李麗紅 對 吳燕芬

Read the full judgment text of DCCJ 1817/2019 on BabelCite. This District Court judgment was delivered on 24 March 2025.

1. 原告人及被告人同時任教於路德會梁鉅鏐小學(下稱「該學校」)。

Cites 12 cases

Case No.DCCJ 1817/2019[2025] HKDC 478
Court
District Court
Date24 Mar 2025
Judge
Case Document
100%Judiciary

DCCJ 1817/2019

[2025] HKDC 478

香港特別行政區

區域法院

民事訴訟2019年第1817號

--------------------------------

原告人 LEE LAI HUNG PAULINE(李麗紅)  
   
被告人 NG YIN FAN(吳燕芬)  

--------------------------------

主審法官: 區域法院暫委法官麥國昌法庭審訊
審訊日期: 2022年8月15-19、22、29日
判案書日期: 2025年3月24 日

------------------

判案書

------------------

目錄

題目 段落
前言 1-2
原告人案情 3-5
被告人的抗辯 6-8
法律原則 9-25
被告人言詞的唯一涵義 26-46
被告人言詞是否對原告人造成誹謗 47-59
有理可據 60-74
公允評論 75-79
受約制特權 80-113
受約制特權的場合及其目的 81-93
該信函的發佈是否與受約制特權的場合相符 94-97
被告人發佈該信函的主要目的 98-104
受約制特權的場合是否被濫用 105-113
損害賠償 114
一般賠償 115-118
加重損害賠償 119-121
結論及命令 122
訟費 123-124
後語 125

前言

1.原告人及被告人同時任教於路德會梁鉅鏐小學(下稱「該學校」)。

2.本訴訟源於在2017至2018學年被告人接任原本由原告人擔任的活動組主任的職務。

原告人案情

3.在2016至2017學年,原告人擔任該學校的活動組主任。

4.在2017至2018學年,被告人從原告人接任該學校的活動組主任。

5.原告人指稱被告人在2018年11月5日向校監林啟興發出一封信函(下稱「該信函」),當中6段言詞對原告人造成誹謗,包括:

(1)  「我於2017年7月中從梁健強主任手中收到李麗紅主任交低的紙本文件及IT組在網路上找到有關活動組紀錄的文件,竟然是支離破碎的,很多更是與組織活動無關的,有關舉辦活動的程序、手續等無關,更遑論談得上幫助。」(下稱「第1段言詞)

(2)  「而據我理解,各個科組的交接都順利,唯獨活動組出現沒有完整文件留給下手的情況。」(下稱「第2段言詞」)

(3)  「而李麗紅主任的態度也不合作,兩位副校長亦有目共睹。」(下稱「第3段言詞」)

(4)  「當時亦發現一些古怪的文件,例如畢業營的訂車單明顯比平時的短,有關出發的日期和時間那兩欄被剪去;十多張無關痛癢的歷奇活動介紹夾在梁主任給我的文件內,濫竽充數。」(下稱「第4段言詞」)

(5)  「我重申,由於李麗紅主任不合作的態度,致令很多事情上都會遇到阻礙,浪費人力物力。我在推行活動時有不明白的地方曾多次向李麗紅主任請教,但她的回應總括來說只有三種:唔記得、唔知道、你自己去搵。」(下稱「第5段言詞」)

(6)  「因收到的文件不足,上任老師也沒交帶,本人亦剛接手「家徒四壁」的活動組,至令9月份出通告時沒收取學生學校旅行的入營費,令學校損失萬多元。」(下稱「第6段言詞」)

被告人的抗辯

6.被告人否認該等言詞對原告人造成誹謗。

7.被告人稱該等言詞有理可據。

8.再者,被告人援引受約制特權及公允評論為抗辯理由。

法律原則

9.適用於本案的法律原則,可歸納如下(在適當的段落,本席會加以補充):-

唯一涵義規則(Single meaning rule

10.在詮釋誹謗字句的涵義時,法庭須要找出句子的唯一涵義,作為其自然而一般的涵義。主審法官須首先判斷有關句子對於一個合理的讀者來說其自然而一般涵義是甚麼;然後再判斷一個合理的人會否對該句子有相同的理解:見Next Magazine Publishing Ltd v Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd (2000) 3 HKCFAR 160第165B-F頁[1]

誹謗的定義

11.過往法院對誹謗作過不同的定義,原訟庭法官鍾安德在Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd & Ano v Ming Pao Holdings Ltd & Others, HCA 607/2008(28.5.2010,未經案例彙編報導)採用誹謗法權威典籍Gatley on Libel and Slander所提出的定義:誹謗性的陳述會使原告人被不信任;或在他人的評估中被貶低;或被他人迴避或避開;或招致公眾憎恨或取笑[2]

有理可據(Justification)

12.若原告人指控文字的自然而一般涵意對他造成誹謗,被告人有權證明該文字對一個合理的人所能理解的任何一個涵義為正當:見Gatley on Libel & Slander,第12版,第27.8段[3]

13.若被告人以有理可據為抗辯理由,他必須清楚說明他準備證明為正當的字句涵義。被告人有權證明字句的任何合理涵義:見Mak Shiu Tong v Yue Kwok Ying & Anor [2005] 1 HKLRD 33第22段[4]

公允評論(Fair comment

14.若被告人以公允評論作為抗辯理由,他必須證明:(1) 該評論涉及與公眾利益有關的事務;(2) 該評論明顯地可辨別為評論;(3) 該評論是基於事實或受特權保護;(4) 該評論直接或間接表明是基於甚麼事實而作出;(5) 該評論可由一名誠實的人作出,不論他是多麼偏頗或他的觀點多麼誇張或頑固:見Cheng & Another v Tse Wai Chun (2000) 3 HKCFAR 339第339-340頁[5]

15.若被告人被證明他並不真誠相信他的觀點,公允評論的抗辯理由便不能成立:見Cheng & Another v Tse Wai Chun (2000) 3 HKCFAR 339第360I頁[6]

16.被告人必須清楚表明他認為是公允的評論:見Control Risks Ltd v New English Library Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 183第189B-C[7]Mak Shiu Tong v Yue Kwok Ying & Anor (2004) 7 HKCFAR 228第24段。

受約制特權(Qualified privilege

17.受約制特權作為誹謗案的抗辯理由,是基於法律承認在某些場合,一些訊息接收者有需要從某些消息來源接收坦率及不受約束的資訊。傳統上,這些場合包括某些人基於有責任提供資訊或為保護一些利益而提供資訊的情況:見Cheng & Another v Tse Wai Chun Paul (2000) 3 HKCFAR 339第355I-J頁[8]

