鄧志安 對 安達電機有限公司

Read the full judgment text of HCLA 14/2012 on BabelCite. This HCLA judgment was delivered on 19 September 2013.

1. 申索人是被告人的前僱員。被告人與申索人在2009 年4 月14 日簽署了一份為期兩年(即2009 年6 月1 日至2011 年5 月31 日)的勞動合同書(下稱「 勞動合約 」),聘請申索人擔任被告人的財務總監,工作地點在香港及國內,在國內每年的工作不超過183 日。 [1] 勞動合約期滿後,申索人不獲續約。

Cited by 1 case · Cites 8 cases

有關向上訴法庭提出的相關上訴,請參閲HCMP2717/2013。
Case No.HCLA 14/2012
Court
HCLA
Date19 Sep 2013
Judge
Case Document
100%Judiciary

HCLA 14/2012

香港特別行政區

高等法院原訟法庭

勞資審裁處上訴2012年第14號

(原案件編號: 勞資審裁處申索2011年第2553號)

____________

申索人
(答辯人)
鄧志安
(TANG CHI ON)
 
   
被告人
(上訴人)
安達電機有限公司
(ANTECH ELECTRONICS LIMITED)
 

____________

主審法官: 高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官吳美玲
聆訊日期: 2013年7月3日
頒下判決書日期: 2013年9月19日

判決書

I. 背景

1.申索人是被告人的前僱員。被告人與申索人在2009 年4 月14 日簽署了一份為期兩年(即2009 年6 月1 日至2011 年5 月31 日)的勞動合同書(下稱「勞動合約」),聘請申索人擔任被告人的財務總監,工作地點在香港及國內,在國內每年的工作不超過183 日。[1] 勞動合約期滿後,申索人不獲續約。

2.勞動合約的相關條款如下:

「二、工作內容及工作地點

……

第三條 [申索人]應按照[被告人]的工作要求,按時、按質、按量完成[被告人]指派的任務,並做到盡忠職責。

第四條 [被告人]有權根據生產經營需要及[申索人]的能力、表現調整[申索人]的工作,[申索人]有反映本人意見權利,但未經[被告人]批准,[申索人]須服從[被告人]的管理和安排。

……

六、 勞動報酬與福利待遇

第十一條 雙方確定[申索人]實行月工資制。其餘各類津貼、獎金等發放按附件(一)加註計算。

第十二條 [被告人]實行新的工資制度或[申索人]的工作崗位變動時,[申索人]的工資待遇按[被告人]規定予以調整。」

3.勞動合約第十一條所提及的附件 (一)(下稱「附件()」),其原文見於本判決書附表 A。附件 (一)顯示,申索人的基本薪酬為每月人民幣30,000.00 元或港幣34,090.00 元(按人民幣88.00 元兌換港幣100.00 元計算),還有「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」。[2]

4.勞動合約述明「另附主要溝通郵件備忘錄2 份」。其中一份為「期初備忘錄」(下稱「期初備忘錄」),其相關條文如下:

6 ) 對財務主管的要求及聘用細則

a) 基本要求

i) 工作範圍包括中港財務,公司內部管理,對外業務拓展、聯絡,尤其海外市場

ii) 必需要與國內文化溝通融合,尤其要明白國內財務稅法操作差異

iii) 帶入國際視野,應對國內操作範式,另檔案john reply070412

b) 成本

a) 公司所需投入2年定位投入期間 雙方 接受 之薪酬結構

月薪 + 業績(掛鈎) +/ 另定組合

c) 利益

a) 並把過去一盤爛帳(漸消失)及 核數費減半 是短期眼前能見的目標

b) 現時香港會計核數費(18.5萬)如坐在這位,可減半?

c) 個人增聘助理目前不接受在香港增加助理(即删減part-time會計)

d) 工作安排

a) 國內車馬/ 住宿廠內宿舍跟公司車 彈性配合

d) 工作地點國內 / 香港 國內廠時間 彈性配合」

5.在簽署勞動合約前,申請人以電郵向被告人的蔡存友先生(下稱「」)澄清其酬勞的計算方式,而電郵副本也抄送給被告人的鍾旭祥先生(下稱「」)。勞動合約所述的另外一份主要溝通郵件備忘錄(下稱「備忘錄」)顯示,申索人與蔡先生在2009 年4 月6 日至10 日期間曾互發電郵(並抄送鍾先生),當中包括以下的電郵:

(1) 蔡先生致申索人的日期為2009 年4 月10 日(8:34pm)電郵: 「……這次雙方簽這合同,其實內容也帶有非常多未清晰的地方,亦因此可借這合同加速提早一磨合,清晰雙方思路,減少誤會。我會再電聯加以說明,以免 “單文字化”的誤會。鍾生有事剛(20:30 應到)回港,可直接與電聯溝通。」

(2) 蔡先生致申索人的日期為2009 年4 月10 日(11:15pm)電郵: 「按今天與[鍾]先生電聯,同意以附檔合約,並以-不偏離精神,職業操守與承諾為基礎,同時以近月溝通郵件為備忘錄,發展雙方長期合作關係,正式文件後補簽。」

6.申索人與蔡先生於2009 年4 日14 日簽署勞動合約、附件(一)、期初備忘錄和備忘錄。雙方不爭議附件(一)、期初備忘錄和備忘錄是勞動合約的一部份,而該四份文件共構成申索人受聘於被告人擔任其財務總監的僱傭合約(下總稱為「僱傭合約」)。

7.申索人於勞資審裁處(下稱「審裁處」)向被告人申索追討以下申索項目:1 (A) 少付工資、1 (B) 年終獎金、1 (C) 獎金、1 (D) 遣散費及(2)第57 章《僱傭條例》第32O 條所規定的終止僱傭金的判給。

8.根據暫委審裁官林美施的日期2011 年9 月12 日的裁斷/命令,在雙方同意下,上述第1 (B)、1 (D)及 (2)項的申索項目已完滿解決。

9.依據申索人於2012 年6 月15 日最後修訂的申索書,剩餘待决的修訂申索項目如下:

(1) 第1 (A) 修訂申索項目(少付工資)港幣821,588.46 元,即「18/05/2009 – 31/12/2009按合約增加薪酬人民幣143,420,按17/8/11人民幣100對換港圓121.993計算,相等於港圓174,962.36」、「01/01/2010 – 31/12/2010按合約增加薪酬人民幣396,860,按17/8/11人民幣100對換港圓121.993計算,相等於港圓484,141.42」和「01/01/2011 – 31/05/2011按合約增加薪酬人民幣133,200,按17/8/11人民幣100對換港圓121.993計算,相等於港圓162,494.68」;

(2) 第1 (C) 修訂申索項目(獎金)港幣136,601.00 元,即「01/01/2011 – 31/05/2011」期間的獎金。

10.申索人是根據勞動合約第十一條,按照附件 (一)的酬勞計算方式向被告人追討上述第1(A)修訂申索項目(少付工資)和第1 (C) 修訂申索項目(獎金)。經雙方同意,上述第1 (A) 修訂申索項目(少付工資)是指附件(一)內第3a) 項「薪酬增加」,而第1 (C) 修訂申索項目(獎金)是指附件(一)內第4) 項「其他工資」。由於上述第1 (A)及1 (C) 修訂申索項目需視乎被告人的每年營業額是否大於人民幣13,000,000.00 元,被告人提呈相關時段(即上述「18/05/2009 – 31/12/2009」、「01/01/2010 – 31/12/2010」和「01/01/2011 – 31/05/2011」的時段)的財務報告及/或綜合財務報告,而申索人在審訊過程中最終不爭議該些報告內容,亦承認該些報告內的數據及計算方式。

11.申索人指稱,只要被告人的營業額達人民幣13,000,000.00 元或以上,被告人便須無條件支付申索人追討的上述第1 (A) 修訂申索項目(少付工資)及第1 (C) 修訂申索項目(獎金),即附件(一)內第3a)項「薪酬增加」及第4) 項「其他工資」。被告人不同意,並認為申索人必須達到僱傭合約所規定的要求才可以獲得上述修訂申索項目的款項,但假若申索人就第1 (A) 修訂申索項目得直的話,被告人亦只同意申索人以人民幣列出的數額(即人民幣143,420.00 元、396,860.00 元和133,200.00 元),卻爭議人民幣兌換港幣的匯率。被告人認為應該採用人民幣88.77 元兌換港幣100.00 元,但申索人則認為,被告人未能按照僱傭合約依時支付他應得的報酬,應採用提出申索時的人民幣兌換率。至於第1(C) 修訂申索項目,申索人同意被告人的純利只在2011 年除稅後超過10%,所以只追討該年度的「其他工資」(即第1 (C)修訂申索項目下的獎金),而被告人對於申索人以港幣列出的申索數額沒有爭議。

