香港特別行政區 訴 安傑威

Read the full judgment text of CACC 374A/2017 on BabelCite. This Court of Appeal judgment was delivered on 12 October 2018 before Yeung JVP, Poon JA, Pang JA.

Criminal law – forfeiture order under s.56 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance – drug trafficking – cash found on defendant – application of s.56(1)(a) – money used in connection with the offence – forfeiture proceedings are civil in nature – burden of proof on balance of probabilities – prima facie case – burden shifts to property owner – procedural fairness – right to property under Basic Law and Bill of Rights – background facts: appellant arrested in early hours with 25.6g of ketamine, 7 mobile phones, and HK$44,352.90 in cash – pleaded guilty to trafficking in dangerous drug and sentenced to 38 months – issue considered: whether forfeiture of cash was properly made under s.56 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance – held: appeal dismissed – despite procedural deficiencies by prosecution and trial judge in not identifying statutory basis or evidence, the agreed facts established a prima facie case that the cash was connected to drug trafficking – appellant failed to discharge burden of showing why discretion should not be exercised against him – new evidence sought to be admitted on appeal refused – forfeiture order upheld – court expressed hope that future forfeiture applications would be conducted with greater rigour by both prosecution and defence and trial judges.

Legal issues: Whether the forfeiture order for HK$44,352.90 cash found on the appellant was properly made under s.56 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance

Outcome: Appeal against the forfeiture order dismissed; forfeiture order for HK$44,352.90 in cash upheld.

Cited by 1 case · Cites 4 cases

Case No.CACC 374A/2017[2018] HKCA 651
Court
Court of Appeal
Date12 Oct 2018
JudgeYeung JVP, Poon JA, Pang JA
Case Document
100%Judiciary

CACC 374/2017

[2018] HKCA 651

香港特別行政區

高等法院上訴法庭

刑事司法管轄權

充公令上訴申請

刑事上訴案件2017年第374號

(原區域法院刑事案件2017年第457號)

__________________

答辯人 香港特別行政區
   
上訴人 安傑威(ON KIT WAI)

__________________

主審法官: 高等法院上訴法庭副庭長楊振權
高等法院上訴法庭法官潘兆初
高等法院上訴法庭法官彭偉昌
聆訊日期: 2018年9月20日
判案書日期: 2018年10月12日

判案書


高等法院上訴法庭副庭長楊振權頒發上訴法庭判案書:

背景事實

1.2017年3月2日凌晨時分,警員在葵涌石排街截查上訴人(安傑威),並在他身上的斜孭袋內搜出51.3克粉狀物,內含25.6克氯胺酮及多個可再封膠袋。警員同時在上訴人身上檢獲7部手提電話及現金44,352.90港元。涉案的氯胺酮零售巿價約為13,543港元。

2.上訴人向警員聲稱身上的4萬多元現金是在葵涌“串嘴燒”燒烤店工作賺取得來的。

3.就上述事件,上訴人被控一項“販運毒品”罪。2017年11月7日,上訴人在區域法院暫委法官練錦鴻(原審法官)席前承認控罪,並被判處入獄38個月。

4.同日,原審法官按控方的申請,處理涉案的證物,控方將一份列有共30多項證物的處理證物申請書呈上法庭,而申請書上亦列出控方提出的處理證物方法。控方要求部分文件證據交回警方處理,涉案的7部手提電話歸還給上訴人,其餘證物,包括有關毒品及包裝物件、斜孭袋及4萬多元現金則要充公。

5.對控方打算將7部手提電話歸還給上訴人的立場,原審法官表示不理解。當時原審法官表示:

“嗰個手機畀番哂佢,七部,我睇唔出…一個正常人會用七部手機,除咗係與販運有關嘅行動...。”

6.結果控方回應原審法官的關注,並申請修改處理證物方式,要求法庭同時充公涉案的7部手提電話。但控方沒有說明申請充公4萬多元現金的法理或事實基礎。 

7.當時,代表上訴人的律師沒有提出任何異議,但只要求法庭將斜孭袋歸還給上訴人,原因是該斜孭袋是上訴人的朋友送給他,故具“感情價值”。控方則堅持斜孭袋須充公,因為它是用作裝載有關毒品。

