19 had been made a notifiable disease in Scotland on 22 February 2020 and in Northern Ireland on 29 February 2020.

14. On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic.

15. On 12 March 2020, the UK Government announced that it was moving from the "contain" phase to the "delay" phase of its action plan and raised the risk level from "moderate" to "high".

16. On 16 March 2020, the UK Government published guidance on social distancing. The guidance advised vulnerable people to avoid social mixing and to work from home where possible. The guidance included advice that large gatherings should not take place.

17. Also on 16 March 2020, the Prime Minister, the Rt Hon Boris Johnson MP, made a statement to the British public, the main text of which is set out in Appendix 1 to this judgment. In the statement he said that "now is the time for everyone to stop non-essential contact with others and to stop all unnecessary travel. We need people to start working from home where they possibly can. And you should avoid pubs, clubs, theatres and other such social venues." He added that "as we advise against unnecessary social contact of all kinds, it is right that we should extend this advice to mass gatherings as well."

18. On 18 March 2020, the Prime Minister made a further statement… The principal purpose of the statement was to announce the closure of schools from the end of Friday, 20 March 2020. In the statement he said: "I want to repeat that everyone -everyone -must follow the advice to protect themselves and their families, but also -more importantly-to protect the wider public."

19. On 20 March 2020, the Prime Minister made a further statement… In this statement he thanked everyone for following the "guidance" issued on 16 March 2020 but said that further steps were now necessary. He said that across the UK cafes, pubs, bars and restaurants were being told to close as soon as they reasonably could and not open the following day. He added that: "We're also telling nightclubs, theatres, cinemas, gyms and leisure centres to close on the same timescale."

The 21 March Regulations

20. On 21 March 2020, the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Business Closure) (England) Regulations 2020 (SI 2020/327) ("the 21 March Regulations") were made by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care pursuant to powers under the 1984 Act. Equivalent regulations for Wales were introduced on the same day.

21. The 21 March Regulations provided for the closure of businesses set out in the Schedule to the Regulations. Under regulation 2(1) the businesses listed in Part 1 of the Schedule, which comprised restaurants, cafes, bars and public houses, were required to close or cease carrying on the business of selling food and drink other than for consumption off the premises. Regulation 2(4) required the businesses listed in Part 2 of the Schedule to close. These included cinemas, theatres, nightclubs, bingo halls, concert halls, museums, galleries, betting shops, spas, gyms and other indoor leisure centres…

22. Regulation 3 of the 21 March Regulations made contravention of regulation 2 without reasonable excuse a criminal offence, punishable on summary conviction by a fine. Regulation 4(1) provided that a person designated by the Secretary of State may take action as necessary to enforce a closure or restriction imposed by regulation 2.

Developments from 22 to 25 March

23. On 22 March 2020, the Prime Minister announced the next stage of the UK Government's plan, which included "shielding" measures for vulnerable people and advising members of the public to stay two metres apart even when outdoors.

24. On 23 March 2020, the Prime Minister made a further announcement…. He said that it was vital to slow the spread of the disease and "that's why we have been asking people to stay at home during this pandemic". The time had, however, come for "us all to do more". From that evening he was therefore giving "the British people a very simple instruction -you must stay at home". He said that people would only be "allowed to leave their home" for very limited purposes such as shopping for basic necessities and "travelling to and from work, but only where this is absolutely necessary and cannot be done from home". He added that "if you don't follow the rules the police will have the powers to enforce them, including through fines and dispersing gatherings." In order to "ensure compliance with the Government's instruction to stay at home" he stated that "we will immediately -close all shops selling non-essential goods ... stop all gatherings of more than two people in public ... and we'll stop all social events, including weddings, baptisms and other ceremonies, but excluding funerals."

25. Also on 23 March 2020, the UK Government issued guidance to businesses about closures. This included advice that it would be an offence to operate in contravention of the 21 March Regulations and that businesses in breach of the 21 March Regulations would be subject to prohibition notices and potentially unlimited fines.

26. On the same day PHE issued a document called "Keeping away from other people: new rules to follow from 23 March 2020." It stated that there were three "important new rules everyone must follow to stop coronavirus spreading". These were (i) "you must stay at home" and should only leave home "if you really need to" for one of the reasons stated; (ii) most shops should stay closed; and (iii) people must not meet in groups of more than two in public places.

27. On 24 March 2020, the UK Government issued guidance to providers of holiday accommodation to the effect that they should have taken steps to close for commercial use and should remain open only for limited prescribed purposes, for example to support key workers or homeless people.

28. On 25 March 2020, the 2020 Act was enacted. The 2020 Act applies across the UK, although different provisions have come into force in different nations at different times. In broad terms the 2020 Act established emergency arrangements in relation to health workers, food supply, inquests and other matters.

The 26 March Regulations

29. On 26 March 2020, the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020 (SI 2020/350) ("the 26 March Regulations") were made by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care exercising powers under the 1984 Act. Similar regulations were introduced in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

30. The 26 March Regulations revoked most of the 21 March Regulations and replaced them with new rules which imposed more extensive restrictions. Regulation 4(1) was in similar terms to regulation 2(1) of the 21 March Regulations and required the businesses listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2 -which again comprised restaurants, cafes, bars and public houses -to close or cease selling any food or drink other than for consumption off its premises.

31. Regulation 4(4) required businesses listed in Part 2 of Schedule 2 to close. These included all the businesses that had already been required to close by regulation 2(4) of the 21 March Regulations (see para 21 above) and a number of others, including nail, beauty and hair salons and barbers, tattoo and piercing parlours, playgrounds, outdoor markets and car showrooms. Further restrictions and closures were imposed by regulation 5 for retail shops, holiday accommodation and places of worship -with the exception of the businesses listed in Part 3 of Schedule 2.32…

33. Regulation 6 introduced a prohibition against people leaving the place where they were living "without reasonable excuse".(A non-exhaustive list of reasonable excuses was set out in regulation 6(2).) Regulation 7 prohibited gatherings in public places of more than two people other than in limited circumstances. Regulation 9 made any contravention of the 26 March Regulations without reasonable excuse a criminal offence punishable on summary conviction by a fine. There were several reports of enforcement action being taken under these provisions in the months after 26 March 2020.