18.發放訊息者與接收訊息者之間的相互關係,亦是構成受約制特權場合的重要元素:見Blakeney-Williams v Cathy Pacific Airways Ltd [2011] 1 HKLRD 901第127段[9]

19.Diplock勳爵在受約制特權的權威案例Horrocks v Lowe [1975] AC 135中指出,被告人能否獲得受約制特權的保護,須視乎被告人有沒有濫用該特權的場合。若原告人能證明被告人在發放該誹謗性言論時,其主要的動機是不正當的,被告人便失去保護。原告人若能證明被告人帶有惡意,便足以證明被告人懷有不正當的動機。若原告人能證明被告人並不相信他所發放的訊息是真確的,這證據足以推論為被告人帶有惡意[10]

20.若法庭所處理的個案除了有關的言論的內容,該言論是在甚麼情況之下作出及被告人在庭上的證供外,再沒有其他證據以資推斷惡意的結論,則推斷被告人有沒有惡意的測試準則是:究竟有沒有證據證明被告人並不相信他所說的話是真確的,換句話說,他是否知道他的說話並不真確,或他對於自己說話的真確與否漠不關心[11]

21.Diplock勳爵強調,若作出言論者在沒有作出充分調查或缺乏證據而草率達致一個不理性的結論,但仍然誠心相信他所說的話是真實的話,不足以推論惡意。唯一足以破壞受約制特權的罔顧後果心態,是被告人對於他說話的真實與否漠不關心[12]

22.韋彥德勳爵在終審法院案盧冠中 訴 陳茂波 (2018) 21 HKCFAR 94深入分析Diplock勳爵在Horrocks v Lowe案中對受約制特權的抗辯理由及「惡意」(malice)的解釋。法庭在處理受約制特權的抗辯理由時,須首先決定有關場合是否受保護及該場合的目的。這是一個法律問題。其次,當被告人發佈訊息時其目的是否與該場合的目的相符。這是一個事實問題[13]

一般賠償(General damage)

23.誹謗案的一般賠償須達致3個目的:補償受害人的名譽損失;還他一個清白及考慮到受害人因誹謗言論而受到的苦惱、傷害及屈辱:見Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd v Ming Pao Holdings Ltd (2012) 15 HKCFAR 299第35段[14]

24.法庭須考慮的重要因素,包括誹謗的嚴重程度,越是觸及原告人的個人誠信、專業聲譽、榮譽、勇氣、忠誠及其人格上的核心本質,越是嚴重;誹謗言論發佈的廣泛程度,誹謗言論發佈給過百萬的讀者所造成的傷害遠比只發佈給一小撮人為大:見Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd v Ming Pao Holdings Ltd (2012) 15 HKCFAR 299第39段 [15]

加重損害賠償(Aggravated damages

25.如被告人在處理訴訟的過程中進一步傷害了原告人的感受,例如無理地堅持其言論的真實性;拒絕道歉或以傷害性和羞辱性的方式盤問原告人,法庭可判給加重損害賠償:見Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd v Ming Pao Holdings Ltd (2012) 15 HKCFAR 299第112段[16]

被告人言詞的唯一涵義

26.在判斷被告人的言論的唯一涵義時,法庭須考慮整份文件的前文後理及背景,而非單單字句本身的涵義:見Wong Wai Kay v Hong Kong Economic Journal & Another HCA 1385/2010, 26.4.2013第9(d)段(未經案例彙編報導)[17]Gatley on Libel and Slander[18]第12版,第3.30段。

第1段言詞

27.代表原告人的鄭朗晴大律師認為第1段言詞的含義如下:

(1)  原告人未能保存與活動組相關的完整文件;

(2)  原告人未能提供或交出她手上所擁有的所有文件;

(3)  原告人未能區分那些文件與活動主任的職位相關;

(4)  原告人沒有交出(與活動組)相關和有用的資料/文件;及

(5)  原告人沒有向被告人提供協助。

28.代表被告人的王祖威大律師不同意鄭大律師的見解,但沒有提出被告人一方的解讀。

29.原告人撰寫該信函的目的,是敘述事件的過程。這可從第1段言詞的開首語「有關事件的因由,我就長話短說了」可見一斑。

30.從第1段言詞的行文,本席認為其自然涵義如下:

(1)  原告人交出的文件及IT組從網絡上找到有關活動組記錄的文件,雜亂及沒有關連,相當部份與組織活動無關;

(2)  該等文件對舉辦活動的程序和手續沒有幫助。

31.本席認為第1段言詞描述了原告人交出的及IT組在網絡上找到的文件的性質,但沒有指出原告人是否沒有保存或沒有提供她所擁有的所有文件,更沒有指出原告人是否缺乏能力區分文件性質的能力及原被告人有沒有提供協助。因此,本席不接納鄭大律師在第上文第27(1)至(3)及(5)段所主張的涵義。

2段言詞

32.鄭大律師認為第2段言詞的含義如下:

(1)  在工作崗位調換下,只有原告人未能履行職責,交接活動主任一職,而牽涉的其他所有人都已交出所有與他們職責相關的文件。(不論紙本文件和電腦檔案);及

(2)  上述未有履行職責的情況是低於一般(有行政工作的)教師的合理標準。

33.從第2段言詞的行文,本席認為其自然涵義如下:

(1)  被告人得知各科組的交接工作順利;

(2)  只有活動組的接手人沒有收到完整的文件。

34.第2段言詞表達了被告人沒有收到活動組的完整文件。但相對而言,其他科組的交接工作則順利進行。被告人沒有收到完整文件可能出於不同的原因。文件交收,與教師的專業工作相去甚遠,兩者不能相提並論。因此,被告人對於她所面對的情況的描述,不能視之為被告人指責原告人未能履行職責。更不能視之為被告人指責原告人的表現低於一般教師的合理標準。 因此,本席不接納鄭大律師在第上文第32段所主張的涵義。

3段言詞

35.鄭大律師認為第3段言詞的含義如下:

(1)  原告人故意拒絕合作;

(2)  由於原告人拒絕合作,她未能履行教師應盡的職責;及

(3)  原告人的行為低於一般(有行政工作的)教師的合理標準。

36.從第3段言詞的行文,本席認為其自然涵義如下:

(1)  原告人採取不合作態度;

(2)  兩位副校長亦看到原告人的態度。

37.被告人描述原告人採取不合作態度,而非指原告人拒絕合作。兩者在程度上有所分別。前者帶有不積極或消極回應的意味,但沒有表明不合作。後者則明言不會合作。此外,原告人與同事是否合作,屬於她與同事相處的問題,與她作為教師的專業水準無關。因此,本席不接納鄭大律師的解讀。