12.經過多天審訊後,暫委審裁官黃瑞珊(下稱「」)於2012 年6 月29 日作出裁決,判處申索人之申索得直,被告人須繳付申索人的款項共港幣958,199.46 元(包括第1 (A) 修訂申索項目(少付工資)港幣821,598.46 元及第1( C) 修訂申索項目(獎金)港幣136,601.00 元)、利息及訟費(下稱「該裁決」)。被告人於2012 年7 月6 日申請覆核該裁決,審裁官於2012 年8 月3 日維持原判,但就覆核裁決不作訟費命令。審裁官於2012 年9 月27 日頒下裁決理由書(下稱「裁決理由書」)及覆核裁決理由書。被告人不服裁決,提出上訴。

13.申索人指稱,審裁官的裁決當中存在沒有任何證據支持的不合理結論。於2013 年2 月19 日,高等法院原訟法庭法官潘兆初批准被告人的上訴許可申請。依據被告人的動議通知,被告人的上訴理由如下:

「上訴理由1為 “審裁官沒有充份地恰當處理[期初備忘錄]第6 (a)項條文,以及證物D42內第6 (b)項對申索人的工作基本要求,而此基本要求是作為決定申索人是否可以獲得薪酬增加及/或獎金的先決條件。審裁官沒有就被告人與申索人在立約意圖中已明確地把薪酬增加及/或獎金和個人工作表現掛鈎這一事項上作充份的考慮。

上訴理由2為審裁官忽略了雙方均知道勞動合約條文第四條及第十二條的存在及其重要性。申索人的工作崗位在2010 年一月期間也已作出根本性的變動了,按照勞動合約條文第十二條,申索人的待遇也須按被告人規定予以調整。另外在條文第四條和第十二條發生調職情況時,僱主有絕對調整僱員待遇的權力。審裁官沒有就被告人與申索人在期間會面時已就申索人工作表現不好而取消了申索人的薪酬增加及/或獎金的事實作出相關考慮。審裁官也沒有就按照勞動合約條文第十二條作出相應的調整方面作出考慮,審裁官不應在沒有任何證據支持下作出結論。

上訴理由3是根據[附件(一)],薪酬計算應採用0.88的匯率計算作準。」

為方便起見,本席下稱上述上訴理由1、2及3為「上訴理由1」、「上訴理由2」和「上訴理由3」。

II.  法律原則

14.第25 章《勞資審裁處條例》第32 (1) 條述明:「如任何一方不滿審裁處的裁斷、命令或裁定,而理由是該裁斷、命令或裁定─(a) 在法律論點上有錯 ……,則可 …… 向原訟法庭申請上訴許可,而原訟法庭可予批准」,而該條例第35 (2) 條述明:「原訟法庭對於其根據第32 條批予許可的上訴,可─(a)作出事實推論;及(b)就訟費及開支方面作出其認為適當的命令,但不可─(i)推翻或更改審裁處就事實問題作出的裁定;或(ii)收取其他證據」(重點加強)。

15.代表被告人的丘大律師陳述指稱,

「在 “Watling v William Bird & Son (Contractors) Ltd (1976) 11 ITR 70” 一案中,法庭裁定基於法律論點成功上訴,上訴一方必須確立審裁官錯誤地應用法律原則,誤解了法規,作出了一個沒有任何合理的審裁處會作出的決定,或達到了一個沒有任何證據支持的不合理結論。」

16.其實,高等法院原訟法庭法官區慶祥在Wai Mei Lai Stella v Viya Pramita[3]已述明相關上訴的法理原則如下:

“In such a case, there is no dispute that the following principles apply:

(1) A party’s right to appeal against a Labour Tribunal’s award or order is limited to questions involving points of law or excess of jurisdiction.

(2) Finding of facts by the Tribunal is generally immune from challenge as it involves no error of law, unless such is perverse or irrational, or where there is no evidence to support the decision or where the decision was made by reference to irrelevant factors or without regard to relevant factors: Kei Siu Hung v CAF Securities Co Ltd (unrep., HCLA 39/2008, Deputy High Court Judge To, 27 November 2008), para 4, adopting Kwong Mile Services Ltd v Commissioner of IRD [2004] 3 HKLRD 168 (CFA), paras 31-37.

(3) Further, failure to discharge the statutory duty to investigate is a ground of appeal. However, it is trite that not every failure to investigate a relevant matter will give rise to an appeal. The appellate court has to be satisfied that the subject matter of the complaint must not only be relevant but be of such a nature that the lack of investigation will give rise to injustice, in that, a fair and proper determination of the claim cannot be attained: Chan Suk Bing Angie v Harbour Phoenix [1992] 2 HKC 459 at 462A to 463F; James Manuel Ho v Choy Kwei Ling Vionnon (unrep., HCSA 5/2004, 29 July 2005) at para 14 per Chung J.”

III.  上訴理由1

(1)  申索人的申索

17.申索人承認被告人向他開出有關「薪酬增加」(即第1 (A)修訂申索項目(少付工資))及「其他工資」(即第1 (C) 修訂申索項目(獎金))的薪酬條件實在很慷慨,但他認為被告人拒絕支付「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」是逃避責任。

18.申索人指出勞動合約及附件(一)已經清楚列明有關「薪酬增加」的計算方式,只要被告人每年的營業額超過人民幣13,000,000.00 元以上,便須無條件支付。由於被告人在審訊中承認在勞動合約的合約期間(即2009 年5 月18 日至2011 年5 月31 日),每年或按比例的營業額都超過人民幣13,000,000.00 元,所以被告人不能拒絕支付「薪酬增加」。申索人堅稱被告人從來沒有向他說明「薪酬增加」是需要視乎他的個人表現而定。

19.至於「其他工資」,申索人指出勞動合約及附件 (一)已經清楚列明有關計算方式,只要被告人每年的營業額超過人民幣13,000,000.00 元以上,而被告人的除稅後純利超過10%,便須無條件支付。雙方無爭議,被告人在2011 年除稅後的純利超過10%,而被告人在相關合約期間(即2011 年1 月1 日至2011 年5 月31 日)的營業額超過人民幣13,000,000.00 元,所以被告人必須按照勞動合約及附件(一)支付該段期間的「其他工資」。申索人亦堅稱被告人從來沒有向他說明「其他工資」是需要視乎他的個人表現而定。

(2)  被告人的抗辯

20.被告人指稱,雙方在申索人入職前已認識,申索人向被告人聲稱可以利用他獨有的專業知識改善被告人的財務制度,解決被告人的財務問題,被告人因而聘用申索人。被告人對申索人的最低要求是他必須交付工作的基本要求,提高及改善被告人的效率及盈利能力,因此勞動合約是建基於一個先決條件,即申索人必須交付他的承諾,帶領被告人的管理、業務效率和制度上軌道,並大大加強其競爭力。被告人亦因為存在先決條件才單方面設計出複雜的薪酬結構,並就「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」部份(即較高薪酬及額外獎金機制)用上「獎勵」的字眼。假若申索人不能達到他承諾的先決條件,兌現其在期初備忘錄的承諾,對被告人的運作及盈利作出重大貢獻,被告人不可能支付遠高於正常薪酬的優厚條件給他。然而,申索人不但不能履行承諾,更完全偏離原來的合約基礎及性質,亦未能履行合約責任,他無權在勞動合約期滿後向被告人提出有關「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」的申索,企圖取得不恰當利益。

21.被告人指出,鍾先生及蔡先生可能不夠細心及精明,以為勞動合約和附件(一)足以反映先決條件及雙方共識,而文件往來也可能忘記清楚寫明雙方所有的溝通及計算申索人的利益說明;但總而言之,所有文件的大前提都是假設申索人表現完全合格。如果申索人的薪酬就「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」方面是必定要支付的話,大可以包含在固定基本月薪內,而不必另設一套非常複雜的支付方程式,因此這部份應該要視乎申索人的表現。再者,被告人自2007 年開始,每年的營業額均超過人民幣13,000,000.00 元以上(即2009 年、2010 年及2011 年的營業額為人民幣23,000,000.00 元、33,000,000.00 元及40,000,000.00 元),所以雙方的立約意圖明顯地是「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」屬於獎勵性質及必然與申索人的表現掛鈎。

22.被告人指出,這亦解釋了為何附件(一)和期初備忘錄就申索人的「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」薪酬架構,分別提出要「視乎業務成因作調整」及與「業績(掛鈎)」,這是鍾先生和蔡先生在國內慣性使用的術語及口語。雖然雙方都是以香港為主,但勞動合約的內容用上大量簡體字及國內的「術語」及名詞。蔡先生聲稱,期初備忘錄的第6)b) 條所指「公司所需投入2 年定位投入期間」意思是被告人預算需要以2 年時間給予申索人制定他提出的會計工作及制定會計系統和財務管理架構,而期初備忘錄的第6)b) 條所提及的「業績(掛鈎) 」並不是指被告人的業績,而是申索人的個人表現,亦即被告人對他的要求,而「業績」等於「業務成因」。蔡先生亦指出,期初備忘錄的第4) 條顯示「2009 年後主力(發展目標)及公司實務操作」,公司部署未來發展,所以期初備忘錄的第6)b) 段是被告人對申索人作為財務主管的基本要求,亦說明申索人必須完全做到對財務主管的要求及聘用細則,才可以獲得優厚回報。總括而言,由於申索人的工作表現不理想,毫無實質貢獻,申索人在情在理也不應獲得其剩餘申索的一分一毫。