34. Regulation 3 of the 26 March Regulations required the Secretary of State to review the need for the restrictions at least once every 21 days, with the first review being carried out by 16 April 2020. The 26 March Regulations, and the equivalent regulations in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, were amended on several occasions. For example, on 13 May 2020 garden centres and outdoor sports courts were added to the list of businesses in Part 3 of Schedule 2 which were allowed to stay open, as were outdoor markets and certain showrooms on 1 June 2020.

35. On 4 July 2020, the 26 March Regulations were revoked and replaced with more limited restrictions in the Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (No 2) (England) Regulations 2020 (SI 2020/684) in England. Since then, there have been further legislative changes; but they have occurred since the trial and were therefore not considered by the court below…."

74.Bank of New York Mellon (International) Ltd v Cine-UK Ltd [2021] EWHC 1013 (QB)一案,租客Cine-UK Limited 在Hengrove Park, Hengrove, Bristol經營戲院[50], 但租客自2020年3月起已停止支付租金。 業主於2020年9月4日提出簡易判決申請, 租容的其中一項抗辯理由是基於不可預見事情的發生以致租約的預期不能實現:

“76. ... they, and the Leases, have been overtaken by wholly unforeseeable (including by the original parties to the Leases) events which have rendered the commercial purpose of the Leases temporarily (at least) impossible and unfulfillable and which they assert should result in the burden of rent being lifted from them on one or more legal grounds.

“117 ...

h. COVID and the COVID Regulations are "unprecedented" events which could not have been contemplated by the original parties to the Leases...”

75.英國高等法院在參考了有關案例, 包括蘇大律師引用的National Carriers v Panalpina [1981] AC 675, 裁定該案的租客, 包括Cine-UK Limited,不可引用「不可抗力」的理由拒絕繳付租金[51]

76.London Trocadero (2015) LLP v Picturehouse Cinemas Ltd & Ors [2021] EWHC 2591 (Ch)一案, 租客在倫敦Trocadero Centre同樣經營戲院,因應Coronavirus Regulations, 戲院被迫於2020 年3月21 至 2020年7月3日停業。 戲院雖然於2020年7月31日重開, 但因疫情限制影響業務, 戲院於2020年10月9日再次停業, 而戲院於2020年6月開始已停止交租。業主於是提出簡易判決申請, 而租客的其中一項抗辯理由, 就是戲院受制於有關法例不可營業,情況與簽署租約時(which the parties would have anticipated at the time that the 1994 Lease and the 2014 Lease were entered into)大相逕庭。而另一項抗辯理由就是租約只限處所作戲院營運[52], 但因作戲院不能營運, 所以業主沒有理據(a partial failure of consideration)繼續收取租金。

77.英國高等法院在其判案書第72及136段裁定, 即使戲院因政府的限制不能營業, 租客仍須根據租約繳付租金:

“72. . . . the requirement for the Tenant to pay rent even though the premises could not be used for the intended purpose as a result of unforeseen, extraneous events does not deprive the leases of business efficacy or mean that they lack commercial or practical coherence. Clearly, without the implied terms, the risk is shouldered by the Tenant. However, there is no good commercial reason why the loss should necessarily be borne by the Landlord.”

“136. . . . the Tenant in my view has no real prospect of successfully arguing that the failure of the anticipated state of affairs is fundamental to the basis on which the parties entered into the leases.”

78.這兩案最後在英國上訴法庭一併審理但維持原判[53]。 英國上訴法庭在其判決書第138段有以下分析:

“If the officious bystander had asked the question whether the parties intended that, if the premises could not be used lawfully because of restrictions such as the Coronavirus restrictions, the obligation to pay rent would be suspended, far from a testy "of course" from both parties, it seems to me the landlord in each case would have said "of course not, the rent is payable throughout unless physical damage to or destruction of the premises has rendered them unfit for occupation or use".”

79.另一方面, 本席同意陳大律師的陳述, 涉案處所有以下4段時間是根據《預防及控制疾病(規定及指示)(業務及處所)規例》的規定及指示而須停止使用, 為何答辯人之「不可抗力」理由, 只適用於第4段, 而答辯人於其餘3段時間仍然希望維持涉案租約:

  根據第599F章的規定及指示而須停止使用 總日數
1. 2020年4月10日至5月7日; 28
2. 2020年7月15日至2020年8月27日; 44
3. 2020年12月10日至2021年2月17日; 70
4. 2022年1月7日至2022年4月20日 105
    247

80.這正如高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官杜溎峰在 The Center (76) Limited v Victory Serviced Office (HK) Limited, HCA 1020/2020 (無彙報的案例,日期為2020年11月19日)第39段所說, 答辯人繼續佔用涉案處所的行為與其爭辯的因「不可抗力」而租約「受挫失效」的說法並不符合:

“39. Ms Cheung argues that COVID-19 pandemic and the social disruption have significantly changed the nature of the rights and obligations of the parties under the Tenancy Agreement in a way that could not have been reasonably contemplated at the time of its entry. They affected access to the Premises and caused the demand for flexible workspace to sharply decline. While COVID-19 pandemic and the social disruption may be unforeseen at the time of execution of the Tenancy Agreement, none of these has fundamentally or radically changed the nature of the parties’ obligations thereunder or otherwise rendered it physically or commercially impossible to fulfil the Tenancy Agreement. The Defendant leased the Premises for the purpose of providing flexible workspace to rent to its customers. Its obligation is to pay rent and observe the covenants, terms and conditions of the Tenancy Agreement. There has been no change in the nature of the Defendant’s obligation, though the social disruption and COVID-19 pandemic must have rendered its business operation more onerous and not profitable. The doctrine of frustration is not to be lightly invoked to relieve contracting parties of the normal consequences of imprudent commercial bargain or commercial risk. The test of frustration is objective. In National Carriers Ltd v Panalpina, the closure of the only access street to a warehouse for a year or a little longer in the remaining term of four years was held to be not enough to invoke the doctrine of frustration. The Defendant has not adduced any evidence to show how long the disruptive events and/or COVID-19 pandemic were expected to last during the unexpired term of the tenancy or at least for a long period of that unexpired term. Furthermore, the Defendant’s conduct in holding onto the Premises instead of surrendering them is inconsistent with its claim of frustration. Its refusal to deliver up possession of the Premises is evidence of its lack of good faith in this defence. It is in fact trying to hold onto the Premises and generate income without paying rent to the prejudice of the Plaintiff. There is no substance in this defence.”

租約按金不可視為租金

81.根據涉案租約第8條,

「租客須交予業主保証金作為保証租客遵守及履行此租約上租客所需遵守之條款的按金。 若租客在租期內並無干犯此合約內任何條款, 則業主須於收回交吉的物業或一切租客欠款後(以較遲者作準)三十天內無息退還該保証金予租客。 但若租客拖欠根據此合約需要支付的租金及/或其他款項超過五天(無論有否以法律行動追討)或若租客違反此合約內任何條款, 業主可合法收回該物業而租約將立被終止; 業主可從保証金內扣除因租客違約而令業主所受的損失, 而此項權 利將不會影響業主因租客違約而可採取的其他合法行動的權利。」[54]

82.雖然本席認為以上的按金條款已再清晰不過, 按金是用以「作為保証租客遵守及履行此租約上租客所需遵守之條款」, 但冼女士在其證人陳述書第5a 段卻稱,「2021年1月及2月的租金理應可以從答辯人已向申請人交的3個月租金押金中扣除, 因此答辯人並沒有欠申請人任何租金」[55]

83.其實與冼女士同樣的按金扣除建議已於新港投資有限公司訴WFC Holding Limited 及其他人, CAMP 52/2020及 CACV 399/2020(無彙報的案例,日期為2020年9月8日)被香港上訴法庭否決。上訴法庭在其判案書的第37段指示, 契約條款的詮釋必須符合其原意: “Construction of the terms of an agreement should be approached by reference to its context and purpose.”

84.上訴法庭認為按金在租約行使期間, 只能視之為保証金:

“45. ... Whilst the tenancy continued, the 1st Defendant had no claim to such money.

...

47. ... as a matter of legal analysis, the security for due observance and performance took the form of curtailment of the 1st Defendant’s right under Clause 5.04 to the payment by the Plaintiff of a sum equivalent to the Deposit in the event of any defaults by the 1st Defendant under the Tenancy Agreement.”

85.雖然租約內容許業主從保証金內扣除因租客違約而令業主所受的損失, 但上訴法庭認為這不是可以視按金可以扣除租金的理由:

“56. ... at the time of deemed reduction under Clause 5.03, there is no immediate obligation on the part of the Plaintiff as landlord to repay any part of the deposit to the 1st Defendant as tenant. The obligation to pay an amount equal to the Deposit only arises under Clause 5.04 after the termination of the tenancy and delivery of vacant possession and settlement of all outstanding obligations by the 1st Defendant. Hence, it is a misconception to describe Clause 5.03 as a set-off.

57. ... during the currency of the tenancy, the Plaintiff did not hold the Deposit on trust for the purpose of Clause 5.04. If the Deposit could be utilized for the purpose of payment of rent so as to reduce the 1st Defendant’s liability for the same, it would mean that the 1st Defendant can unilaterally accelerate its claim for repayment under Clause 5.04 by withholding payment of rent. That would be inconsistent with the common intention on the nature of the Deposit as provided for under Clause 5.01.

58. Taking the construction of Mr Wong to its logical conclusion, it would mean that the 1st Defendant needed not make any payment of rent at least for the first four months of the tenancy because there was sufficient amount of Deposit to cover the same. Since rent was deemed to be paid upon the automatic reduction of the Deposit, the Plaintiff could not rely on Clause 8.01 to re-enter and determine the tenancy. Nor could the Plaintiff rely on Clause 8.02 to charge interest on the arrears. The only course the Plaintiff could take, according to such construction, is to exercise the power under Clause 5.03 to demand the topping up of the Deposit. By comparison, Clauses 4, 6.01(a) and 8.01, 8.02(iv) and 8.03 clearly stipulated that rent is payable without any demand and the consequences for default would follow irrespective of the absence of any demand by the Plaintiff.

59. As Mr Chan submitted, all these matters highlighted the prejudice that could be occasioned to the other rights and remedies available to the Plaintiff under the Tenancy Agreement if Mr Wong’s construction were adopted. It would therefore go against the opening phrase of Clause 5.03.

60. Bearing in mind the context as shown in the other provisions of the Tenancy Agreement and the true legal analysis as to the nature of the Deposit, the deemed reduction of the amount of the Deposit under Clause 5.03 is not necessarily the payment of rent as submitted by Mr Wong.

...

64. ... the security had to be adequate not only to cover payment of rent but also other tenant’s obligations during the tenancy as well as the obligations concerning delivery of vacant possession at the end of the same. Under the Tenancy Agreement, the Plaintiff was entitled to the full Deposit sum ...as such coverage.

...