8.最終原審法官下令所有證物,包括斜孭袋、7部手提電話和4萬多港元現金都全部充公(“充公令”)。原審法官沒有表明作出充公令的基礎,亦沒有解釋作出充公令的理由。

9.上訴人不服原審法官作出的充公令,並提出上訴許可申請,要求上訴法庭推翻原審法官作出的充公令。申請人希望取回4萬多元現金、斜孭袋和7部手提電話。

10.2018年4月13日,上訴法庭單一法官批准上訴人就充公44,352.90元的命令上訴,但不批准上訴人就充公斜孭袋和7部手提電話的命令上訴。上訴人沒有重新提出申請,要求上訴法庭再考慮充公斜孭袋和7部手提電話的命令。

11.因此,本庭只需考慮原審法官充公上訴人被拘捕時身上管有的44,352.90元的命令是否恰當。

上訴理由

12.原審時,上訴人透過其代表大律師向法庭表示案發時,他有兩份工作,每月可賺取約2萬元。上訴人現時的立場是他被拘捕時身上搜出的4萬多元現金是他的公司給他用作採購貨物之用。上訴人向法庭陳述時,更呈上新文件,顯示他在案發時有向財務公司借貸,及他任職汽車銷售員,月薪為12,000元。他要求法庭採納該些新文件為證。上訴人強調上述4萬多元現金和他販毒罪行無關,而控方亦沒有證據顯示該筆款項是販毒得益,因此,法庭下令充公該筆4 萬多元現金的命令是沒有法理基礎支持,亦是不合理的。

控方的立場

13.高級檢控官柏愛莉指出原審時,控方已表明會申請充公涉案的現金,而上訴人的代表大律師沒有提出反對,而只是就充公7部手提電話和斜孭袋的申請作出簡短陳詞。

14.柏高級檢控官強調根據香港法例第134章《危險藥物條例》第56條,法庭有權充公和販毒罪行有關的金錢和物品。  

15.柏高級檢控官認為在販毒案件,只要毒販身上搜獲現金,即使沒有證據指明毒販擁有該些現金的具體情況,亦不管現金是否販毒得益,法庭亦可以根據《危險藥物條例》第56條發出充公令。柏高級檢控官強調,充公程序屬民事法律程序,故民事訴訟程序的舉證責任及標準適用。柏高級檢控官認為以上訴人被拘捕時的情況及其背景,唯一合理的推論是上訴人身上被檢獲的4萬多元現金與販運毒品有關,故原審法官作出充公該筆現金的命令是正確的。

16.柏高級檢控官援引Wong Hon Sun(王漢新)v HKSAR (2009) 12 HKCFAR 877、HKSAR v Shoki Fatuma Ramadhani [2015] 2 HKLRD 696和HKSAR v Ngoma Juma Shanbani [2015] 5 HKLRD 57等案支持她的立場。

討論

17.本庭認為控方應表明申請充公該筆現金的命令的基礎及理據,而原審法官亦應適當處理該些基礎及理據。但本庭同意,即使原審法官沒有表明,他必然是根據《危險藥物條例》第56條作出充公有關現金的命令。該條例詳列如下:

“(1) 不論是否有人已被定罪,法庭均可命令由政府沒收 —

(a)  曾被用以犯本條例所訂罪行…,或在與該等罪行有關的情況下使用的任何金錢或物品…。”

18.根據上述條例的用詞,法庭可命令充公的金錢必須是(一)曾被用以犯有關罪行;或(二)與該等罪行有關的情況下使用過。

19.涉案的4萬多元現金是上訴人被拘捕時從他身上被搜出,沒有直接證據顯示該4萬多元現金曾被用以干犯有關罪行,亦沒有直接證據顯示該筆款項曾在上訴人“販毒”有關的情況下使用過。