4段言詞

38.鄭大律師認為第4段言詞的含義如下:

(1)  原告人是剪去那張畢業營訂車單上出發日期和時間兩欄的人,她需要為到那張訂車單上的奇怪特質負責;

(2)  篡改畢業營訂車單的行為有可能構成與偽造或製作虛假文書有關的犯罪行為;

(3)  由於涉嫌被刪改畢業營訂車單將直接影響學校財政資源的使用,原告人的篡改行為是在欺騙學校(包括擔任活動主任的被告人)及/或運輸公司,這在香港構成刑事罪行;

(4)  由於原告人無法確定她交出的文件是否與她的接任人有關和有幫助,所以她將無用的宣傳單張無差別地交給被告人;及

(5)  原告人透過向被告人提供不相關的文件,旨在假裝履行交接活動主任的職責,這是原告人故意誤導學校她已經履行職責的行為。

39.從第4段言詞的行文,本席認為其自然涵義如下:

(1)  被告人發現一些不正常的文件,包括:

(a)  畢業營的訂車單明顯較正常為短,及出發日期和時間兩欄被剪去;

(b)  梁主任交給被告人的文件內有10多張與畢業營無關的歷奇活動介紹,猶如濫竽充數。

40.被告人描述她所收到的文件的不正常狀況,並舉例說明。被告人沒有指控任何人造成該不正常的狀況,亦沒有提議有任何犯罪行為出現。再者,在第4段言詞中被告人亦沒有對原告人的動機作任何揣測。因此,本席不接納鄭大律師的主張。

5段言詞

41.鄭大律師認為第5段言詞的含義如下:

(1)  原告人一直都不配合,而這種態度直接阻礙了活動組的運作,浪費了學校的資源和人力;

(2)  上述列出的3種回應是當被告人在不同場合真誠地向原告人尋求協助時,原告人不合作的例子;及

(3)  由於原告人不合作的態度,原告人的行為低於一般(有行政工作的)教師的合理標準。

42.從第5段言詞的行文,本席認為其自然涵義如下:

(1)  由於原告人採取不合作態度,導致很多事情的處理受到阻礙,浪費人力物力;

(2)  被告人在推行活動時多次向原告人請教,但原告人只以「唔記得、唔知道、你自己去搵」3種句語回應。

43.本席同意鄭大律師在上文第41(1)及(2)段的解讀。然而,原告人的行為屬於她與同事之間溝通的態度問題,與原告人作為教師的專業水準無關。因此,本席不同意鄭大律師在上文第41(3)段的主張。

6段言詞

44.鄭大律師認為第6段言詞的含義如下:

(1)  九月份學校旅行的通告沒有包括營費是原告人的過錯或疏忽導致;

(2)  上述的過錯或疏忽是低於一般(有行政工作的)教師的合理標準;及

(3)  原告人的過錯或疏忽實際上對學校造成了經濟損失,而原告人需要為學校的經濟損失負責。

45.從第6段言詞的行文,本席認為其自然涵義如下:

(1)  由於被告人沒有收到完整的文件,及原告人沒有向她交代,她所接手的活動組可謂家徒四壁;

(2)  因此,被告人在9月份發出的學校旅行通告沒有列出入營費,令學校損失萬多元。

46.被告人的第6段言詞,旨在解釋她發出9月份學校旅行通告時出現遺漏而導致學校損失萬多元的原因。該錯失無論如何都是被告人的責任。本席看不出被告人的言詞含有將責任推卸給原告人的意義。再者,被告人解釋她個人的錯誤與原告人作為教師的專業水準扯不上關係。因此,本席不接納鄭大律師的見解。

被告人言詞是否對原告人造成誹謗

47.本席須裁斷被告人被指控的6段言詞的自然涵義是否構成對原告人誹謗。

1段言詞

48.從本席在上文第30段所裁斷第1段言詞的自然涵義看來,原告人被指交出雜亂及沒有關連的文件,該等文件對學校舉辦活動沒有幫助。這些評價對於一個合理的旁觀者眼中,會認為原告人的能力不足,甚至會因而看低原告人。

49.因此,本席裁斷第 1段言詞構成對原告人的誹謗。

2段言詞

50.從本席在上文第33段所裁斷第2段言詞的自然涵義看來,被告人只是陳述活動組的接手人(即她本人)沒有收到完整的文件。在合理的旁觀者眼中,被告人收不到完整文件可能出於不同的原因。這些原因不一定與原告人拉上關係。

51.因此,本席裁斷第 2段言詞不構成對原告人的誹謗。

3段言詞

52.從本席在上文第36段所裁斷第3段言詞的自然涵義看來,原告人的不合作態度會導致合理的旁觀者認為她難以相處,對她產生抗拒心理。

53.因此,本席裁斷第3段言詞構成對原告人的誹謗。

4段言詞

54.從本席在上文第39段所裁斷第4段言詞的自然涵義看來,被告人收到所謂不正常的文件,帶有負面的含意。在合理的旁觀者眼中,會意會為原告人的所為,因而對原告人產生反感。

55.因此,本席裁斷第4段言詞構成對原告人的誹謗。

5段言詞

56.從本席在上文第42段所裁斷第5段言詞的自然涵義看來,原告人的不合作和敷衍的態度,導致很多事情受阻,浪費人力物力。在合理的旁觀者眼中,原告人難以合作,其作風令人厭惡。

57.因此,本席裁斷第5段言詞構成對原告人的誹謗。

6段言詞

58.從本席在上文第45段所裁斷第6段言詞的自然涵義看來,原告人沒有妥善地將活動組移交給被告人,被告人因而犯錯。在合理的旁觀者眼中,會對原告人產生負面的觀感。

59.因此,本席裁斷第6段言詞構成對原告人的誹謗。

有理可據

60.根據Mak Shiu Tong案例,被告人必須清楚說明他準備證明為正當的字句涵義。自從英國上訴庭在Lucas-Box v News Group Newspapers Ltd [1986] 1 WLR 147裁定在誹謗訴訟中,如被告援引有理可據為抗辯理由,必須將他準備證明為正當的字句涵義清楚說明,讓原告人了解被告人的案情[19],這要求被其後的案例跟從,見Prager v Times Newspapers Ltd (CA) [1988] 1 WLR 77案例。被告人所需說明的涵義,稱為Lucas-Box涵義(Lucas-Box meaning)。