67. There is also a conceptual difference between the deemed reduction of the amount of Deposit and the payment of rent. Payment of rent involved the 1st Defendant paying money to the Plaintiff. On the other hand, there was no actual payment in the deemed reduction of amount of Deposit. In light of our analysis on the nature of the Deposit and the 1st Defendant’s right under Clause 5.04, the payment of the Deposit cannot be regarded as payment of rent in advance since the sum was not paid by the 1st Defendant as discharging its obligation to pay rent. Nor could it constitute “actual payment” under Clause 8.02(iv) to stop interest on arrears from accruing.

...

72. For these reasons, we came to the clear conclusion that the Judge erred in construing Clause 5.03 as giving rise to the reduction of the 1st Defendants’ liabilities for the arrears in payment of rent and other charges and the 2nd and 3rd Defendant’s corresponding liabilities under the Guarantee.”

申請人須減低其租金損失

86.普通法要求在違約案件中的受損失一方須在有關違約後採取合理步驟以減低其損失。

87.上文第38段提到, 答辯人投訴申請人於《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》生效期間,仍然繼續向答辯人追租。但本席在參考該條例第5條第7款後,認為該條例並沒有禁止申請人可以採納不受該條例禁止的方式追租。況且, 根據答辯人提供, Frankie於2022年5月3日發出的WhatsApp短訊如下[56]

「即使條例生效與否

租金都係要交

又何必拖住大家

你25樓7月都開張[57]

你呢家交租, 我同意你早d退租

你又慳返43萬

你老細禁好數口其實點會唔識計呢」

本席認為申請人純然是希望與答辯人和平解決問題, 這正如黃先生在回答蘇大律師時所說, 只希望雙方好來好去[58], 也可視為申請人採取的合理步驟以減低其損失。

88.冼女士又指,申請人其後張貼大字報, 舉紙牌騷擾答辯人,但蘇大律師所指的大字報[59], 從照片中所見, 根本看不到詳細內容, 但竟與上文第13段提及的答辯人搬遷啟示並存。 就這方面, 答辯人亦未有提供詳細資料, 包括大字報的張貼日期及詳細內容, 本席不可能裁定這大字報對答辯人或其業務構成影響。

89.於此蘇大律師引用涉案租約第9條, 指申請人在租約期內干擾答辯人享用涉案處所。 涉案租約第9條內容如下:

「若租客按時清繳租金和雜費及沒有干犯此合約內任何條款, 則業主不得在租租約期內干擾租客享用該物業。」[60]

90.這正如黃先生回答蘇大律師時所說, 當時答辯人確實(如本席於上文裁定)欠租。[61] 本席不同意蘇大律師的陳詞聲稱答辯人沒有拒絕履行涉案租約; 答辯人拒絕繳付租金即拒絕履行租約。

91.蘇大律師又指答辯人的律師事務所曾於2022年6月30日嘗試將涉案處所的鑰匙交回申請人, 但申請人拒絕。黃先生回答指該律師事務所的交回鑰匙建議是有附帶條件的[62], 所以申請人不能接受[63]。於此, 由於答辯人未能提供任何證據反駁, 本席裁定申請人有權不接受答辯人有附帶條件的交吉建議, 這亦不影響申請人向答辯人追討期間所拖欠的租金的權利。

92.蘇大律師又指答辯人曾約於2022年6月20日嘗試展開工程把涉案處所還原交回申請人, 但黃先生否認知情。 蘇大律師再指當時涉案處所的大廈管理處曾阻止答辯人展開還原工程, 黃先生否認有此事發生[64]。於此, 答辯人亦未能未能提供任何證據反駁。 其後冼女士作供時更同意這是答辯人的臆測[65]

93.又即使如答辯人所說, 立案法團也曾作出不當的行為,雖然黃先生是涉案處所的大廈立案法團主席, 但由於立案法團是根據《建築物管理條例》(香港法例第344章)成立的獨立法定團體,其權力之來源是來自大廈公契及該條例第18條, 這卻不可以此與申請人作為涉案租約的業主扯上關係:“to fall within the requirement of someone actually having authority from the landlord, the authority must come from the landlord himself voluntarily or by an act done by him to confer the subject matter authority on that person. It is the landlord’s own conferment of such authority which renders him liable for breach of the contractual covenant by the acts of someone else. ”“the IO’s authority to exercise such powers and rights in relation to the common parts is derived from the BMO instead of the owners’ own authorization or consent. ” [66]

94.又由於《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》第5條第5款, 本案在該條例生效期間被擱置, 及至申請人知悉答辯人搬離涉案處所,「不再在該租賃下完全或主要用作指明處所」, 再至2022年6月29日, 當時答辯人的代表律師莫超權律師行向申請人發出的無損權益信件[67], 本席裁定答辯人未有在無條件下交回涉案處所的空置管有權。

95.又根據答辯人所提供, 當時答辯人的代表律師莫超權律師行於2022年8月17日向申請人發出的信件(該2022年8月17日函件)第4段[68] 提到:「在2022年6月28日的無損權益信中, MCP 曾表示上述物業拆埸到 “bare-shell” 之費用以市埸報價HK$20萬元代替」, 本席裁定答辯人未有涉案租約附表二(j)段[69]於遷出時履行還原工程。

96.根據申請人的代表律師許享明律師事務所於2022年7月21日的信函[70],申請人在保留一切追究權利下, 收回涉案處所的鑰匙及開門進入涉案處所, 但這並不意味著涉案處所的租約因法律的施行(operation of law)而退回。在Oastler v Henderson (1877) 2 QBD 575, Artworld Financial Corp v Safaryan [2009] EWCA Civ 303 一案及較近期的Padwick Properties Limited v Punj Lloyd Limited [2016] EWHC 502 (Ch) and Levett-Dunn & Others v NHS Property Services Limited [2016] EWHC 943 (Ch), 業主收回鑰匙甚至開門進入涉案處所可以銓釋為保障自身的權益:

“(1) Accepting back the keys without more will always be equivocal. As a matter of practicality and common sense, one party has to hold the keys to prevent an absurd situation in which they are passed back and forth because neither party wants to risk it being suggested that it has made an admission by holding them.

