|
HCA 2286 /2007
香港特別行政區
高等法院原訟法庭
民事司法管轄權
案件編號2007 年第2286號
------------
| 原告人 |
Broadway-Nassau Investments Limited
(formerly known as Mei Foo Investments Limited) |
|
| |
與 |
|
| 被告人 |
Lau Cho Wing |
|
------------
主審法官: 高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官區慶祥
聆訊日期: 2008年7月21日
判案書日期: 2008年8月11日
判案書
I. 引言
1.被告人劉先生向原告人(“匯秀”)在2006年7月7日續租於美孚新邨第4期第50座一舖位(“該舖位”),為期2年,由2006年7月23日起至2008年7月22日止 ,每月租金為$35,000 。
2.雖然仍然使用該舖位,但劉先生在2007年8月開始再沒有向匯秀繳付任何租金,及租約下所需繳付的差餉及管理費。
3.2008年5月9日,黃健棠聆案官頒下簡易裁決判令,判定匯秀勝訴,命令劉先生:-
(1) 需交回該舖位的空置權,
(2) 繳付匯秀以下金額:
(a) 港幣 108,095.00;
(b) 自2007年11月1日起至原告人實際收回該舖位之日止期間之中間收益,金額按每月港幣35,000.00計算;
(c) 自2007年11月1日起至原告人實際收回該舖位之日止期間之管理費,金額按每月港幣465.00計算;
(d) 自2007年11月1日起至原告人實際收回該舖位之日止期間之差餉,金額按每月港幣1,675.00計算 (或按照香港特別行政區政府評定的其他金額計算);
(e) 上述港幣108,095.00之利息,由2007年10月30日起以年利率10.75% 計算至今天為止,再從今天起以判決利率計算直至金額清付日止。
4.現劉先生上訴要求推翻聆案官的命令。
5.在本上訴及在聆案官席前,劉先生的抗辯理由都是說,由於匯秀並未能證明它是擁有該舖位的業權,所以它是沒有權向劉先生收取租金。基於同樣理由,劉先生更向匯秀反申索他在以往已繳付了的租金共 $1,200,000。
II. 背景
6.除另有說明外,以下都是雙方沒有爭議的背景事實。
7.在2004年7月28日,劉先生跟匯秀簽訂了為期2年的租約,租用該舖位。在租約上該舖位地址名稱為“Tower T-50, Kiosk No.1, Ground Floor (81B Broadway)”。租約期為2003年7月23日至2005年7月22日,租金為每月$25,000,另劉先生須繳付差餉及管理費。
8.在這份租約屆滿後,劉先生一直繼續租用該舖位。
9.到了2006年7月7日,雙方再簽訂一份應邀書,確認劉先生繼續租用該舖位,為期2年,由2006年7月23日至2008年7月22日,劉先生需繳付租金每月$35,000,以及差餉每季$4,800及管理費每月$465。
10.如上所述,劉先生在2007年7月1日開始,再沒有向匯秀根據應邀書的條款繳付租金、管理費及差餉。
11.匯秀在多次向劉先生追收租金、管理費及差餉不果後,在2007年10月30日向劉先生提出本申索,終止租約,及要求法庭頒令 (1)劉先生交回該舖位的空置管有權,(2)繳付(a)所欠總數為 $108,095的租金、管理費及差餉,(b)直至交回該舖期間每月 $35,000 的佔用費,及(c)損害賠償,包括每月 $465 的管理費及每月 $1,675 的差餉費用。
12.沒有爭議的,是劉先生在由2003年7月起,一直在該舖位經營其小食及便利店業務。在這期間,他和他的業務並沒有受到任何干擾,指其沒有權使用舖位或在該處營業。
III. 本上訴
法律原則
13.應用於簡易判決申請的法律原則是恆久確立的。被告一方負有責任去證明他有一個需要審訊的抗辯理由或議題。參閱:Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2008, 第14/4/9段。
抗辯理由
14.在本上訴聆訊中,劉先生提出的抗辯理由,是他說匯秀不是該舖位的業權擁有者,故沒有權收取租金。劉先生說匯秀不是該舖的業權持有人,是基於以下兩個主要理據及指稱。
15.第一,劉先生指稱,根據一份日期為1982年4月26日由匯秀與香港賽馬會所簽訂的相關補充契據 (Supplemental Deed of Covenant) 顯示,匯秀應已於同日把該舖位以轉讓契形式轉讓予馬會。故匯秀從那時起已再不持有該舖位的業權。
16.第二,劉先生指出,該舖位的物業地址名稱,在有關的不同文件上,一共有六個不同的形容或描述。這不但是十分混亂,亦支持匯秀不能證明擁有該舖位業權的說法。這六個不同的地址描述或寫法如下:
(1) 在原租約上 ,地址為 :“Tower T-50, Kiosk No.1 Ground Floor (81B Broadway)”。
(2) 在匯秀提供聲稱為該舖位的土地註冊處的土地查冊記錄上 ,地址為 :“Kiosk 1, ON G/F, NOS. 69-119 Broadway, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Kowloon”。
(3) 在匯秀的租金收據上,地址描述為:“KIOSK 1, STAGE 4, G/F, 69-119 BROADWAY, MEI FOO SUN CHUEN, KOWLOON”。
(4) 在差餉通知書上,該舖位的地址描述為:“69/121 BROADWAY, MEI FOO SUN CHUEN STAGE IV, G/F, KIOSK NO 1”。
(5) 在本申索的傳訊令狀上,匯秀寫出劉先生作為送達用之該舖位的地址為:“Kiosk No.1, Ground Floor, Tower T-50, 69-119 Broadway, Stage IV, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Kowloon”。
(6) 在匯秀的代表律師向劉先生發出追討信上,該舖位的 地址為:“Kiosk No.1, Stage IV, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Kowloon”。
17.劉先生續陳述,他所提出的上述抗辯及反申索理據,從已存檔的證據來看,明顯是構成有需要審訊的議題,故法庭不應作出簡易判決。
討論
該舖位已被轉讓
18.劉先生是依賴該補充契據中引言部份的第五條,去支持他的論點。該條文內容如下:
“5. By an Assignment of even date hereof and executed before these presents Mei Foo assigned unto the New Owner All Those two equal undivided 1580th parts or shares of and in the said land and the Building Together with the exclusive right to hold use occupy and enjoy All Those Shops Nos. 104 and 105 on the Second Floor of No.85 Broadway, Stage IV, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Kowloon aforesaid.”