61.在香港,法庭同樣要求被告人清楚陳述其Lucas-Box涵義。在Hung Yuen Chan Robert v Hongkong Standard Newspapers Ltd [1996] 4 HKC 519,原訟庭法官郭美超(當時官階)基於被告人沒有列出Lucas-Box涵義,加上被告人對字句涵義的主觀理解不足以支持有理可據的抗辯理由,不接納被告人以有理可據為抗辯理由。

62.Au Yee Ming Ivan v Ng Fei Tip DCCJ 4595/2008,25.8.2010(未經案例彙編報導),被告人沒有列出Lucas-Box涵義,在抗辯書內所列舉的詳情亦沒有指出任何誹謗性的涵義。區域法院暫委法官余啟肇(當時官階)不接納被告人以有理可據為抗辯理由。

63.區域法院規則第82號命令第3(2)條規則規定:-

“(2) 凡在永久形式誹謗或短暫形式誹謗的訴訟中,被告人指稱在遭投訴的言詞是由於事實的陳述組成的範圍內,該等言詞在內容及事實上屬實,而在該等言詞是由關於意見的表達組成的範圍內,該等言詞是就涉及公眾利益的事宜而作出的公允評論,或被告人所訴者其與此相同的意思,則被告人必須提供有關詳情,述明在遭投訴的言詞中何者是他所指稱的關於事實的陳述,並提供關於他所倚據以支持指稱該等言詞屬實的事實及事宜的詳情。”

64.因此,被告人不單只須要提出其Lucas-Box涵義,還須要提供詳情。

65.王大律師在開案及結案陳詞中均就有理可據之抗辯理由作出陳詞。

66.究竟被告人能否援引有理可據為抗辯理由視乎其抗辯書的撰寫是否符合法律要求。

67.被告人在抗辯書的第9至14段就第1段至第6段言詞陳述其抗辯理由。然而,被告人並沒有陳述有關6段言詞的Lucas-Box 涵義。

68.事實上,被告人在抗辯書中並沒有提出有關6段言詞被告人一方所指稱的涵義。

69.舉例來說,在抗辯書中就第1段言詞涵義的內容如下:

“9.(a) As far as Paragraph 17(a) is concerned, the Defendant admits that the words complained of in the 1st Statement meant and were understood to mean that the documents the Plaintiff through Mr. Leung Kin Keung passed over to the Defendant during the hand-over process were incomplete and most of them were irrelevant to organizing the activities and were unhelpful. It is otherwise denied that the said words bore, or were understood to bear or were capable of bearing the meanings pleaded in Paragraph 17(a)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) or any meaning defamatory of the Plaintiff.”

表面上來看,被告人同意原告人所指控的涵義的某部份,及否認其他部份。然而,被告人並沒有明確指明她同意原告人在申索陳述書第17(a)段中所指控的涵義的那一段落。在這情況下,被告人沒有清楚陳述她所指稱言詞的涵義,原告人無從知曉她需面對的被告人說法。

70.原告人在申索陳述書第17(a)段列出第1段言詞所包含的涵義:

“(i) she failed to keep a complete set of documents related to the ECA Team;

(ii) she failed to provide or handover all the documents in her possession;

(iii) she failed to distinguish what materials were relevant to the pose of the ECA Coordinator;

(iv) she failed to pass on materials that were relevant and useful; and

(v) she failed to offer help to her successor i.e. the Defendant.”

由此可見,被告人所「承認」的涵義並不存在當中。

71.正由於被告人沒有在抗辯書中指出其Lucas-Box涵義,王大律師在結案陳詞中沒有說明他意圖證明的涵義。

72.被告人以相同的風格撰寫其餘5段言詞的抗辯理由:

“10.(a) As far as Paragraph 17(b) is concerned, the Defendant admits that the words complained of in the 2nd Statement meant and were understood to mean that according to the understanding of the Defendant, the hand-over process of all other academic and/or administrative groups were smooth except that of the ECA team. It is otherwise denied that the said words bore, or were understood to bear or were capable of bearing the meanings pleaded in Paragraph 17(b)(i) and (ii) or any meaning defamatory of the Plaintiff.

11.(a) As far as Paragraph 17(c) is concerned, the Defendant admits that the words complained of in the 3rd Statement meant and were understood to mean that during the hand-over process, the Plaintiff’s attitude was uncooperative as witnessed by the two Vice Principals of the School. It is otherwise denied that the said words bore, or were understood to bear or were capable of bearing the meanings pleaded in Paragraph 17(c)(i), (ii) and (iii) or any meaning defamatory of the Plaintiff.

12.(a) As far as Paragraph 17(d) is concerned, the Defendant admits that the words complained of in the 4th Statement meant and were understood to mean that there were some strange documents handed over such as the shortened receipt of reservation of transportation for the graduation camp showing that the departure date and the time cut off. There were also ten-odd irrelevant promotional leaflets of adventure activities indicating that the Plaintiff tried to make up the number of pages. It is otherwise denied that the said words bore, or were understood to bear or were capable of bearing the meanings pleaded in Paragraph 17(d)(i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) or any meaning defamatory of the Plaintiff.

13.(a) As far as Paragraph 17(e) is concerned, the Defendant admits that the words complained of in the 5th Statement meant and were understood to mean that because of the Plaintiff’s uncooperative attitude the Defendant was faced with hindrance in many matters, so that manpower and resources were wasted. When the Defendant requested help from the Plaintiff, her reply was “do not remember, do not know, go to find it yourself. It is otherwise denied that the said words bore, or were understood to bear or were capable of bearing the meanings pleaded in Paragraph 17(c)(iii) or any meaning defamatory of the Plaintiff.

14.(a) As far as Paragraph 17(f) is concerned, the Defendant admits that the words complained of in the 6th Statement meant and were understood to mean that because of the insufficient documents handed over by the Plaintiff and no reminder received by the Defendant from the Plaintiff, the Defendant being new to the post of ECA Coordinator, did not ask the students to pay for the reservation fee of the camp site when notice regarding the school picnic was issued in September 2017 resulting in the financial loss to the School in the sum of around HK$10,000. It is otherwise denied that the said words bore, or were understood to bear or were capable of bearing the meanings pleaded in Paragraph 17(f)(i), (ii) and (iii) or any meaning defamatory of the Plaintiff.”