(3)  申索人的回應

23.申索人強烈反對「薪酬增加」或「其他工資」部份可由被告人以酌情支付,或支付要視乎申索人的工作表現,申索人亦從未聽過鍾先生及/或蔡先生提及或解釋過「業務成因」即等如其工作表現。申索人也反對被告人對「業務成因」這個詞彙的演繹方式,但即使被告人對「業務成因」的解釋被接納,「業務成因」被放置在最後部份,只影響計算「其他工資」的「除稅後利潤百分比(%)」,因此「業務成因」最低限度是不會影響「薪酬增加」的部份。申索人亦指出,附件(一)第4) 項「其他工資」例三提及「業務性質與成因」的字眼箭咀指向「除稅後利潤百分比(%) 」的「15.00%」,但被告人在2011 年除稅後的利潤只超過10%,所以「業務性質與成因」並不適用於本案。

(4)  審裁官的裁斷

24.審裁官在裁決理由書中接受申索人的工作表現完全不符被告人的要求,而申索人在2009 年年尾調回香港後的表現亦強差人意,並沒有任何改善。但審裁官裁定,「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」的支付並不設有先決或附帶條件。審裁官在詮釋僱傭合約時考慮了以下案例有關詮釋合約的法理原則:(1) Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society[4] 、(2) Jumbo King Ltd v Faithful Properties Ltd & ors[5]和(3) 威林航業有限公司(Worlder Shipping Limited) v 虞定華( Yue Ding Wah)[6]

25.審裁官認為,根據勞動合約第十一 條,申索人的各類津貼、獎金等發放,應按照附件(一)加註計算,而附件(一)的「薪酬增加」部份清晰顯示,只要被告人每年的營業額大於人民幣13,000,000.00 元,便須按剩餘額乘上固定百分比計算「薪酬增加」。附件(一)將「業務成因」放置在最後部份,最低限度它是不會影響「薪酬增加」的部份。至於「其他工資」部份,附件(一)亦清晰顯示,只要被告人每年營業額大於人民幣13,000,000.00 元,便會按每年合併帳除稅後利潤計算。

26.審裁官不接納被告人指稱,即 (1)「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」都需要按照「業務成因」作出調整,而「業務成因」所指的不單是前線營業員的業績,還包括被告人任何一位員工(包括工程技術人員、後勤或支援員工)對公司業績作出的所有貢獻,和(2)期初備忘錄內第6) 條提及的「業績(掛鈎)」即等同申索人的工作表現,「業績」則等同「業務成因」,「業務成因」即等同期初備忘錄第4) 及第6)條內對申索人的基本要求,而一但申索人不能達到基本要求,被告人便毋須支付任何獎金。

27.雖然審裁官接納申索人的「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」的計算由蔡先生親自設計及草擬,但僱傭合約沒有一條條文反映被告人以上所述的論點,因此「業務成因」無需視乎申索人的工作表現。審裁官認為,考慮「業務成因」這一個詞彙的演譯時須參閱附件(一)的內容,但細閱其內容後,「業務成因」充其量只會影響「其他工資」的部份,而「薪酬增加」部份是不會因「業務成因」而作出調整的。此外,審裁官亦接納,附件(一)「其他工資」例三的「業務成因」箭咀是指在「除稅後利潤百分比(%) 」上,對本案並不適用。審裁官明白及理解被告人對申索人感到失望,但雙方之間的僱傭合約沒有提及被告人可以酌情支付申索人的「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」,被告人不能逃避支付。

(5)  上訴的分析

28.被告人上訴指稱,審裁官沒有就被告人與申索人在立約意圖中已明確地把「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」和個人工作表現掛鈎一事作充分的考慮,例如從勞動合約內容、雙方關係、週邊事實等等的角度去考慮。

29.Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd一案,Lord Hoffmann法官在第912-913 頁總結詮釋合約法理原則如下:

“…… I do not think that the fundamental change which has overtaken this branch of the law, particularly as a result of the speeches of Lord Wilberforce in Prenn v. Simmonds [1971] 1 W.L.R. 1381, 1384-1386 and Reardon Smith Line Ltd. v. Yngvar Hansen-Tangen [1976] 1 W.L.R. 989, is always sufficiently appreciated. The result has been, subject to one important exception, to assimilate the way in which such documents are interpreted by judges to the common sense principles by which any serious utterance would be interpreted in ordinary life. Almost all the old intellectual baggage of “legal” interpretation has been discarded. The principles may be summarised as follows.

(1) Interpretation is the ascertainment of the meaning which the document would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would reasonably have been available to the parties in the situation in which they were at the time of the contract.

(2) The background was famously referred to by Lord Wilberforce as the “matrix of fact”, but this phrase is, if anything, an understated description of what the background may include. Subject to the requirement that it should have been reasonably available to the parties and to the exception to be mentioned next, it includes absolutely anything which would have affected the way in which the language of the document would have been understood by a reasonable man.

(3) The law excludes from the admissible background the previous negotiations of the parties and their declarations of subjective intent. They are admissible only in an action for rectification. The law makes this distinction for reasons of practical policy and, in this respect only, legal interpretation differs from the way we would interpret utterances in ordinary life. The boundaries of this exception are in some respects unclear.  But this is not the occasion on which to explore them.

(4) The meaning which a document (or any other utterance) would convey to a reasonable man is not the same thing as the meaning of its words. The meaning of words is a matter of dictionaries and grammars; the meaning of the document is what the parties using those words against the relevant background would reasonably have been understood to mean. The background may not merely enable the reasonable man to choose between the possible meanings of words which are ambiguous but even (as occasionally happens in ordinary life) to conclude that the parties must, for whatever reason, have used the wrong words or syntax: see Mannai Investments Co. Ltd. v. Eagle Star Life Assurance Co. Ltd.[1997] A.C. 749.

(5) The rule that words should be given their natural and ordinary meaning reflects the common sense proposition that we do not easily accept that people have made linguistic mistakes, particularly in formal documents.  On the other hand, if one would nevertheless conclude from the background that something must have gone wrong with the language, the law does not require judges to attribute to the parties an intention which they plainly could not have had.  Lord Diplock made this point more vigorously when he said in Antaios Compania Naviera S.A. v Salen Rederierna A.B. [1985] A.C. 191, 201:

‘if detailed semantic and syntactical analysis of words in a commercial contract is going to lead to a conclusion that flouts business common sense, it must be made to yield to business commonsense.’”(重點加強)

30.Jumbo King Ltd一案,Lord Hoffman法官作為本港終審法院非常任法官在第726-727 頁重申他上述詮釋合約的法理原則如下:

“The construction of a document is not a game with words. It is an attempt to discover that a reasonable person would have understood the parties to mean. And this involves having regard, not merely to the individual words they have used, but to the agreement as a whole, the factual and legal background against which it was concluded and the practical objects which it was intended to achieve. Quite often this exercise will lead to the conclusion that although there is no reasonable doubt about what the parties meant, they have not expressed themselves very well. Their language may sometimes be careless and they may have said things which, if taken literally, mean something different from what they obviously intended. In ordinary life people often express themselves infelicitously without leaving any doubt about what they meant. Of course in serious utterances such as legal documents, in which people may be supposed to have chosen their words with care, one does not readily accept that they have used the wrong words. If the ordinary meaning of the words makes sense in relation to the rest of the document and the factual background, then the court will give effect to that language, even though the consequences may appear hard for one side or the other. The court is not privy to the negotiation of the agreement – evidence of such negotiations is inadmissible – and has no way of knowing whether a clause which appears to have an onerous effect was a quid pro quo for some other concession. Or one of the parties may simply have made a bad bargain. The only escape from the language is an action for rectification, in which the previous negotiations can be examined. But the overriding objective in construction is to give effect to what a reasonable person rather than a pedantic lawyer would have understood the parties to mean. Therefore, if in spite of linguistic problems the meaning is clear, it is that meaning which must prevail.”(重點加強)

31.丘大律師採用英國上議院案例 Bank of Credit & Commerce International SA v Ali & ors[7] 一案Lord Bingham法官在第259 頁所述如下:

“8. …… In construing this provision, as any other contractual provision, the object of the court is to give effect to what the contacting party intended. To ascertain the intention of the parties the court reads the terms of the contract as a whole,giving the words used their natural and ordinary meaning in the context of the agreement, the parties’ relationship and all the relevant facts surrounding the transaction so far as known to the parties. To ascertain the partiesintention the court does not of course inquire into the partiessubjective states of mind but makes an objective judgment based on the material already identified. The general principles summarised by Lord Hoffmann in Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society …… apply in a case such as this.” (重點加強)