19.上述所引述有關第五條的內容,清晰及明顯的表明,所涉的轉讓物業為“Shop Nos 104 and 105 on the Second Floor of No.85 Broadway, Stage IV, Mei Foo Sun Chuen, Kowloon”。這與本案中的該舖位明顯無關,尤其是在本案中雙方沒有爭議的,是該舖為的所在地為地面(“G/F”)。
20.故此,本席不接納劉先生的陳述,說有關的補充契據構成一可爭議的證明,匯秀已在1982年把該舖位轉讓了給馬會。
匯秀沒有該舖位的業權
21.匯秀否認它沒有擁有該舖位的業權。它在存檔的誓章證據及證物中,依賴土地註冊的記錄,及一些有關美孚新邨的有關平面圖則,支持它的案情說,在土地註冊的物業描述,跟原租約上該舖位的物業描述其實是一致及有關同一物業的。
22.劉先生則陳述,認為匯秀現提出的證據未能清楚證明土地註冊上所記錄的物業跟該舖位是同一物業,尤其是無論是註冊記錄或是平面圖則都沒有表明“81B BROADWAY”為有關Kiosk No.1的地址。而所提出的平面圖則,出處也不清楚,不能構成證明業權文件。
23.但本席接納匯秀的交替陳述,同意就算(但沒有如此裁定)劉先生以上的陳述有任何基礎,基於以下理由,劉先生所提出的抗辯理由都必然敗訴的。
24.根據恆久及確立的普通法原則,若租客在沒有被干擾享用所租住的物業情況下,他是不能,亦不被容許,去否認或挑戰租約下業主可租予物業給他的權利及權力。租客是不可以,亦不被容許,去以有另一人,擁有比業主更佳或更高的業權為理由,不去履行租約下租客的責任,如包括繳付租金,及把物業空置管有權交回給業主的責任。這恆久的法律原則在以下英國及香港的案例中,都重覆的被確認。
25.在 Industrial Properties (Barton Hill) Ltd v Associated Electrical Industries Ltd. [1977] 1QB 580(CA)一案中, Lord Denning MR 在596 D – 597 B 確立該原則如下:
“The correct propositions
IV. In the course of the discussion we were referred to many authorities, old and new. I have considered them all - and others, too - but the result can be stated thus: If a landlord lets a tenant into possession under a lease, then, so long as the tenant remains in possession undisturbed by any adverse claim - then the tenant cannot dispute the landlord's title. Suppose the tenant (not having been disturbed) goes out of possession and the landlord sues the tenant on the covenant for rent or for breach of covenant to repair or to yield up in repair. The tenant cannot say to the landlord: ‘You are not the true owner of the property.’ Likewise, if the landlord, on the tenant's holding over, sues him for possession or for use and occupation or mesne profits, the tenant cannot defend himself by saying: ‘The property does not belong to you, but to another.’ But if the tenant is disturbed by being evicted by title paramount or the equivalent of it, then he can dispute the landlord's title. Suppose the tenant is actually turned out by the third person - or if the tenant, without going out, acknowledges the title of the third person by attorning to him - or the tenant contests the landlord's claim on an indemnity from the third person - or there is anything else done which is equivalent to an eviction by title paramount - then the tenant is no longer estopped from denying the landlord's title: see Wilson v. Anderton (1830) 1 B. & Ad. 450, 457, per Littledale J. The tenant, being thus disturbed in his possession, can say to the landlord: ‘You were not truly the owner at the time when you demanded and received the rent from me. I am liable to pay mesne profits to this other man. So you must repay me the rent which I overpaid you. Nor am I liable to you on the covenants during the time you were not the owner.’ See Newsome v. Graham (1829) 10 B. & C. 234, Mountnoy v. Collier (1853) 1 E. & B. 630 and Watson v. Lane (1856) 11 Exch. 769. The tenant can also claim damages for the eviction if there is, as here, an express covenant for quiet enjoyment covering interruption by title paramount.