(4) Any further act of the landlord referable to the landlord's seeking to re-let the premises will not necessarily give rise to a surrender by operation of law, as it is no more than what the landlord might reasonably be expected to do in the circumstance for the potential benefit of all parties. The landlord must be entitled to seek to mitigate the damage caused in reality (even if not yet technically in law so long as the lease remains extant) by the tenant's abandoning the lease, by seeking to obtain another tenant, without thereby losing his rights against the original tenant if he is unable to do so.”

97.又在上述Sunbroad Holdings案, 業主早在2020年5月21日興訟向欠租租客追討租金及利息(HCA 735/2020),雖然租客曾於2021年7月27日經律師把該案處所的鑰匙交還業主, 但該案業主拒絕接受租客悔約;該案業主收取鑰匙只為視察該案處所及方便尋找新的租客:“The key would be treated as returned for the limited purpose of facilitating viewing of the Premises by potential replacement tenants and exploring the possibility of mutual discharge of the parties from the Lease by consent.”[71] 該案業主最後只在2021年11月26日同意收回該案處所。 就此, 梁法官有以下評論:

58. However, the cases in which the court will deny the innocent party’s entitlement to enforce his full contractual right to maintain the contract in force and sue for the contract price are said to be very limited. They would be where an election to keep the contract alive would be wholly unreasonable and that damages would be an adequate remedy or where the innocent party would have no legitimate interest in making an election: see Reichman v. Beveridge [2007] 1 P&CR 20 at §§17; 40.

59. In Funfair v. Wong Lui Wing [2007] 3 HKLRD 609, the Court of Appeal explained (at §§20; 27) that a lease cannot be unilaterally terminated unless expressly provided for. A repudiation which was not accepted did not have effect in terminating a lease. A landlord is entitled to insist on payment of rent. The requirement of the defaulting party’s co-operation to perform is inapplicable to rent claims under a lease because an estate was already granted to the tenant at the commencement of the tenancy, which the tenant retained exclusively until the end of the term of the tenancy. Agreeing with Reichman (above), the court held that the only exception is where it would be wholly unreasonable for the landlord to hold onto the lease in the circumstances of the case.

60. The burden of proving that it was wholly unreasonable for the landlord to hold onto the lease in the circumstances of the case is on the defaulting tenant. The burden is not discharged merely by showing that the benefit to the innocent landlord is small compared to the loss to the defaulting tenant: see Reichman at §41.

61. Compounded with the pre-existing burden of raising issues of a credible defence in resisting summary judgment, the burden to demonstrate that it was wholly unreasonable for the Landlord to hold onto the Lease in the circumstances of the present case was squarely on the Tenant. As mentioned, the burden is a heavy one.

62. In my view, the Tenant has failed to discharge such burden.”

98.於本案, 本席注意到, 雖然該2022年8月17日函件提及申請人於2022年7月21日收回涉案處所的鑰匙及開門進入涉案處所,但信末的最後一段竟寫著:「本行保留本行當事人的權利, 包括追討萬億在沒有通知MCP的情況下(或執達吏)[72] 在該單位涉嫌移除第三方的財產的權利。」[73] 這明顯與答辯人爭辯已無條件交回涉案處所不符。況且涉案租約附表二(h)段如下[74]:

「租客遷出時, 必須在租期內將樓宇內傢俬雜物全部搬出以清手續(業主所屬物品除外), 如租客籍故取巧不交回所有門匙或留下任何物品不予搬走及故意阻延時間, 在租客遷出後三天內仍不來取, 當作放棄權利論,……」

如答辯人或其代表律師表示還有財物仍未搬走, 這並不等同把涉案處所交吉交回申請人。

99.梁法官在Sunbroad Holdings案繼續有以下論述:

“65. Whilst the Tenant argues that the Landlord would still have been entitled to claim damages for early termination of the Lease, it was in the circumstances of the present case not wholly unreasonable for the Landlord to have taken the time while remaining protected by its entitlement to the contractual rent.

66. The more the Tenant sought to argue about the impact of COVID-19 on the general retail market situation and the alleged specific compromise of the profitability of the retail business at the vicinity of the location of the Premises, the more the same would work to highlight the uncertainty in the Landlord’s chance of securing not only an alternative replacement tenant but also one which would be ready and willing to pay a comparable level of rent. One bears in mind that the term of the Lease sought to be terminated by the Tenant at the time still had a substantial remainder to run (until August 2022). The uncertainty faced by the Landlord manifested in the likelihood of its having to commit to a potentially lower rent than that under the Lease for a substantial term with any replacement tenant.

67. The Landlord needs to put it no higher than the above, as it is not its burden to show that its refusal to accept the Tenant’s repudiation and to terminate Lease until the time when it did was reasonable. The burden was and still is for the defendants to show that the Landlord’s such conduct was wholly unreasonable. To suffice in discharging such burden of the defendants, one would have expected evidence such as that of the existence of a replacement tenant which was ready and willing to enter into a lease for at least the remainder of the term of the Lease at a comparable, albeit not the same, level of rent prior November 2021. There was no such assertion by pleading or evidence from the defendants.

68. The evidence was that the Landlord did not merely sit back and relax with holding onto its entitlement to the rent under the Lease. Some 15 estate agencies were briefed with information flyer prepared for such purpose. The record of the viewings and enquiries made by agencies also speaks for itself. Readiness of the Landlord to separately let out the shop units was also communicated to the agencies. There was evidence of unsuccessful attempt to arrange viewing of the Premises by potential replacement tenants. Whether or not that had in any way to do with the occasional failure of the Tenant to co-operate, as the Landlord complained, the market, as the defendants indeed also tried hard to portray, was lukewarm. The same manifested in the extent of interest shown in renting the Premises. A tenant was eventually secured in October 2021. Hence the communication by the Landlord of its acceptance of the Tenant’s repudiation and thus termination of the Lease in November 2021.