73.原告人在申索陳述書第17(b)至(f)段分別列出第2至6段言詞所包含的涵義:

  “(b)
   (i) only the Plaintiff failed to discharge her duty during the Job Rotation when she handed over the post of the ECA Coordinator while everyone else involved in the Job Rotation have passed on all the documents (hard copies and soft copies) pertaining to their duties accordingly; and
   (ii) such failure was below the reasonable standard expected from a teacher and/or a teacher with administrative duties.
  …  
  (c)
   (i) the Plaintiff deliberately refused to cooperate;
   (ii) by refusal to cooperate, the Plaintiff failed to perform the duty that any teacher should have fulfilled; and
   (iii) the Plaintiff acted below the reasonable standard expected from a teacher and/or a teacher with administrative duties.
  …  
  (d)
   (i) the Plaintiff was responsible for those suspicious features in the receipt for reservation of transportation for the graduation camp in that she was the person who was responsible for the removal of the departure date and time columns;
   (ii) the act of tampering with the receipt for reservation of transportation for the graduation camp was a potential criminal act pertaining to forgery or making false instrument;
   (iii) since the allegedly tampered receipt for reservation of transportation for the graduation camp would directly affect the use of financial resources of the School, by the act of tampering, the Plaintiff was acting to deceive the School (inclusive of the Defendant when she worked as the ECA Coordinator) and/or the transportation company, which constituted a criminal offence in Hong Kong; and
   (iv) the Plaintiff was unable to determine whether the documents she passed on were relevant and helpful to her successor so she indiscriminately gave the useless promotional leaflets to the Defendant;
   (v) by providing the Defendant irrelevant documents, the Plaintiff intended to pretend that she was fulfilling her duty to handover the post of the ECA Coordinator while she actually was not. It is a calculated act of the Plaintiff to mislead the School that she has fulfilled her duty to handover the post of the ECA Coordinator to the Defendant.
  …  
  (e) (i) the Plaintiff was uncooperative all along and this attitude has directly caused hindrance to the operation of the ECA Team which in turn wasted the School’s resources and manpower;
   (ii) the three types of responses listed were instances of how allegedly uncooperative the Plaintiff was when the Defendant genuinely sought help from her on divers occasions; and
   (iii) by her uncooperative attitude, the Plaintiff acted below the reasonable standard expected from a teacher and/or a teacher with administrative duties.
  …  
  (f) (i) it was the Plaintiff’s fault or negligence that the notice regarding the school picnic issued in September failed to include fees for the reservation of the camp site;
   (ii) such fault or negligence was below the reasonable standard expected from a teacher and/or a teacher with administrative duties;
   (iii) the Plaintiff’s fault or negligence actually caused financial loss to the School, so it was the Plaintiff who was responsible for the School’s financial loss.”

同樣地,被告人所「承認」的涵義並不存在當中。

74.由於被告人沒有在抗辯書中表明各段言詞的Lucas-Box 涵義,本席裁定被告人不能援引有理可據作為抗辯理由。

公允評論

75.本判案書的第16段已說明若原告人以公允評論為抗辯理由,必須列明其認為公允的評論。此外,原告人亦須要根據區域法院規則第82號命令第3(2)條規定提供有關詳情。

76.上訴庭法官關淑馨在Lam Yi Lai v Ip Kwok Chung and Another CACV 194/2009,12.3.2010(未經案例彙編報導)指出,被告人必須在抗辯書中表明在被投訴的言論中,那一部分為事實的陳述,那一部分為評論,而評論的部分,必須可辨別為評論。同時,有關評論必須建基於事實或受特權的保護。被告人必須在抗辯書中說明有關評論所建基的事實及提供詳情。若被告人沒有在抗辯書中就上述事項作出清晰陳述,法庭沒有可能對關鍵問題作適當裁決。關法官亦同時指出,有關的評論中必須直接或間接地表明該評論所基於的事實,讓一般讀者能判斷該評論是否公允。若被告人沒有在抗辯書中陳述該等事實,法庭難以就有關評論是否符合法律要求作出裁決[20]

77.然而,在被告人的抗辯書中,只是在第15段作如下陳述:

“Further or in the alternative, if any of the words in the 1st Statement to the 6th Statement consist of expression of opinion, they are fair comment honestly and fairly made on matters of public interest, namely the Plaintiff was and is at all material times a teacher and/or ECA Coordinator in the School and the expression of opinion was or is related to her conduct as such and honestly based upon the facts as set out under paragraphs 9-14 of this Defence. If necessary, the Defendant will rely on s.27 of the Defamation Ordinance (Cap. 21).”

78.顯然,被告人完全沒有表明在有關的6段言詞中,那一部份為事實陳述,那一部份為評論。

79.因此,本席裁定被告人不能援引公允評論作為抗辯理由。

受約制特權

80.根據盧冠中 訴 陳茂波案,法庭在考慮受約制特權的抗辯理由時,須首先決定有關場合是否受保護及該場合的目的。

受約制特權的場合及其目的

81.被告人稱在2018年10月9日,陳校長向她表示校監要調查活動組的交接問題。陳校長隨即將一份名為「事件報告:本校前活動主任遺失學校檔案(電腦硬碟)之處理事宜」(下稱「事件報告」)交給被告人,並要求她在報告上簽名。被告人認為報告的內容不正確,要求陳校長在報告中加上交接期間發生的事情。

82.在2018年10月12日,陳校長再次要求被告人在他準備好的事件報告上簽名。被告人發現當中沒有加上活動組交接期間所發生的事情,於是拒絕簽署。陳校長對被告人表示,如果她拒絕簽署,她可以將事實寫出交給校董會,作為事實的反映。

83.數天後,被告人聯絡林啟興校監,告訴他此事。林校監向被告人說她可以用書面形式向他報告活動組交接時發生的事情。被告人於是撰寫了該信函交給林校監。被告人稱她在撰寫該信函時本着學生利益及學校利益出發,並無心存惡意。

84.後來學校成立了活動組交接事宜調查小組(下稱「三人小組」),調查活動組交接欠暢順的問題。

85.在被告人與三人小組會面前,三人小組主席賴漢光校董致電被告人。賴校董詢問被告人除了該信函外,還有沒有其他資料提供,如有的話,可以提供給三人小組,以協助調查。被告人士應賴校董的要求,在2018年11月7日向他發出一封信,交代職務交接的背景。

86.不容爭議的,是由於被告人認為陳校長的事件報告需加上活動組在交接過程中所發生的事情,因而拒絕簽署。因此,陳校長告知被告人她可以將她認為需要加上的資料寫出呈交給校董會。這點被告人已在該信函的開場白明確交代。

87.被告人稱其後她將情況告訴林校監,林校監也表示她可以將她的書面報告呈交給三人小組。

88.鄭大律師指該信函內沒有提及被告人與林校監曾經聯絡,及校董會沒有任何記錄顯示曾要求被告人寫信,因而質疑被告人是否曾與林校監聯絡,才寫出該信函,交給三人小組。鄭大律師認為若果被告人沒有與林校監通電話,被告人無法證實基於受約制特權來回答上級查詢的情況而寫下該信函。因此,被告人的受約制特權的辯護理由必定失敗。