32.雖然Lord Hoffmann法官在Bank of Credit & Commerce International SA一案就該案上訴裁決方面持有異議,但他就Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd一案所提及的法理原則作進一步解釋如下:

“39. The background is however very important. I should in passing say that when, in Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896, 913, I said that the admissible background included “absolutely anything which would have affected the way in which the language of the document would have been understood by a reasonable man”, I did not think it necessary to emphasise that I meant anything which a reasonable man would have regarded as relevant. I was merely saying that there is no conceptual limit to what can be regarded as background. It is not, for example, confined to the factual background but can include the state of the law (as in cases in which one takes into account that the parties are unlikely to have intended to agree to something unlawful or legally ineffective) or proved common assumptions which were in fact quite mistaken. But the primary source for understanding what the parties meant is their language interpreted in accordance with conventional usage: we do not easily accept that people have made linguistic mistakes, particularly in formal documents. I was certainly not encouraging a trawl through background which could not have made a reasonable person think that the parties must have departed from conventional usage.”(重點加強)

33.終審法院在一宗近期的案件(即Champion Concord Ltd v Lau Koon FO (No 2))[8]提示,在詮釋合約時,“one must confront the language used”:[9]

“12. …… As I expected, Mr Strachan pointed to Lord Hoffmann’s statement in Chartbrook Ltd v. Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] 1AC 1101 at para. 21. There Lord Hoffmann said that what a court has to do when construing a contract is to “decide what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to have meant by using the language which they did”. Note the reference to the language used. One does not construe a contract by ignoring what it says. ……

……

72.  The following passage from Lord Hoffmann’s judgment in Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd was cited in support:

“When the language used in an instrument gives rise to difficulties of construction, the process of interpretation does not require one to formulate some alternative form of words which approximates as closely as possible to that of the parties. It is to decide what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to have meant by using the language which they did. The fact that the court might have to express that meaning in language quite different from that used by the parties (‘12 January’ instead of ‘13 January’ in Mannai Investment Co Ltd v Eagle Star Life Assurance Co Ltd [1997] AC 749; ‘any claim sounding in rescission (whether for undue influence or otherwise)’ instead of ‘any claim (whether sounding in rescission for undue influence or otherwise)’ in Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society [1998] 1 WLR 896) is no reason for not giving effect to what they appear to have meant.”

73.  The persistent deficiency in the appellants’ argument is its failure to confront the language used in the contract.  As the citation from Lord Hoffmann makes clear, the Court’s task is to determine “what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to have meant by using the language which they did”.  In the present case, the language of clauses 13 to 17 leaves no room for doubt as to what the parties meant.  Those clauses addressed the uncertainties which they faced regarding the obtaining of consent, the amount of the premium and the time it would take to obtain a decision from the DLO.  The purpose of those clauses was to place a limit on the period allowed for completion of the transaction with different completion dates provided for against specified eventualities.  Those were objectives which made good commercial sense viewed from both sides of the contract.” 

34.終審法院在Champion Concord Ltd一案所提及的Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd & anor一案[10]中Lord Hoffmann法官在第686-689 頁述明如下:

“14. …… It is agreed that the question is what a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would have been available to the parties would have understood them to be using the language in the contract to mean. The House emphasised that ‘we do not easily accept that people have made linguistic mistakes, particularly in formal documents’ …… but said that in some cases the context and background drove a court to the conclusion that ‘something must have gone wrong with the language’. In such a case, the law did not require a court to attribute to the parties an intention which a reasonable person would not have understood them to have had.

15. It clearly requires a strong case to persuade the court that something must have gone wrong with the language ……

……

20. It is of course true that the fact that a contract may appear to be unduly favourable to one of the parties is not a sufficient reason for supposing that it does not mean what it says. The reasonable addressee of the instrument has not been privy to the negotiations and cannot tell whether a provision favourable to one side was not in exchange for some concession elsewhere or simply a bad bargain. ……

21. …… When the language used in an instrument gives rise to difficulties in construction, the process of interpretation does not require one to formulate some alternative form of words which approximates as closely as possible to that of the parties. It is to decide what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to have meant by using the language which they did. The fact that the court might have to express that meaning in language quite different from that used by the parties …… is no reason for not giving effect to what they appear to gave meant.

……

15. What is clear from these cases is that there is not, so to speak, a limit to the amount of red ink or verbal rearrangement or correction which the court is allowed. All that is required is that it should be clear that something has gone wrong with the language and that it should be clear what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to have meant. ……”(重點加強)

35.丘大律師的書面陳詞大綱指稱,備忘錄內一則於2009 年4 月10 日由蔡先生發給申索人的電郵提到勞動合約內容帶有非常多未清晰地方,意味簽署前有口頭的討論,不能盡錄在勞動合約裏,但審裁官沒有細心考慮這一點。

36.首先,雙方並無爭議,而丘大律師在上訴聆訊中亦確認,對雙方具約束力的僱傭合約是書面合約,而非部份書面及部份口頭的綜合合約,並由勞動合約、附件(一)、備忘錄及期初備忘錄組成。

37.第二,英國上議院在Chartbrook Ltd一案一致重申Lord Hoffmann 在Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd一案闡述關於可接納為證據的背景(admissible background)之其中重要限制,並維持Prenn v Simmonds[11]的裁定,即排除約前談判(pre-contractual negotiations)在考慮之外。[12]Prenn一案,Lord Wilberforce法官在第1384-1385 頁述明:

“……There were prolonged negotiations between solicitors, with exchanges of draft clauses, ultimately emerging in clause 2 of the agreement. The reason for not admitting evidence of these exchanges is not a technical one or even mainly one of convenience, (although the attempt to admit it did greatly prolong the case and add to its expense). It is simply that such evidence is unhelpful. By the nature of things, where negotiations are difficult, and the parties’ positions, with each passing letter, are changing and until the final agreement, though converging, still divergent. It is only the final document which records a consensus. If the previous documents use different expressions which records a construction of those expressions, itself a doubtful process, help on the construction of the contractual words? If the same expressions are used, nothing is gained by looking back; indeed, something may be lost since the relevant surrounding circumstances may be different. And at this stage there is no consensus of the parties to appeal to. It may be said that previous documents may be looked at to explain the aims of the parties. In a limited sense this is true: the commercial, or business object, of the transaction, objectively ascertained, may be a surrounding fact.”

Chartbrook Ltd一案,Lord Hoffmann在第692-693 頁表示原則上以前的談判可能是相關的,而以前的談判可用於詮釋合約以外的其他用途,例如證明一個與背景有關而雙方皆知悉的事實,但根據實務的理由,上述的一般排除原則(general exclusionary rule)仍然有效,亦應予保留:

“35. The first is that the admission of pre-contractual negotiations would create greater uncertainty of outcome in disputes over interpretation and add to the cost of advice, litigation, or arbitration. Everyone engaged in the exercise would have to read the correspondence and statements would have to be taken from those who took part in oral negotiations. Not only would this be time-consuming and expensive but the scope for disagreements over where the materials affected the constructions of the agreement (as in Yoshimoto’s case) shall be considerably increased. ……

……

38.  …… [Pre-contractual] negotiations seem to me capable of raising practical questions different from those created by other forms of background. Whereas the surrounding circumstances are, by definition, objective facts, which will usually be uncontroversial, statements in the course of pre-contractual negotiations will be drenched in subjectivity and may, if oral, be very much in dispute. It is often not easy to distinguish between those statements which (if they were made at all) merely reflect the aspirations of one or other of the parties and those which embody at least a provisional consensus which may throw light on the meaning of the contract which was eventually concluded. But the imprecision of the line between negotiation and provisional agreement is the very reason why in every case of dispute over interpretation, one or other of the parties is likely to require a court or arbitrator to take the course of negotiations into account. ……”

38.基於上述的法理原則,除非雙方約定將約前的談判採納為合約的一部份(例如備忘錄和期初備忘錄),本席認為不能接納約前的談判(pre-contractual negotiations)為詮釋合約含意的證據。雖然法庭在詮釋僱傭合約的真正含意時可考慮相關的(relevant)前後關係背景(contextual background),但不能採納約前的談判,因此,審裁官沒有考慮備忘錄所提及的簽約前口頭討論,並不構成法律方面的錯誤。

39.丘大律師陳述指稱,審裁官沒有充份地恰當處理期初備忘錄內第6)條,「以及證物 “D-42” 內第6(b) 項 …… 對申索人的工作聘用要求,證物D-42是對財務總監(申索人當其時的工作崗位)的要求及聘用細則,其中提到個人基本月薪和個人工作業績(掛鈎)和/或另定其他組合。這聘用細則清楚道出薪酬增加及/或獎金是帶有條件的,條件就是和個人工作業績(掛鈎)或另定其他組合 ……。而此基本要求也是作為決定申索人是否可以獲得薪酬增加及/或獎金的先決條件[見附件(一)]」。