Short of eviction by title paramount, or its equivalent, however, the tenant is estopped from denying the title of the landlord. It is no good his saying: ‘The property does not belong to you but to a third Person’ unless that third person actually comes forward and successfully makes an adverse claim - by process in the courts or by the tenant's attornment; or acknowledgment of it as by the tenant defending on an indemnity. If the third person, for some reason or other, makes no adverse claim or is debarred from making it, the tenant remains estopped from denying the landlord's title. This is manifestly correct: for, without an adverse claim, it would mean that the tenant would be enabled to keep the property without paying any rent to anybody or performing any covenants. That cannot be right. That was the reasoning adopted by the Court of Queen's Bench in Biddle v. Bond (1865) 6 B. & S. 225, a case of a bailor and bailee, but the court treated it as the same as landlord v. tenant.” (本席加注)
26.上述 Industrial Properties 一案被香港上訴庭重覆確認及引用,以下是一些例子。
27.在 Typhoon 8 Research Ltd v. Seapower Resources International Ltd [2002] 2 HKLRD 660 (CA)一案中,郭美超上訴庭法官在判詞中第9及10段說:
“9. A preliminary question is the effect of the lease which had not been authorised by the bank. Vis-à-vis the bank, there is no question but that the lease was void. But as between the plaintiff and the 2nd defendant, so long as the plaintiff remained in possession of the premises, by an ancient rule of common law, the plaintiff was estopped from alleging that the 2nd defendant had no title. See Levingston v Somers [1941] IR 181 at 193-4. So long as the lessee continues in possession under the lease, the law does not permit him to set up any defence founded upon the fact that the lessor had no title. See per Martin B in Cuthbertson v Irving (1859) 4 H&N 742 at 758 and Industrial Properties (Barton Hill) Limited v Associated Electrical Industries Limited [1977] 2 All ER 293, 309a.
10. Whilst there does not appear to be any direct authority on the point, so long as the plaintiff continued to have possession of the premises under the lease undisturbed, there would not have been a basis for any claim for the repayment of the deposit. In the absence of an adverse title, a lessee cannot repudiate his obligations under the lease. See Megarry & Wade, The Law of Real Property, 6th Ed at 14-095. As the payment of the deposit was one of the obligations under the lease, until actual disturbance by title paramount, any claim for the return of the deposit would have been premature. The judge's holding that the deposit was not repayable until 1 February 2001 was therefore correct.”
28.Industrial Properties一案也在以下的上訴庭案例中被引用或確認: Tang Man Kit v Hip Hing Timbers Co Ltd, (unrep., CACV 137/2002, 13 May 2005), Cheung & Yeung JJA & A Chung J),第51至53段 ; The Bank of East Asia Ltd v Leung Nie Cheung, Charles (unrep., CACV 61/1988, 30 September 1988, Cons VP, Fuad VP, Clough JA), 第11段;Tai Fat Development (Holding) Co Ltd v Incorporated Owners of Gold King Industrial Building [2007] 4 HKLRD 400 (CA), 第35-41段。
29.在 Tang Chi Ho v Leung Woon Ling [1996] 2 HKLR 58 (CA),雖然沒有引述 Industrial Properties 的判詞,高奕輝上訴庭法官在59頁G中亦確認了此源遠流長的普通法原則。
30.在本案中完全沒有爭議的是:
(1) 劉先生在所有有關時間,都在沒有任何干擾下,享用及使用該舖位。
(2) 從來沒有第三者出現,向劉先生提出爭議或說他擁有 該舖位的業權或比匯秀擁有更佳的業權,從而干擾劉 先生享用該舖位。
31.在這情形下,基於上述的法律原則,本席認為劉先生所提出匯秀未能證明它擁有該舖位業權的抗辯理由,在法律上是不可能成功的,亦不容許他以此為一有效的理據去不繳付租金及其它雜費,及不交回該舖位的空置管有權。
32.故此,不論在這簡易程序階段的證據,是否足夠去支持匯秀擁有該舖位的實質業權,本席認為劉先生的抗辯理據在法律上是必定敗訴的。
33.所以本席亦裁定劉先生未能提出有一爭辯性或須予以審訊的抗辯理由或可爭議議題。
IV. 結論
34.基於以上理由,本席認為聆案官的命令是正確的,故撤銷劉先生所提出的上訴。
35.本席亦作出暫准訟費命令,劉先生須支付匯秀本上訴的訟費。如雙方未能就數額達成協議,須交由法庭評定。除與訟任何一方以書面形式申請更改,此暫准命令在本判案書日期起計14天後作實。
原告人:由張葉司徒陳律師事務所律師Ms. Poon Shek Har, Emily代表出席
被告人:親自出席應訊,並無律師代表
|