89.首先,本席不認為被告人捏造她曾與林校監通話的說法。陳校長既然已告知被告人可以寫出她認為需要增加的資料呈交給校董會,她沒有必要多此一舉地虛構曾經就此事與林校監聯絡的說法。

90.從三人小組日期為2019年1月11日的「有關活動組李麗紅主任及吳燕芬老師工作交接欠順暢事件調查報告」(下稱「調查報告」)可見,三人小組從被告人收集的資料包括一封被告人給校董會的申訴函及給調查小組的補充資料。該兩份文件分別交給校董會及三人小組,與被告人的說法完全脗合。

91.再者,本席不認為被告人是否曾經與林校監通話足以改變有關場合的性質。

92.校董會成立三人小組的目的,是調查有關活動組交接欠順暢的事宜。從調查報告可見,被告人呈交給三人小組的該信函及補充資料,皆為小組蒐集資料的其中一部份。同樣地,原告人交給三人小組的回應信及7份附件,亦成為小組的參考資料。更重要的是,調查過程的第三步,是訪問包括原告人和被告人的6位老師和一位會計文員。顯而易見,為了三人小組的調查工作順利進行,小組成員必須向涉事的原告人及被告人提取證供,及了解她們對事件的說法。原告人及被告人作為資料提供者,必須坦率地及不受約束地提供她們一方的資訊。與此同時,三人小組作為資訊的接收者,亦必須容許原告人及被告人不受限制地暢所欲言,充分表達她們的說法。這處境與蔡月榮 對 鄧世昌 [2014] 5 HKLRD 251案中的場合相近。

93.基於三人小組作為資訊接收者及原告人和被告人作為資訊提供者的相互關係,本席裁定三人小組以調查活動組交接欠順暢事件為目的的過程構成受約制特權的場合。因此,不論是原告人或被告人為協助調查而發放的訊息皆應受到保護。

該信函的發佈是否與受約制特權的場合相符

94.在這議題上,鄭大律師認為被告人濫用了受約制特權的場合,用作其他目的,因此證明了其惡意意圖。鄭大律師陳詞稱根據被告人所存檔的進一步及更佳詳情,似乎被告人不看待該6段言詞為她聲稱有必要通知林校監的事實。因此,鄭大律師認為被告人的受約制特權辯護理由並未涵蓋該6段言詞。

95.此外,鄭大律師認為被告人希望向林校監提交事實,是意圖發佈給整個校董會讓他們作判斷。被告人懷有私心期望自己獲得獎勵及/或導致原告人受到懲處。被告人是趁機發洩對原告人的個人怨恨。

96.鄭大律師指出被告人在證供中提及家教會親子旅行事件和排球隊事件,這兩件事與外置硬碟機遺失事件或活動組交接過程無關,顯然是出於她對原告人的怨恨。

97.此外,鄭大律師認為被告人的惡意可從下述各方面推斷:

(a)  該6段言詞被嚴重誇大;

(b)  該6段言詞是被告人明知並非林校監要求的實際事實,但仍故意寫在該信函中抹黑原告人。被告人明顯濫用了受約制特權場合;

(c)  該6段言詞是錯誤的,其虛假陳述是惡意的最佳指標;

(d)  該6段言詞若是不真確,將會是確鑿的證據。證明被告人沒有出於適當目的寫該信函。被告人罔顧其真確性,故意作出錯誤陳述,或魯莽的發佈不符合受約制特權場合的說話。受約制特權,應該被惡意反駁;

(e)  被告人在該信函中刻意遺漏她收到有用的文件,反映她精心策劃對原告人進行全面攻擊,令原告人面對懲處和為她製造麻煩;

(f)  被告人在2018年11月5日留在學校等待校董會會議完畢,準備隨時參加校董會會議補充該信函的內容。明顯急不及待想繼續誣蔑原告人,希望盡快令原告人受到懲處;

(g)  被告人利用該信函、2018年11月7日的信函及訪談持續對原告人報復,濫用了受約制特權,為自己謀取利益或對原告人造成傷害;

(h)  2018年11月7日的信函和訪談包含誹謗性文字,是被告人惡意的證據。

被告人發佈該信函的主要目的

98.韋彥德勳爵在盧冠中訴陳茂波案中指出一個人可以為了多於一個理由、動機或目的傳達一些訊息。最重要的考慮是傳達訊息的主要目的是否符合受約制特權的場合的目的而令其受到保護[21]

99.因此,在考慮該信函是否與受約制特權的場合相符前,本席須先裁斷被告人發佈該信函的主要目的。

100.鄭大律師沒有就被告人發出該信函的主要目的作任何陳詞。從鄭大律師陳詞的字裏行間,可以理解為原告人的立場是被告人發出該信函的主要目的是對原告人懷有憎恨,惡意中傷原告人及意圖令原告人受到校董會的處罰。

101.王大律師也沒有就這議題作任何陳詞。

102.在本席的判斷中,該信函的開場白開宗明義地交代了被告人撰寫該信函的主要目的,現節錄如下:

「我今次冒昧寫這封信給你的原因是陳校長在10月9日叫我到他的房間,給我看了一份他寫的報告,說這是校董會要求他交代有關活動組交接文件不足的事情,陳校長說校監要求他的報告上有上任活動主任李麗紅主任和現任活動主任吳燕芬主任的簽名確認。我仔細看了這份報告後,向校長表示這份報告的內容與當時的事實不符,我是不會簽署的。並即時向陳校長提出了幾個疑問:

10月12日陳校長再次叫我到他房間給我看修改了的報告。陳校長表示如果我同意修訂內容就在報告上簽名。但我見報告內容並沒不同,只比上次那份只多了三個字,就是「附件一」,我再看一看附件一的內容,乃是之前李麗紅主任寫出他交給下任活動主任的文件和我在上面回應的文件副本,但字體模糊不清,看不清內容。我即時反映這報告有偏頗,與當時的實際情況不符,有些事情刻意迴避,所以我向陳校長表示這份報告我是不會簽署的。

陳校長表示尊重我的決定,說我可以自己再寫有關這件事的文件隨時交給他。所以才有這份的文件出現。」

103.顯而易見,被告人寫該信函的主要目的是向校董會說出有關活動組交接過程中她認為校董會需要知道的事情。正因如此,被告人在下一段的開首語是:

「有關事件的因由,我就長話短說了:」

104.因此,本席接納並裁定被告人發佈該信函的主要目的是向校董會交代活動組的交接過程中她認為校董會需要知道的事情。這目的與受約制特權的場合相符。

受約制特權的場合是否被濫用

105.根據Horrocks v Lowe案,若被告人發佈該信函時懷有不正當的動機,她便會失去受約制特權的保護。

106.鄭大律師試圖藉着上文第94至97段的陳詞說服本席被告人懷有惡意,濫用了受約制特權的場合。

107.首先,本席信納被告人向校董會發佈該信函,是基於陳校長告訴她可以將她認為需要補充的資料呈交給校董會,而且林校監也向她說可以用書面形式向他報告活動組交接時發生的事情。從該信函的內容可見,被告人敘述她作為活動組的接手人所經歷的事情和面對的困難。本席從中看不到任何惡意的成分。

108.本席不同意鄭大律師形容該6段言詞嚴重誇大。被告人作為活動組的接手人,她只是用文字表達在接手後所面對的困難而已。反之,本席認為鄭大律師對該6段言詞涵義的主張言過其詞。這點可從本席就該6段言詞自然涵義的裁斷與鄭大律師的主張相去甚遠可見一斑。

109.鄭大律師陳詞稱被告人希望憑藉該信函而令自己獲得獎勵,或導致原告人受到懲處。本席不能認同。三人小組成立的目的是調查活動組交接欠順暢事件。被告人作為受調查對象之一,當然有權將她的說法向三人小組陳述。該信函的作用正是如此。鄭大律師似乎將該信函視作被告人向校董會投訴原告人行為的投訴信,這看法與現實不相符。

110.鄭大律師陳詞稱被告人刻意遺漏收到有用的文件,本席感到莫名其妙。被告人在該信函中描述她接手活動組後所面對的狀況是所收到的文件不完整,而不是每一份文件都是沒有用的。鄭大律師的批評與雞蛋裏挑骨頭無異。

111.基於上述原因,本席不接納鄭大律師指稱被告人懷有惡意的陳詞。

112.無論如何,正如Diplock勳爵在Horrocks v Lowe案指出,被告人不會由於她不喜歡原告人或不滿原告人的行為而失去受約制特權的保護[22]

113.本席裁定被告人沒有濫用受約制特權的場合,她應受到保護。

損害賠償

114.為完整起見,本席就損害賠償問題處理如下。

一般賠償

115.鄭大律師陳詞稱該函件發佈的範圍不是很寬,但誹謗內容非常嚴重,觸及原告人的個人誠信和職業聲譽。

116.本席不認同該6段言詞屬於嚴重性質的誹謗。

117.蔡月榮 對 鄧世昌案,被告人指稱原告人犯有恐嚇的刑事罪行;與黑社會會員勾結及是一名邪惡的人。該等指控比起本案的言詞更加嚴重。本席在考慮過相關案例後,裁定被告人須賠償原告人港幣2,000元。

118.就本案而言,若被告人的受約制特權抗辯理由不成立,適當的賠償金額應為港幣500元。

加重損害賠償

119.鄭大律師陳詞稱被告人堅持該6段言詞的真實性;拒絕撤回或道歉及在整件案件過程中(包括盤問方式)為原告人造成額外的情感傷害。

120.有鑒於被告人就原告人的指控具有有力的抗辯理由,本席不認為被告人的處理方式有誤。本席亦不認為王大律師的盤問對原告人造成傷害或羞辱。

121.因此,本席不認為原告人有權獲得加重損害賠償。

結論及命令

122.基於上述原因,本席裁定被告人的受約制特權抗辯理由成立。因此,本席撤銷原告人對被告人的申索。

訟費

123.有鑒於被告人所倚賴的4項抗辯理由中只有1項成立,本席頒下暫准訟費令,命令原告人須支付被告人本訴訟訟費的四分之一。本席亦頒下大律師證書。若雙方未能就訟費金額達成協議,則由法院評定。

124.若任何一方沒有在本判案書的日期起計14天內以傳票申請更改,上述暫准訟費令將成為絕對命令。

後語

125.本席為撰寫本判案書所需的時間感到抱歉。

  ( 麥國昌 )
區域法院暫委法官

原告人:由張陳鍾律師事務所延聘鄭朗晴大律師代表

被告人:由李全德律師事務所延聘王祖威大律師代表



[1]  原文是: “It is not uncommon in Hong Kong for judges to try libel actions without a jury. The correct approach for judges to adopt when so doing is the one explained as follows by Diplock LJ in Slim v Daily Telegraph Ltd [1968] 2 QB 157 at 174G-175C:

“But where an action for libel is tried by a judge alone without jury, it is he who has to arrive at a single ‘right’ meaning as ‘the natural and ordinary meaning’ of the words complained of; and with the concentration of functions in a single adjudicator, the need for his distinguishing between meanings which words are capable of bearing and the choice of the one ‘right’ meaning which they do bear disappears. It would be carrying artificiality too far, even for the law of libel, to suggest that a judge sitting alone must approach the issue as to the natural and ordinary meaning of the words complained of by asking himself not only the question: What is the natural and ordinary meaning in which the words would be understood by reasonable men to whom they were published? ‘but also the further question: ‘Could reasonable men understand them as bearing that meaning?’”

[2]  原文是: A defamatory imputation is one to the claimant’s discredit, or which tends to lower him in the estimation of others or causes him to be shunned or avoided; or exposes him to hatred or ridicule.

[3]  原文是: “Where a claimant complains that words are defamatory of him in their natural and ordinary meaning, the defendant is entitled to justify those words in any meaning which those words are capable of conveying to a reasonable man.”

[4]  原文是: “However, the position is different where a defendant seeks to rely on justification or fair comment. A defendant is entitled to seek to justify any reasonable meaning of the words published which a jury, properly directed, might find to be the real meaning: Prager v Times Newspapers Ltd [1988] 1 WLR 77 at 86. And, ever since the Lucas-Box decision, his pleadings must make it clear what meaning his is seeking to justify.”

[5]  原文是: “The ingredients of the defence of fair comment were five-fold. The comment must: (a) be on a matter of public interest; (b) be recognisable as comment, as distinct from an imputation of fact; (c) be based on facts which were true or protected by privilege; (d) explicitly or implicitly indicate, at least in general terms, what were the facts on which the comment was being made; and (e) be one which could have been made by an honest person, however prejudiced he might be, and however exaggerated or obstinate his views.”