40.但在上訴聆訊中,丘大律師承認證物D-42文件是由被告人單方面締造,但他不知道該文件在何時或在甚麼情況下締造,雖此,丘大律師仍要求本席參閱及考慮證物D-42的文件。其實,上訴文件冊第25.1 頁只披露了證物D-42文件的一部份,而沒有披露整份證物D-42的文件。正如申索人在庭上陳述,證物D-42是審裁處案件LBTC2553/2011進行過程中,由被告人為了該訴訟而締造的文件。被告人採用期初備忘錄的原文作藍本,加註說明被告人認為期初備忘錄內條文的含意。明顯地,證物D-42的註釋並非立約前或立約時已有文件,而是被告人多年後締造以述明其主觀立場的文件。本席看不到證物D-42如何能構成可接納為證據的客觀立約背景 (objective background)。再者,一般而言,法庭也不接納約後的行為[13]及/或締約一方的主觀聲稱[14]作為解釋合約含意的背景證據。

41.高等法院原訟法庭法官張舉能(當時官階)在 Yuen Ching Yuen also known as Danny Yuen v Union Insurance Society of Hong Kong Limited[15]表示:

“33. The decisions of Schuler v. Wickman [1974] AC 235 and James Miller v. Whitworth Street Estates [1970] AC 572 clearly showed that it is not permissible to use as an aid in the construction of the contract anything which the parties said or did after it was made. Otherwise one might have the result that a contract meant one thing the day it was signed, but by reason of subsequent events meant something different a month or a year later, per Lord Reid in James Miller at page 603. Mr Li relied on a passage in Chitty on Contracts, 27th Ed, Vol.1, para.12-111 in which it was stated that:

“...although they (i.e. the subsequent conducts) are admissible to show whether there was a contract and what the terms of the contract were, either originally or by variation, or as the basis for an estoppel.”

34. I would deal with the question of estoppel later on. However, it is not in dispute that an agreement existed between the parties and no variation of contract is alleged . It is difficult to understand what the authors of Chitty are referring to when they say that subsequent acts can be looked at to ascertain the original terms of the contract. This approach is clearly not in accordance with the decisions of the House of Lords. It is not necessary for me to rule on the argument advanced by Mr Shieh, Counsel for the Defendant, that one is only allowed to look at subsequent conducts to ascertain the original terms of a contract where there is a dispute of evidence as to what the original express terms are.

35. Mr Li further relied on a passage in Lewison on the Interpretation of Contracts, 2nd Ed, para.2.11 in which it was stated that:

“The court may not look at the subsequent conduct of the parties to interpret a written agreement. However, where the agreement is partly written and partly oral, subsequent conduct may be examined for the purpose of determining what were the full terms of the contract.”

Mr Li argued that the Plaintiff's pleaded case is that the agreement was evidenced by the Memorandum (para.3 of the Re-Re-Amended Statement of Claim). The Defence pleaded that the agreement was made partly orally and partly in writing. That being the case, the Court is entitled to examine the cause of dealings between the parties.

36. I do not accept this argument. Despite the pleadings, the Defendant had not relied on any oral terms made between the parties. The Plaintiff did not dispute that the Memorandum contained all the terms of the agreement reached between the parties. This being the case there was no room for departure from the principle stated by the House of Lords.”

又正如Lord Hoffmann 法官在 Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd一案第912 頁所述, “[interpretation] is the ascertainment of the meaning which the document would convey to a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would reasonably have been available to the parties in the situation in which they were at the time of the contract” (重點加強)。高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官施鈞年在 United Bright Limited v Secretary for Justice[16]亦指出: “It is clear that evidence of previous negotiations and declarations of subjective intent are inadmissible in the construction of a document” (重點加强)。因此,本席認為審裁官沒有考慮證物D-42並沒有犯上法律上的錯誤。

42.丘大律師指稱,在一般法律原則下,若合約條文、附加文件或立約意圖清楚反映存在合約先決條件,則雙方履行合約必須根據先決條件作為依歸。勞動合約第三條清楚闡明申索人應按照被告人的工作要求,按時,按質,按量,完成被告人指派的任務,並做到盡職盡責,這很清楚反映雙方當初的立約意圖是帶有先決條件。其實,在簽勞動合約、附件(一)、備忘錄及期初備忘錄時,雙方(即被告人的鍾先生和蔡先生與申索人)已在場說明這先決條件(見鍾先生和蔡先生的書面供詞)[17]及界定業務成因,所以「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」是在預期申索人能兌現其承諾,對公司的運作及盈利作出重大貢獻而定出,但由於申索人未能達成任務及其工作表現欠佳,故不能按照勞動合約內條款支付「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」。

43.上訴法庭法官張澤祐在Hong Jing Company Limited (泓景置業發展有限公司) v Zhuhai Kwok Yuen Investment Company Limited

(珠海市國源投資有限公司)一案[18]述明:

“39.1) Whether this term is a condition precedent or a contractual term of some other character must depend on

(1) the form of the clause itself,

(2) the relation of the clause to the contract as a whole,

(3) general considerations of law.

See Bremer Handelsgesellschaft Schaft v Vanden Avenne Izegem [1978] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 109 at 113.

2) The applicable test is what a reasonable person having all the background knowledge which would have been available to the parties would have understood them to be using the language in the contract to mean (Chartbrook Ltd and another v Persimmon Homes Ltd and another [2009] 1 AC 1101 at 1112). In Rainy Sky SA v. Kookmin Bank [2011] 1 WLR 2900 it was held by Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony JSC that

‘ where a term of a contract is open to more than one interpretation, it is generally appropriate to adopt the interpretation which is most consistent with business common sense.’”

44.但勞動合約第三條只述明申索人的工作責任,從字面的自然及普通解釋(natural and ordinary meaning),根本沒有任何字句顯示達成所述的工作責任是收取酬勞的先決條件。勞動合約第三條沒有提及收取酬勞事宜,也沒有提及與第十一條(即勞動報酬與副利待遇)掛鈎的情況。本席同意申索人的說法,從客觀角度實在難以聯想勞動合約第三條隱含先決條件的意圖。再者,考慮立約的相關背景,本席亦認為勞動合約無需隱含上述指稱的先決條例。假若申索人不履行其工作責任,被告人可依據勞動合約第二十條因申索人嚴重失職及/或對被告人利益造成重大損害為理由而解除勞動合約。被告人無需亦不應不解除僱傭合約,又不支付已約定的酬勞。其實,任何僱主聘用僱員時也期望僱員會履行其工作責任,但這並不代表僱員必須完成其工作責任而令僱主滿意後才可收取約定的酬勞。

45.另外,審裁官裁定僱傭合約下酬勞的支付並不設有先決或附帶條件,顯然接受申索人的說法,而不接納被告人指稱在簽約時已說明上述先決條件及界定業務成因。就這方面,丘大律師只依賴被告人的證人供詞,而非審裁官的事實裁斷。申索人反對被告人的說法,並認為沒有任何先決條件。再者,裁決理由書第78 段已提及蔡先生的證言如下:

「當蔡先生被問及在和申索人磋商條件時,曾否向申索人清楚說明,假若申索人的工作表現欠佳的話,便只能獲得基本薪金,而不會獲得任何薪酬增加及其他工資部份。蔡先生聲稱,被告人和員工磋商合約條款時,不會傳達任何信息使員工認為其工作表現未如理想的話,便會失去所有獎賞。」(重點加強)

本席認為,雙方的事實爭辯未能構成有效的上訴理由。

46.丘大律師進一步指稱,雙方的立約意圖很明顯是「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」屬於獎勵性質及與申索人的表現掛鈎。被告人由2007年起,各年營業額都超過人民幣20,000,000.00 元至30,000,000.00元,申索人是清楚這一點的,假若單純以被告人的每年銷售金額人民幣13,000,000.00 元便給與申索人「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」,申索人在未展開工作便已分享所有其他員工的成果,這看來是於理不合,也不是雙方立約的意圖。[19]

47.本席不接納丘大律師的陳述。首先,丘大律師同意獎金並不一定屬於獎勵性及/或必需是酌情支付的。如果勞資雙方同意,他們可協定以雙方同意的計算方式(包括按僱主的業績及/或利潤)支付固定的獎金。因此,「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」採用雙方同意的方式計算需支付的酬勞並不一定代表該等酬勞屬於獎勵性及/或酌情支付的,這方面還需考慮附件(一)的條文及相關的背景。