69. Any criticism about lack of genuine effort to secure a replacement tenant on the part of the Landlord will be flatly contradicted by the principle that the duty to mitigate has no place during the term of a subsisting lease. As mentioned, it was not that the defendants came up with concrete evidence of such ready and willing replacement tenant(s) reasonably acceptable to the Landlord during the period prior to November 2021 which the Landlord unreasonably failed or refused to secure.

70. Other than criticizing the Landlord, the defendants have never indicated, not to mention undertaken, that they would be prepared to compensate the Landlord’s loss by way of damages. Therefore, what was expected would still be for the Landlord to have to quantify and to prove its claim for damages against the defendants by way of litigation, and thus taking the incidental litigation risk. That was relevant.”

100.於本案, 申請人最後於2022年8月1日取得King’s Design and Production的裝修報價, 及於翌日, 即2022年8月2日與申請人簽訂「裝修承諾書」[75], 並於2022年8月3日繳付屯門栢麗廣場業主立案法團2萬元裝修按金並開展工程[76]。本席裁定申請人於2022年8月3日才合法收回涉案處所。 申請人並於2022年9月6日與新的租客簽訂租約。 本席裁定申請人已採取合理步驟以減低其損失。

裝修還原費用

101.上文第28段提及,King’s Design and Production的裝修報價為427,980元, 答辯人認為並不合理, 並提交了一份「大進清拆工程五金回收公司」於2022年6月21日的報價單如下:[77]

QTY
數量
DESCRIPTION
貨物名稱
AMOUNT
金額
工程地址:屯門栢麗廣場1樓116至120號舖  
1 拆天花、燈盤。  
2 拆間格。  
3 拆厠所、打地台。  
4 搬清圾垃什物。  
  以上工程夜班工作  
  合計港幣壹拾柒萬元正 HK$170,000.00

102.本席以此「大進清拆工程五金回收公司」的報價單與King’s Design and Production的裝修報價單比較,有以下觀察:

(1) 「大進清拆工程五金回收公司」的報價單沒有提及工程所需之勞工及第三者意外保險,也沒有準備人手及工具做大堂保護, 這或可解釋為何管理處會阻止清拆工程進行(如有);

(2) 「大進清拆工程五金回收公司」的報價只有清拆工程, 沒有還原工程。根據涉案租約附表二(j)段[78],「單位內之一切原來設備及間隔, 乙方遷出時必須履行還原工程」, 並非如答辯人所指的把涉案處所以“bare-shell” 交回申請人。

(3) 根據黃先生回答蘇大律師及涉案處所的地址, 涉案處所原為6個個別但相鄰單位, 所以本席接納黃先生的解釋,King’s Design and Production的裝修報價必須包括其第3項所指的泥水工程及第4項的門窗工程。

103.基於上述原因, 本席裁定答辯人未能滿足舉證責任,以證明King’s Design and Production的裝修報價427,980元並不合理。

利息

104.根據根據涉案租約附表二(a)段, 租客須在期內每月的第一天上期繳付指定的租金予業主, 租客於應繳租金之日的五天內仍未清租金, 則須加付利息予業主以2%月息計算。

105.在與Sunbroad Holdings案相同期間, 尖沙咀海港城海運大廈也有租客同樣以新冠肺炎疫情為理由拒絕交租:Wharf Realty Limited v Abebi Limited, HCA 954/2020 & HCA 955/2020(無彙報的案例,日期為2022年7月15日)。 在該案判案書第157及159段, 高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官徐韻華同意尖沙咀海港城海業主可根據租約追討租金至租期結束為止。

106.本席基於同樣理由, 裁定申請人除可根據涉案租約追討答辯人未付的租金外, 更可根據涉案租約收取2%月息。

107.但當申請人於2022年8月3日合法收回涉案處所後應得的損害賠償,利息則以香港上海滙豐銀行最優惠利率加1%計算。

108.由判案日期直至完全支付賠償金額日期的利息,則以判定利率計算。

裁決

109.本席裁定答辯人須支付以下的租金損失及損害賠償款項給申請人:

截至2022年8月2日的租金賠償金額  
租金損失 時段/月份 欠款 (港元)
  2021年1月 144,762
  2021年2月 144,762
  2022年2月 144,762
  2022年3月 144,762
  2022年4月 144,762
  2022年5月 144,762
  2022年6月 144,762
  2022年7月 144,762
  2022年8月1日至2日 9,339[79]
  總數: 1,167,435
  加利息: 以2%月息計算
2022年8月3日起的賠償金額  
租金賠償 時段/月份 欠款 (港元)
  2022年8月3日至31日 135,423[80]
  2022年9月1日至7日 25,929[81]
  合共 161,352
還原工程費用   427,980
  總數: 589,332
  加利息: 以香港上海滙豐銀行最優惠利率加1%計算

總結

110.基於上文所述,本席作出以下頒令:

1. 答辯人須支付申請人由2021年1月1日至2021年2月28日及2022年2月1日起至2022年8月2日的租金/中間收益,共1,167,435元, 另加根據涉案租約附表二的利息, 以2%月息計算, 至本判案書日期為止;

2. 答辯人須支付申請人由2022年8月3日起的損失,總數為589,332元, 另加利息由2022年9月8日起, 以香港上海滙豐銀行最優惠利率加1%計算, 至本判案書日期為止;