[6]  原文是: “…... a comment which falls within the objective limits of the defence of fair comment can lose its immunity only by proof that the defendant did not genuinely hold the view he expressed. Honesty of belief is the touchstone.”

[7]  原文是: A plaintiff is entitled to know what case he has to meet under a defence of fair comment just as much as he is entitled to know what case he has to meet when faced with a defence of justification. Where justification is pleaded, a defendant is now required to spell out in his pleading the meaning of the words, which if it is their true meaning, he will seek to justify. These are the so-called “Lucas-Box” particulars ... In my view by parity of reasoning, when fair comment is pleaded the defendant must spell out, with sufficient precision to enable the plaintiff to know what case he has to meet, what is the comment which the defendant will seek to say attracts the fair comment defence.”

[8]  原文是: “The rationale of the defence of qualified privilege is the law’s recognition that there are circumstances when there is a need, in the public interest, for a particular recipient to receive frank and uninhibited communication of a particular information from a particular source: see Reynolds v Times Newspaper Ltd [1999] 3 WLR 1010, 1017. Traditionally, these occasions have been described in terms of persons having a duty to perform or an interest to protect in providing the information.”

[9]  原文是: “In its traditional formulation, the defence of qualified privilege depends on reciprocity of duty and interest. In Adam v Ward, Lord Atkinson said, “A privileged occasion is …… an occasion where the person who makes a communication has an interest or a duty, legal, social or moral, to make it to the person to whom it is made, and the person to whom it is so made has a corresponding interest or duty to receive it. This reciprocity is essential.””

[10]  原文在第149-150頁: “…... If he uses the occasion for some other reason he loses the protection of the privilege ...... So he is entitled to be protected by the privilege unless some other dominant and improper motive on his part is proved. ‘Express malice’ is the term of art descriptive of such a motive. Broadly speaking, it means malice in the popular sense of a desire to injure the person who is defamed and this is generally the motive which the plaintiff sets out to prove …... If it be proved that he did not believe that what he published was true this is generally conclusive evidence of express malice …..”

[11]  原文在第152頁: “So the judge was left with no other material on which to found an inference of malice except the contents of the speech itself, the circumstances in which it was made and, of course, the defendant’s own evidence in the witness box. Where such is the case the test of malice is very simple …... It is: has it been proved that the defendant did not honestly believe that what he said was true, that is, was he either aware that it was not true or indifferent to its truth or falsity? ”

[12]  原文在第152-153頁: “If 'reckless' here means that the maker of the statement has jumped to conclusions which are irrational, reached without adequate inquiry or based on insufficient evidence, this is not enough to constitute malice if he nevertheless does believe in the truth of the statement itself. The only kind of recklessness which destroys privilege is indifference to its truth or falsity.”

[13]  原文在第17段: “17. In order to decide whether a communication was published maliciously, for the purpose of rebutting a defense of qualified privilege, it is therefore necessary to decide two questions, which arise sequentially. First, was the occasion privileged, and if so, for what purpose? Secondly, was that the defendant’s purpose when he published the communication in question? The first of these is a question of law for the judge. The second is a question of fact, to be determined by the jury, where the action is tried with a jury.”

[14]  原文是: “It is well established that an award of general damages in libel is compensatory in nature. As Sir Thomas Bingham MR pointed out in John v MGN Ltd, such awards have a threefold function: ‘The successful plaintiff in a defamation action is entitled to recover, as general compensatory damages, such sum as will compensate him for the wrong he has suffered. That sum must compensate him for the damage to his reputation; vindicate his good name; and take account of the distress, hurt and humiliation which the defamatory publication has caused.’”

[15]  原文是: “…… certain factors have been identified as important. Thus, in John v MGN Ltd, Sir Thomas Bingham MR stated: ‘In assessing the appropriate damages for injury to reputation the most important factor is the gravity of the libel; the more closely it touches the plaintiff’s personal integrity, professional reputation, honour, courage, loyalty and the core attributes of his personality, the more serious it is likely to be. The extent of publication is also very relevant: a libel published to millions has a greater potential to cause damage than a libel published to a handful of people …...’”

[16]  原文是: “Aggravated damages are part of the compensatory award and may be granted to ‘compensate for additional injury caused to the plaintiff’s feelings by the defendant’s conduct of the action, as when he persists in an unfounded assertion that the publication was true, or refuses to apologise, or cross-examine the plaintiff in a wounding or insulting way.’”

[17]  原文是: “It is necessary to take into account the context of the words in an article. It follows that the context and circumstances of those words must be taken into consideration, and the article must be taken as a whole: Gatley, para 3.29 and 3.30.”

[18]  原文是: “It is necessary to take into consideration, not only the actual words used, but the context of the words.”

[19]  原文在153F-G: “… the court should not, in our judgment, have hesitated in ordering the defendants so to plead their case that the plaintiff knew quite clearly what the defendants were purporting to justify. However, we would go even further and say that whatever may have been the practice to date, in future a defendant who is relying upon a plea of justification must make it clear to the plaintiff what is the case which he is seeking to set up. The particulars themselves may make this quite clear, but if they are ambiguous then the situation must be made unequivocal.”

[20]  原文是:

“47. Firstly, the 1st defendant has not stated in the Defence which of the words in the relevant extract are statements of fact, and which comment. To rely on the defence of fair comment, the comment must be recognisable as comment, as distinct from an imputation of fact …...

48. Secondly, the comment must be based on facts which are true or protected by privilege. The Defence did not state the facts and matters on which the comment was based, and give particulars to support the allegation that such facts and matters are true, or were published on a privileged occasion. Without proper pleadings, and clear delineation of what those facts and matters are, the parties are at a cross purpose and it is impossible for the court to make a proper ruling, whether on a strike out application or at trial, if what is recognisable as comment was based on facts which are true.

...

50. Thirdly, the comment must explicitly or implicitly indicate what are the facts on which the comment is being made, so that the ordinary reader would be in a position to judge for himself how far the comment was well founded. Without proper pleading on the facts on which the comment was based, the court is hardly in a position to make a determination if the comment does fall within these limits required by law.”

[21]  原文在第18段: “A person may have more than one reason, motive, or purpose (the terms can in this context be used interchangeably) for making a communication. The critical question is whether the dominant purpose for which he made the communication was one other than the purpose for which the occasion was privileged.”

[22]  原文在第151頁: “Qualified privilege would be illusory, and the public interest that it is meant to serve defeated, if the protection which it affords were lost merely because a person, although acting in compliance with a duty or in protection of a legitimate interest, disliked the person whom he defamed or was indignant at what he believed to be that person’s conduct and welcomed the opportunity of exposing it.”