48.第二,丘大律師指稱,雙方的立約意圖不會以被告人的每年銷售金額達至人民幣13,000,000.00元便給與申索人「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」。被告人指稱這樣不合理,因為自2007 年起被告人的營業額均超過人民幣13,000,000.00 元,如果被告人須按這基礎固定支付「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」給申索人,根本無需設計如此複雜的「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」計算方式。但是,期初備忘錄第1)、2)及3)條清楚述明被告人在2002年至2004 年前的每年平均營業額為人民幣10,000,000.00元至人民幣 13,000,000.00 元,而2005 年底至2006 年期間,營業額升至超過人民幣30,000,000.00 元,2007 年因英國訂單增多及加上油爐市場爭奪,營業額超過人民幣40,000,000.00 元。但是被告人表示,2009年業務狀況存有風險,雖然因「最後油爐生產線」訂單而能維持2009年上半年運作「可說是運氣」,但是油爐訂單於2009 年3 月底的應收未收帳款有人民幣9,000,000.00 元,而英國客戶提出的400,000.00元罰款仍在爭議中。更重要的是,「2009 年後油爐訂單便會急速停下,公司需要開拓或要抓緊另一個市場/機會,在這空隙期,業績或會減半以上,海外市場亦有機會急速收縮  結果:[被告人]業績重回2002-04 年的業績,即營業額在1,000到1,300 萬之間」。鑑於期初備忘錄第1)、2)及3)條是僱傭合約的合約條文,本席認為立約背景是雙方預料被告人的來年業績有下調風險,營業額甚至可能低於人民幣13,000,000.00 元,所以被告人才提議而雙方訂立「薪酬增加」及/或「其他工資」的計算模式。在這計算模式下,申索人需承擔風險,因為被告人可能不達「薪酬增加」的營業額及/或基本利潤的基準,或「其他工資」的營業額及/或除稅後利潤的基準。本席不認同丘大律師指稱申索人在未展開工作便已分享所有其他員工的成果之說。

49.丘大律師陳述指稱,由於勞動合約、附件(一)、備忘錄、和期初備忘錄都是由申索人及被告人草擬,並以大陸合約模式為依據,所以在立約意圖中,薪酬增加及/或獎金必然與工作表現掛鈎。他認為審裁官忽略從全盤角度(例如勞動合約內容性質、雙方關係、週邊事實等等)去考慮「業績(掛鈎)」在雙方立約意圖裏就是等同與工作表現掛鈎。審裁官只簡單地純粹根據傳統方法和模式去詮釋「業績(掛鈎)」的真正含義時,忽略了文件是充滿國內的術語和詞彙,而被告人亦有提到國內術語和詞彙是會有本身的特定含義。[20] 當考慮整件事情背景(立約意圖)並以國內術語含意為依歸,「業績(掛鈎)」便等同與工作表現掛鈎。

50.丘大律師要求本席考慮雙方關係和週邊事實時,應由2006 年/2007 年雙方認識開始。但正如申索人指出,申索人因在被告人委託的會計師公司負責核數而認識,雙方當時毫無合約意圖,這不能合理地構成多年後達成僱傭合約的相關背景(relevant background)。正如Lord Hoffmann法官在Bank of Credit & Commerce International SA 所述,[21] “[the] primary source for understanding what the parties meant is their language interpreted in accordance with conventional usage: ‘we do not accept that people have made linguistic mistakes, particularly in formal documents’. I was certainly not encouraging a trawl through “background” which could not have made a reasonable person think that the parties must have departed from conventional usage.”

51.本席認為,審裁官沒有忽略被告人的指稱,她在裁決理由書第51 段述明被告人指稱:「雖然雙方都是以香港為主,但合約名稱是勞動合約,而且內容用上大量簡體字及國內的「術語」及名詞」。申索人不同意被告人的說法,並指稱雖然僱傭合約借用所謂大陸合約,但已改用為繁體字,再加以增減及修改條款而成,而申索人、鍾先生和蔡先生均為港人,中文當以港式為先。申索人與被告人在這方面的立場有分歧,但審裁官在裁決理由書第87 段清楚表示她已考慮過被告人的論點,但未能接受被告人的說法。本席不同意審裁官在作出裁斷時忽略了被告人的說法。

52.正如終審法院指出,丘大律師的論據必須  “confront the language used in the contract”,而“the Court’s task is to determine ‘what a reasonable person would have understood the parties to have meant by using the language which they did’”。[22]明顯地,法庭應採用客觀的態隻,而並非立約任何一方的主觀意見。

53.在考慮附件(一)第3)a)條有關「薪酬增加」的條文,本席完全看不到條文的語文可容納任何先決或附帶條件。該條的條文清楚述明「薪酬增加」是按被告人的每年剩餘營業額(即被告人每年營業額扣除營業額基準人民幣13,000,000.00 元)以2%的固定百分比計算。雖此,如果被告人的每年營業額達到人民幣15,000,000.00 元或20,000,000.00以上,而不達基本利潤,申索人便只可按工資增加獎金。上述條文所用語文十分清楚,計算「薪酬增加」只按被告人的營業額計算,完全沒有提及任何工作表現,更莫說申索人的工作表現乃支付「薪酬增加」的先決或附帶條件。

54.至於附件(一)第4)條有關「其他工資」的條文,該條清楚述明當被告人每年營業額大於人民幣13,000,000.00 元時,「其他工資」是按被告人每年合拼帳除稅後盈利計算,即合拼帳除稅後盈利 x 固定百分比。附件(一)第4)條提供三個例子:

(1)     例一述明當被告人每年營業額達人民幣13,000,000.00元,而除稅後利潤低於10%便沒有獎金,除稅後利潤達10%獎金便按除稅後利潤 x 獎金增加百分比計算,而除稅後利潤達到或高於12.5%,便按純利增加(即除稅後利潤扣減基數) x 提高的獎金增加百分比計算,並以上述計算方式得出申索人的總獎金。

(2)     例二是當被告人每年營業額達人民幣15,000,000.00 元時,計算「其他工資」的原理與例一類同。

(3)     例三是當被告人每年營業額達人民幣20,000,000.00元時,計算「其他工資」的原理與例一也類同,但除稅後利潤低於15%便沒有獎金。例三註明解釋,「由於營業額越高,理應盈潤能力越高,故調高利潤標準,但同時主要考慮業務性質與成因,非必定」,並以箭咀指向「除稅後利潤百分比(%)」的「15%」。本席認為,這註明明顯地是指由於被告人營業額提高至人民幣20,000,000.00元,計算「其他工資」或獎金時「理應」將利潤標準(即除稅後利潤百分比)由10%調高至15%,但這「非必定」,而主要視乎「業務性質及成因」。考慮到附件(一)的前文後理及立約的相關背景,「業務性質及成因」必然是指被告人的生意業務,而非被告人所指的申索人工作表現。其實,第4)條的註明:「1,500-2,000萬以上,要視業務成因作調整」已明確道出「業務」與被告人的營業額(「1,500-2,000萬以上」)而非申索人的工作表現掛鈎。假若被告人的指稱屬實,即「業務性質及成因」是指申索人的工作表現,被告人未能解釋為何附件(一)第4)條例一,即被告人營業額由人民幣13,000,000.00至人民幣15,000,000.00元以下,在沒有提及「業務性質及成因」的情況下,獎金的支付仍需與申索人的工作表現掛鈎。甚至「業務成因」不衹涉及「1,500-2,000萬以上」,被告人亦未能解釋為何附件(一)第3)條「薪酬增加」在沒有提及任何「業務性質及成因」的情況下,其支付也需與申索人的工作表現掛鈎。由此可見,被告人的說法難以令人信服。

55.至於期初備忘錄第6)a)條所敍述申索人的工作範圍,本席看不到該等條文構成被告人支付「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」的先決條件。一般而言,僱主聘用員工很多時也述明其工作範疇,這構成約定義務(contractual obligation),但並不代表員工表現良好才可收取酬勞。正如上述,先決條件是須要明確及毫不含糊的語文表達。至於期初備忘錄第6)b)條所提及的「公司所需投入2年定位投入期間,雙方接受之薪酬結構 月薪 + 業績(掛鈎) + / 另定組合」,當中「雙方接受之薪酬結構」的「月薪」定然是指附件(一)所提及的基本月薪,而「業績(掛鈎)」定然是指「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」。基於上述的分析,「業績(掛鈎)」的業績是指被告人的營業額而非申索人的工作表現。本席認為申索人的酬勞與期初備忘錄第4)條拉不上關係,但如果兩者有關連,第4)條也無助被告人指稱申索人的良好工作表現是支付「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」的先決條件之論據,因為第4)條只敍述被告人而非申索人的2009 年後主力發展目標及公司實務操作。

56.本席除了細心參閱僱傭合約的內容,亦考慮到雙方的關係及丘大律師提及的背景事宜,但本席同意審裁官的結論,在合理客觀的考慮下,僱傭合約所用的語文沒有出錯,亦沒有明文或隱含的先決條件,「薪酬增加」和「其他工資」的支付並不與申索人的工作表現掛鈎。本席駁回上訴理由1。