3. 答辯人須支付申請人利息,從本判案書日期起至交還所有判定欠款,以判案年利率8.169%計算。

訟費

111.本案的簡易判決及審訊合併於2023年1月30日審理。 蘇大律師認為該簡易判決的訟費應全部給予答辯人, 本席不予認同。

112.查本席較早前已審理相類因新冠肺炎疫情導致租客欠租, 而後者也嘗引用「不可抗力」或「受挫失效」抗辯的個案, 這包括華利釆有限公司 對 中銅有限公司, LDPE 316/2020 (無彙報的案例,日期為2020年9月3日)及 Luvpa Limited v Honor City HK Pharmacy Limited [2021] 2 HKLRD 1326。本席於該兩案皆判決該兩租客敗訴,即該兩租客並不可以引用「不可抗力」或「受挫失效」抗辯拖欠租金。加上前述的Commerz Real Investmentgesellschaft mbh v TFS Stores Ltd [2021] EWHC 863 (Ch) (判案書日期為2021年4月16日), Bank of New York Mellon (International) Ltd v Cine-UK Ltd [2021] EWHC 1013 (QB)(判案書日期為2021年4月22日),London Trocadero (2015) LLP v Picturehouse Cinemas Ltd & Ors [2021] EWHC 2591 (Ch) (判案書日期為2021年9月28日), Wharf RealtySunbroad Holdings的判決案例, 如果不是本案答辯人的馬女士於2022年8月2日的反對誓章中, 突然加上該口頭承諾的新的抗辯理由, 本席會毫不猶豫的以簡易判決裁定申請人得直。

113.本席認為, 本案需要耗時審理, 全是因為答辯人突然加上該口頭承諾的新的抗辯理由, 但本席已在本判案書上文第50段裁定根本沒有該口頭承諾, 或該口頭承諾可隨時因答辯人違反先決條件而被申請人取消。

114.因此, 本席亦作出暫准訟費命令, 答辯人須支付申請人於本案的訟費, 包括簡易判決及審訊的費用, 連同大律師證書。如雙方未能就訟費金額達成協議,則由法庭以區域法院準則評定訟費,暫准命令在14天後成為絕對命令。

  土地審裁處成員彭浩泉
  土地審裁處

申請人: 由許享明律師事務所轉聘陳珽浺大律師代表

答辯人: 由劉莉婷律師事務所轉聘蘇竟大律師代表


附件 1




[1]   見文件夾第78頁。

[2]   見文件夾第79頁。

[3]   見審訊文件夾第76頁。

[4]   見審訊文件夾第7頁。

[5]   保護期是由該條例的生效日期開始, 即2022年5月1日至自該生效日期起計的3個月屆滿之時結束。

[6]   見審訊文件夾第20頁。

[7]   又可見審訊文件夾第84、85及86頁。

[8]   見審訊文件夾第110頁。

[9]   見審訊文件夾第114及241頁。

[10]   見審訊文件夾第133頁。

[11]   見審訊文件夾第106頁馬女士的反對誓章第6段。

[12]   見審訊文件夾第129至130頁及第220至221頁。

[13]   見審訊文件夾第126頁黃先生的第二份非宗教誓章第9段。

[14]   不是答辯人所稱的2022年6月29日或30日。

[15]   見審訊文件夾第153-154頁及253-256頁。

[16]   見審訊文件夾第240頁。

[17]   見審訊文件夾第257-260頁。

[18]   見審訊文件夾第164頁葽先生的證人陳述書第31段。

[19]   新租約每月為$155,000, 9月有30天, 起租日為2022年9月8日, 新租客只繳付23天租金。

[20]   冼女士在接受陳大律師盤問時承認,「該口頭承諾」應是在2021年4月8日後某個日子與慮小姐的電話商談結果, 而不是蘇大律師在開案陳詞時所指的2021年3月31日。

[21]   在審訊中, 黃先生同意Frankie是他的兒子。

[22]   見審訊文件夾第278頁冼女士的證人陳述書第14段。。

[23]   冼女士在其證人陳述書第10段稱: 「於2022年3月31日, 本人為配合公司安排, 辭去MCP董事職務, 當天即日生效。 因為疫情, MCP的兩位董事不方便從新加坡回香港處理萬億及MCP的租務事宜, 因此他們書面授權馬詠襄義務處理該事宜。 及後所有萬億及MCP的租務事宜, 本人已經交給馬詠襄處理, 但本人在馬詠襄處理該事宜中, 還是對萬億及MCP的行為略有所知。」

[24]   申請人是於2022年4月21日, 經陳俊華律師事務所向審裁處提出申請收回涉案處所。

[25]   根據《商業租户短期保護措施(2019冠狀病毒病疫情)條例》第5條第7款, 禁止任何租賃的業主就(或繼續就)有關租户在指明期間內沒有遵照該租賃繳付租金,在保護期內採取任何一項或多於一項的行動, 這包括:

(a) 就有關的處所,中止提供公用設施服務或其他服務;

(b) 從有關業主持有的按金中,扣除有關租户在第(4)或(6)款描述的情況下沒有繳付的租金的任何款額;

(c) 如在保護期開始前,有關業主已就第(4)款描述的有關租户沒有繳付租金,從持有的按金中扣除任何款額——要求該租户支付任何金錢或給予任何金錢等值,以補足按金在作出該項扣除後短欠之數;

(d) 追討有關租户在第(4)或(6)款描述的情況下沒有繳付的租金所孳生的利息,或追討對該等租金施加的附加費;

(e) 終止有關租賃;

(f) 行使重收權或沒收租賃權;

(g) 針對有關租户,在法院(包括審裁處)提出訴訟;

(h) 針對有關租户,根據《仲裁條例》(第609章)展開仲裁程序;

(i) 針對有關租户,根據《破產條例》(第6章)提出破產呈請;

(j) 根據《公司條例》(第622章)第670條申請召開債權人會議,以同意關於有關租户的某妥協或安排;

(k) 針對有關租户,根據《公司(清盤及雜項條文)條例》(第32章)提出清盤呈請;