IV.  上訴理由2

(1)  被告人的抗辯

57.被告人指稱,鍾先生本來希望申索人只在國內工作,但為免申索人在香港及國內繳付雙重稅項,所以在合約上只註明在國內工作不超過183 日。被告人聘請申索人的原本目的是替被告人整理賬目及跟進核數師的工作,但其工作表現一直令人失望,最終在2009 年12 月份,鍾先生決定按照勞動合約第四條將申索人調回香港工作。申索人被調回香港工作一年半,表現並沒有任何改善,而正因如此,申索人最後不獲續約。

58.被告人指稱,整個額外獎金機制及較高薪酬完全是建基於申索人需要於國內工作,以及預期申索人能兌現其在期初備忘錄的承諾,對被告人的運作及盈利作出重大貢獻。然而,申索人不但不能履行承諾,還於國內工作了只有半年之短,完全偏離原來的合約基礎及性質,亦未能履行合約責任。勞動合約第四條及第十二條列明,若申索人的工作性質改變,被告人可更改薪酬條件。鍾先生聲稱,被告人有權通過調整營業額及利潤的百分比來決定是否發放「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」和其金額,勞動合約並無條文禁止把「其他工資」調整至零。

59.被告人又說,申索人在被調回香港工作後,由於工作崗位已作出根本性的變動,被告人便根據勞動合約條文於2010 年1 月期間調整或更改申索人的薪酬工資,並以固定數額港幣支薪。雖然申索人工作表現差勁,不值得收取「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」,但仍會得到接近他過往公司職位月薪的定額工資,即人民幣30,000.00 元。雙方其後亦以新條件作為基礎執行,因此附件(一)之「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」的條文亦已失效,不再適用。依據申索人的案情,他在2010 年6 月1 日後已經有權取得第一年的薪酬增加及獎金,但他在其後整整一年,完全沒有提出要求結算或支付,而只是在合約期滿後,才單方面提出,可見申索人是企圖取得不恰當利益。

(2)  申索人的申索

60.申索人雖然承認他在2010 年1 月期間不能再到國內工作,但他並不同意自己被調職後已經喪失獲得「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」的權利,亦否認被告人曾經向他提及或和他協商他的薪酬待遇有所更改。

(3)  審裁官的裁斷

61.審裁官並不接納被告人把申索人的工作崗位變動時已經將「薪酬增加」或「其他工資」部份刪除並且向申索人說明,亦不接納鍾先生或蔡先生聲稱已經全部清楚口頭告訴申索人,更不接納雙方往來的電郵上清楚顯示申索人知悉他在調職後的「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」部份已經被取消。而且,即使勞動合約第十二條適用於本案,又或者被告人曾經清楚口頭告訴申索人,他的「薪酬增加」或「其他工資」部份已被更改至零,審裁官仍然認為被告人需要支付2009 年5 月18 日至2009 年12 月底的少付工資,因為被告人沒可能在尚未更改申索人的崗位之前,毋須支付2009 年的少付工資。基於以上原因,審裁官裁定申索人提出的「少付工資」及「獎金」的申索得直。

(4)  上訴的分析

62.被告人上訴指稱,「審裁官沒有就被告人與申索人在期間會面時已就申索人工作表現不好而取消了申索人的薪酬增加及/或獎金的事實作出相關考慮」,也沒有就按照勞動合約第十二條作出相應調整方面作出考慮,審裁官不應在沒有任何證據支持下作出結論。

63.丘大律師陳詞指稱,審裁官忽略了雙方均知道勞動合約第四條及第十二條的存在及其重要性。丘大律師說,申索人的工作崗位在2010 年1 月期間也已作出根本性的變動了,按照勞動合約第十二條,申索人的待遇也須按被告人規定予以調整。本席不同意這說法,審裁官在裁定理由書第42-44 段已詳細敍述被告人的說法,更在第76-77 段敍述蔡先生的證供,並在第101-105 段就被告人的論點作出分析及裁斷。本席認為審裁官並沒有忽略勞動合約第四條及第十二條,她只是否定被告人的論據。

64.丘大律師陳述指稱,當發生調職情況時,關於在勞動合約第四條和第十二條下僱主調整僱員待遇的權力,審裁官錯誤認為調整必須取得僱員同意和事先通知僱員;而忽略了調整待遇是僱主單方面的絕對權力,而且是可以在勞動合約屆滿前或相關款項必須支付時才通知僱員。

65.丘大律師並沒有援引任何法理原則支持其陳述。 “[It] should be regarded as settled law by now that in the context of employment contract, contractual entitlement could contain discretionary element exercisable by one party to the contract ……”[23] Kwan Ka Man Blanche v Esprit Retail (Hong Kong) Limited一案[24]提及Lord Woolf MR法官在Wandsworth London Borough Council v D’Silva & anor一案[25]的意見:

“The general position is that contracts of employment can only be varied by agreement. However, in the employment field an employer or for that matter an employee can reserve the ability to change a particular aspect of the contract unilaterally by notifying the other party as part of the contract that this is the situation. However, clear language is required to reserve to one party an unusual power of this sort.”

66.但是,“an employer’s right to vary in this way will not be totally unfettered. In [United Bank Ltd v Akhtar [1989] IRLR 507], the [Employment Appeal Tribunal] held that the right to require a transfer would be restricted by two further terms which would be implied into the contract in relation to that clause: (a) that the employer had to give reasonable notice; and (b) that the discretion to give relocation or other allowances had to be exercised so as not to make performance of the employee’s duty impossible.”[26](重點加強)

67.Bateman & ors v Asda Stores Ltd一案,[27]Employment Appeal Tribunal採納Wandsworth London Borough Council一案的法理原則,並接受 “…… the general principle that employers may reserve the contractual right to vary the terms or to change important aspects of their job irrespective of whether the employee consents or not but such provisions will be scrutinised carefully to ensure that they cover the particular changes made unilaterally by the employer. Thus, “if the change or variation falls within the contractual power to vary, it will be effective even if financial loss ensues” (paragraph 65).” [28]

68.另外,第57 章《僱傭條例》第44(1) 及第45(1)(a) 段述明如下:

「44(1) 每一個人就職之前,其僱主須以能令該人明瞭的方法,向他詳細告知他將會以下述服務條件受僱─(a)工資及工資期;(b)如第IIA部對該人適用,則告知其年終酬金或部分年終酬金及酬金期;及……

45(1) 僱主須以能令僱員明瞭的方法,告知僱員以下資料─(a) 凡第44條所提述的條件或在任何時候有效的條件有所變更,告知該項變更;……」

69.從上述的案例及法例可見,甚至僱傭合約給予僱主單方面酌情修訂合約規定的權利,僱主也必須通知僱員,而非如丘大律師指稱,可以在僱傭合約屆滿前或相關款項必須支付時才通知僱員。丘大律師考慮上述第68-69 段提及的案例及法例後,在上訴聆訊中認同僱主單方面酌情修訂僱傭合約規定而不通知僱員乃無效行為。

70.丘大律師指稱,在申索人任職其間的財務報告[29]並沒有列出可給與申索人的「薪酬增加」及/或獎金的支付,從這一點來看,足以證明申索人本身亦知道因他工作表現不好,已不符合獲取「薪酬增加」及/或獎金之事宜。本席不能接受這陳述。截至2009年12月31日的被告人年度審核財務報告、截至2010 年12 月31 日的被告人年度審核財務報告及2011 年1 月1 日至5 日31 日的被告人綜合審核財務報告分別在2010 年11 月23 日、2012 年3 日12 日及2012 年6 日8 日完成。正如被告人指稱,申索人應該在2010 年6 月1 日後才有權取得第一年的「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」(獎金),而有關2010年1月1日至5月31日期間的審核財務報告只在2012年6月8日才完成。本席認為在審裁處案件LBTC2553/2011展開後才由被告人提呈2010 年及2011 年的審核財務報告,根本無助申索人當時了解被告人的立場。再者,被告人不能採納約後的行為,尤其是自身的利己聲明或行為,以證明其就僱傭合約的詮釋。

71.丘大律師亦陳述指稱,在整個審訊過程中都沒有證據支持審裁官的結論,即被告人將申索人的工作岡位變動之後,仍沒有將該些更改向申索人列明。[30]相反地,被告人的證人數次提及雙方在申索人工作滿一年時口頭同意沒有任何「薪酬增加」及/或獎金,而被告人的證人口供詞也有提到這一點,[31]申索人未達成先決條件,其工作表現不好及嚴重失職,從這刻開始已不能獲得任何「薪酬增加」及/或獎金,雙方文件往來及行為亦反映雙方充分知道「薪酬增加」及/或獎金之安排已取消及失效,所以在申索人替被告人工作兩年的時間裏,只能按基本薪酬計算支薪。

72.本席不能接受上述的論據。正如裁決理由書第30 段所述,申索人作供「承認他在2010 年1 月期間不能再到國內工作,但他並不同意自己被調職後已經喪失獲得薪酬增加及獎金的權利,亦否認被告人曾經向他提及或和他協商他的薪酬待遇有所更改」。審裁官在裁決理由書第102 段作出事實裁斷如下:

「本席並不接納被告人把申索人的工作崗位變動時已經將少付工資或其他工資部份刪除並且向申索人說明,亦不接納鍾先生或蔡先生聲稱已經全部清楚口頭告訴申索人,更不接納雙方往來的電郵上清楚顯示申索人知悉他在調職後的薪酬增加及其他工資部份已經被取消。」

審裁官接納申索人而不接納非被告人的證人證言是事實方面的裁斷,被告人不能據此提出上訴,意圖推翻審裁官的事實裁斷。本席駁回上訴理由2。

V.  上訴理由3

73.關於少付工資的申索,申索人認為他的薪酬是以人民幣計算,既然被告人沒有履行勞動合約,所以為公平起見,匯率應以提出申索時的匯率計算。審裁官接納雙方已經協定人民幣匯率為人民幣88.00元兌港幣100.0元,但認為既然被告人沒有履行勞動合約支付修訂的申索項目第1 (A)項,因此申索人提出匯率應以提出申索當天的匯率計算是正確的。

74.丘大律師陳述指稱,根據勞動合約附件(一),薪酬計算應採用0.88的匯率計算作準。

75.其實這方面的爭辯只關涉修訂申索項目1 (A)少付工資(即附件(一)的「薪酬增加」),因為雙方就修訂申索項目1 (C)獎金(即附件(一)的「其他工資」)以港幣列出的申索金額沒有異議。

76.附件(一)的「基本薪酬」以人民幣計算年薪、月薪及年終獎金,並述明以0.88的匯率計算年薪和月薪的港幣數額。但是附件(一)第3a)條的「薪酬增加」只以人民幣列出數額,沒有提及兌換或計算港幣數額,顯然附件(一)合約意味「薪酬增加」是以人民幣支付。修訂申索項目1(A)少付工資(即附件(一)的「薪酬增加」)亦以人民幣計算為主,並以2011 年8 月17 日的滙率兌換為港幣。在這情況下,雖然審裁官接納雙方已經協定人民幣匯率為人民幣88.00元兌換港幣100.00 元,但這是指「基本薪酬」而按合約行事的同意兌換滙率。本席看不到任何合理理由,在被告人違反僱傭合約不付應付的修訂申索項目第1 (A) 少付工資(即附件(一)的「薪酬增加」)的情況下,申索人不但需要承擔少付工資的困難,更需接受因被告違約而引致的匯率變動風險。因此,本席駁回上訴理由3。

VI.  其他

77.丘大律師陳述指稱,假使法庭駁回被告人的上訴,法庭亦應判處被告人只需要支付2009 年5 月18 日至2009 年12 月31 日的少付工資(即「薪酬增加」),[32]而賠償數額應為港幣163,168.00 元(未包括利息或上訴訟費)。

78.本席未能理解被告人為何在駁回上訴(包括上訴理由1、2及3)的情況下仍不需支付2010 年及2011 年的少付工資(或「薪酬增加」)及2011 年的獎金(或「其他工資」)。其實,審裁官在裁決理由書第103-104 段指出,假若被告人的論據被接納,被告人仍需支付2009 年5 月18 日至12 月底的少付工資,因為被告人在更改申索人的工作岡位及取消他的「薪酬增加」及「其他工資」前仍須支付相關時段的少付工資。因此,這論據只適用於被告人上訴得直而非駁回的情況。

VII. 總結

79.本席現撤銷被告人的上訴。本席亦作出暫准訟費命令,被告人須向申索人支付是次上訴的訟費 (包括所有保留待决的訟費)。若雙方未能就該訟費款額達成協議,則交由訟費評定官評定。

  (吳美玲)
  高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官

申索人(答辯人):無律師代表,親自出庭應訊

被告人(上訴人):龍生律師事務所轉聘丘子敏大律師代表


附表A: 附件()

勞動合同書

1)   貨幣單位:Rmb(人民幣)

2)   計算基準:數目以合拼帳計算

3)   薪酬計算:

基本薪酬:

基本薪酬為每年

¥390,000

           

即每月

¥30,000

100

¥88.00

¥1.136

34,090.90909港幣

另加年終獎金

¥30,000
========

       

choy090401:這是一個 antech月支出總數(包括強積金*指包含公司支付僱員的部份,沒有其他另外津貼)

基本薪酬計算方法:

計算如下:

每年營業額一千三百萬或以下,薪酬基數:

¥13,000,000

           

薪酬基數的3%,即

¥390,000
=========

100

¥88.00

¥1.136

443,181.8182港幣

choy090401:同上意思,這營業額下,這是一個 antech 年支出總數

a)   薪酬增加

每年營業額大於Rmb13,000,000,則按剩餘額乘上固定百份比計算。

4)    其他工資:每年營業額大於Rmb13,000,000之計算方法如下:

按每年合拼帳除稅後盈利計算

即合拼帳除稅後盈利X固定百份比計算。

註: 1,500-2,000萬以上,要視業務成因作調整。

註: 上列所指 “利潤”是一個分配方式的方向及概念,

因同時會連帶極多矛盾而灰色關係,尤其連帶前舊帳目–香港單向全面投資,沒回報的因素,這需在過程中,按實際不同因素,通過認同調整各合理環節,而把帳目納回正軌。

其最終精神,仍是以 一 公司發展為首要前題,反映各切實運作環節而出來的帳目的利潤。



[1] 見勞動合約第二條

[2] 見附件(一)第第3a)及第4)項

[3] HCLA 3/2010 (無彙本的案例,日期為2011 年6 月28 日)一案第16段

[4]  [1998] 1 WLR 879, 912-913

[5]  [1999] 4 HKC 707, 726-727

[6] HCA 13/2000,高等法院原訟法庭暫委法官杜溎峰(當時官階)(無彙報的案例,日期為2001 年8 月27 日)

[7]  [2002] 1 AC 251

[8] (2011) 14 HKCFAR 837

[9] 又見Sinoearn International Ltd v Hyundai-CCECC Joint Venture (a firm) [2012] 1 HKLRD 823, 837

[10] [2009] 4 All ER 677

[11] [1971] 1 WLR 1381

[12] 又見上述第30段所提及Lord Hoffmann法官在Jumbo King Ltd一案的意見

[13]James Miller & Partners Ltd v Whitworth Estates (Manchester) Ltd [1970] AC 583和 Schuler v Wickman Machine Tool Sales Ltd [1974] AC 235,又見下述第41段

[14] 見上述第29及31段及下述第42段

[15] HCA13520/1995 (無彙報的案例,日期為1998 年4 月21 日)

[16] HCMP382/2011(無彙報的案例,日期為2012 年7 月31 日)第32段

[17] 丘大律師的書面陳詞大綱引述上訴文件冊第114 及116頁(即審裁處案件LBTC2553/2011被告人所呈證物D3(a)及D17)

[18] CACV 63/2001 & CACV 254/2011 (無彙報的案例,日期為2012 年7 月17 日)

[19] 丘大律師的書面陳詞大綱引述上訴文件冊第116 及121頁(即審裁處案件LBTC2553/2011被告人所呈證物D17及D26)

[20] 裁決理由書第50-51段(見上訴文件冊第16.14頁)

[21] 見上述第32段

[22] 見上述第33段

[23] Kwan Ka Man Blanche v Esprit Retail (Hong Kong) Limited HCLA160/2003,高等法院原訟法庭法官林文瀚(當時官階)(無彙報的案例,日期為2004年7月15日)第23段

[24] HCLA160/2003,高等法院原訟法庭法官林文瀚 (當時官階) (無彙報的案例,日期為2004 年7 月15 日)第26 段

[25] [1998] IRLR 193, 197

[26] Tolley’s Employment Law第2冊第V10-6頁第[V1005]段

[27] [2010] IRLR 370

[28] 判詞第12段

[29] 審裁處LBTM2553/2011一案被告人所呈證物D25(2)、D48和D50

[30] 審裁官於2012年6月29日作出簡單裁決理由的錄音謄本裏第三頁第3-4行:「被告公司將申索人的工作崗位變動之後,仍然都冇將[這些的]更改係向申索人列明。」(見上訴文件冊第104頁)

[31]  丘大律師的書面陳詞大綱引述上訴文件冊第114 及116頁(即審裁處案件LBTM 2553/2011被告人所呈證物D3(a)及D17)及裁決理由書第77-78段(見上訴文件冊第16.21頁)

[32] 裁決理由書第103-104段(見上訴文件冊第16.28頁)和上訴文件冊第16.30-16.31頁

有關向上訴法庭提出的相關上訴,請參閲HCMP2717/2013。

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