(l) 針對有關租户的財產展開任何執行程序、扣押該等財產予以徵取,或針對該等財產展開其他法律程序;及

(m) 針對有關租户的財產,委任接管人或經理人。

但卻沒有禁止業主可用各種通訊形式追租或與有關租户商議。

[26]   見審訊文件夾第279頁冼女士的證人陳述書第14段。

[27]   見審訊文件夾第280-281頁冼女士的證人陳述書第20段。

[28]   審訊時間上午10時48分至50 分及11時26分。

[29]   審訊時間下午2時54分及3時11分。

[30]   見審訊文件夾第129頁, 291頁及294頁。

[31]   審訊時間上午11時33分。

[32]   審訊時間上午10時57分, 11時07分及11時23分。

[33]   審訊時間上午11時33分至38分。

[34]   見Central London Property Trust Limited v High Tree House Limited [1947] KB 130。

[35]   見 Cobbe v Yeoman’s Row Management Ltd [2008] UKHL 55; [2008] 1 WLR 1752第18段, 及Thorner v Major [2009] UKHL 18; [2009] 1 WLR 776第96-97段。

[36]   見審訊文件夾第106頁馬女士的反對誓章第6段。

[37]   見審訊文件夾第276頁及審訊時間下午2時56分。

[38]   見審訊文件夾第309頁

[39]   見上文第16段。

[40]   見審訊文件夾第125頁。

[41]   見Luo Xing Juan Angela v The Estate of Hui Shui See, Willy Deceased (2009)12 HKCFAR 1第55段。

[42]   見該判案書第73段。

[43]   審訊時間下午2時53分。 亦可參見上文第40段。

[44]   見審訊文件夾第279頁。

[45]   在The Center (76) Limited v Victory Serviced Office (HK) Limited, HCA 1020/2020 (無彙報的案例,日期為2020年11月19日)一案, 租客亦因未能依時繳付租金而喪失了3個月的租金豁免。

[46]   見Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban District Council [1956] AC 696, 715。

[47]   https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/tc/curriculum-development/resource-support/learning-teaching-resource-list/COVID-19/COVID19-Legislative%20work%20of%20the%20Govt%20(as%20at%205%20May%202020)_chi.pdf

[48]   見審訊文件夾第76頁。

[49]   見 Simon Property Group, L P v. Regal Entertainment Group, 2022 WL 2304048 (Delaware Superior Court,June 27, 2022)。

[50]   "Use of the Property as and for a multiplex cinema for the exhibition therein of motion pictures television dramatic opera concert lectures or theatrical performances or entertainment or for receiving or transmitting and broadcasting by any method or means any of the foregoing to viewers or listeners wherever located or for any other lawful theatrical or related purpose subject always to the constraints as to the use of the Property contained in the Superior Lease together with as ancillary to such use a games room and other uses ancillary to a multiplex cinema"

[51]   見該判案書第222段。

[52]   "… a cinematograph theatre or theatres with the ancillary sale (but only to patrons of films who have been admitted through the ticket barriers) of merchandise relevant to such cinema use including hot and cold beverages for consumption of such patrons on the premises together with a bar, kitchens, café, and open terrace for the sale and consumption of alcohol on the premises and for conferencing purposes".

[53]   [2022] EWCA Civ 1021, [2022] EGLR 34判案書日期為2022年7月27日)。

[54]   見審訊文件夾第77頁。

[55]   見審訊文件夾第276頁。

[56]   見審訊文件夾第295或306頁。

[57]   這反映答辯人於2022年5月3日之前已安排搬往涉案處所樓上單位繼續經營。

[58]   審訊時間上午11時48分。

[59]   見審訊文件夾第87頁。

[60]   見審訊文件夾第77頁。

[61]   審訊時間上午11時54-56分。

[62]   這亦可見證於當時答辯人的代表律師莫超權律師行於2022年8月17日向申請人發出的信件第1)段;見審訊文件夾第317頁。

[63]   審訊時間上午11時57-58分。

[64]   根據申請人與新租客於2022年9月6日簽訂的租約附表二(j)段, 當時涉案處所的大廈的管理事宜已交回該大廈的業主立案法團另聘管理公司管理。見審訊文件夾第260頁。

[65]   審訊時間下午3時25分。

[66]   見Chong Lap Fu George v. Hydra Shipping Services Limited and Others [2009] 4 HKC 445第40至42段。

[67]   這亦可見證於當時答辯人的代表律師莫超權律師行於2022年8月17日向申請人發出的信件第1段;見審訊文件夾第317頁。

[68]   見審訊文件夾第317及318頁。

[69]   見審訊文件夾第79頁。

[70]   見審訊文件夾第312頁。

[71]   見該案判案書第24段。

[72]   本案當時還未有審理, 更未有判決, 何來執達吏在該單位涉嫌移除物品?

[73]   又即使在蘇大律師的開案陳詞第21段還說:「如果萬億堅持MCP需要支付2022年7月、8月及9月的租金 (即MCP在2022年7月、8月及9月期間仍然是上述物業的租戶), 那麼MCP將會保留一切應有之法律權益, 並保留一切追究的權利, 包括但不限於下述的相關損失:

a. 萬億於約2022年7月21日擅自進入MCP租用的上述物業; 及

b. 萬億於約2022年7月21日擅自拆除上述物業屬於MCP的裝修。」

[74]   見審訊文件夾第79頁。

[75]   見審訊文件夾第255頁。

[76]   見審訊文件夾第256頁。相反, 答辯人沒有

[77]   見證物R1。

[78]   見審訊文件夾第79頁。

[79]   $144,762 x 2/31 = $9,339。

[80]   $144,762 x 29/31 = $135,423

[81]   $144,762 - $118,833(新租客繳付租金) = $25,929

Other Judgments in This Case

Further hearings and rulings under LDPE 190/2022