20.Ngoma Juma Shanbani案的被告人以體內藏毒方式販運毒品入境香港後再前往廣州交貨。該名被告人承認他身上的4,500美元是用作支付他前往廣州的交通及酒店費用。上訴法庭認為被告人管有的4,500美元,目的之一是便利他販毒的旅程,包括說服香港入境事務處官員他有經濟能力以訪客身份入境香港。上訴法庭認為證據足以證明被告人身上數目不少的4,500美元是和他的販毒行為有關。上訴法庭特別強調被告人的招認顯示涉案的美元最少一部分是為了支付他前往香港、深圳及廣州的旅費及酒店費用,而該旅程是和他販毒有關。因此,涉案的4,500美元受制於《危險藥物條例》第56條,可以被充公。  

21.在上述案件,上訴法庭法官麥偉德指出,在行使《危險藥物條例》第56條的權力而作出充公令時,法庭必須表明充公令是根據第56條的那一項基礎作出及知會受制一方判令的基礎。主審法官亦必須信納有關金錢曾被作犯罪用或收取/管有該些金錢是該罪行的後果或產品,才能有效地充公有關金錢。

22.Shoki Fatuma Ramadhani案的被告人亦是以體內藏毒方式販運價值60多萬港元的海洛英入境香港,目的是取得4,000美元的報酬。被捕時,被告人身上有2,600美元。被告人聲稱該2,600美元和她販毒罪行無關,而該些金錢是她在外地取得的貸款用作在香港或廣州做服裝生意。主審法官拒絕接納被告人的說話。上訴法庭認為被告人承認販毒是為了取得4,000美元報酬,而考慮被告人長途跋涉以體內藏毒方式販運毒品,而被捕時她身上有大量美元,而美元亦是她會取得的報酬。上訴法庭裁定上述證據足以構成表面證據顯示涉案的2,600美元和被告人的販毒行為有關。被告人指該2,600美元和她的販毒行為無關,亦沒有作供支持該說法。在上述情況下,上訴法庭以大多數裁定主審法官根據《危險藥物條例》充公該2,600美元的決定正確。

23.麥偉德法官在判案書的第711頁至713頁有就該案的充公申請程序有以下詳論:

“52. Once it is recognized that a forfeiture application is a judicial proceeding separate from the sentencing of the defendant then, as with any judicial proceeding, any person, defendant or otherwise, affected by it is entitled to have his or her legal right to his or her property properly determined in accordance with law. In Wong Hon Sun v HKSAR (2009) 12 HKCFAR 877, Bokhary PJ in delivering a separate concurring judgment emphasized the importance of forfeiture proceedings, saying of them at page 885E:

‘They affect the property rights of owners. Indeed they may bring such rights to an end. So it is important to bear in mind that such rights are constitutionally safeguarded under the Basic Law.’

What this constitutional safeguard meant he explained at page 890A-B:

“By virtue of art.10 of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights entrenched by art.39 of the Basic Law, the right to a ‘fair’ hearing before an ‘impartial’ tribunal is not confined to the determination of criminal charges. It extends to the determination of ‘rights and obligations in a suit at law’ and therefore covers forfeiture proceedings.”

53. That being the applicant’s constitutional right the question for me is did the applicant in the adjudication of this right receive a fair hearing. The starting point to answering this question is to understand the nature of the proceeding before the court. This was explained by the Court of Final Appeal in the Wong Hon Sun case. I would summarize the position as follows:

(i) applications for forfeiture are civil in nature;

(ii) the applicant making the forfeiture application bears the burden of establishing that the seized article is liable to forfeiture;

(iii) this burden of proof is discharged to the civil standard of the balance of probabilities;

(iv) once this has been done then there is a prima facie case for an order of forfeiture in respect of the seized article; and

(v) once the property is prima facie liable to forfeiture the burden passes to the property owner to make out a case as to why the judicial discretion should not be exercised adversely to him ie why the court should not accede to the application and order the property to be forfeited.

54. In the context of an application where a party is making an application adverse to the legal right of another party it is surely incumbent on the applying party to identify on what legal basis he makes that application and on what evidence he relies, if evidence is necessary, in order to satisfy the court that the order he seeks should be made. If evidence is necessary then it will be the evidence of what a witness actually says and not of what the witness would say, unless of course the witness’ evidence is not in dispute and can be placed before the court by means of an agreed witness statement or an admitted set of facts.

55. Thus, in an application for forfeiture the first question a court must ask is pursuant to what statutory provision is the application being made? It is the statutory provision which invests the court with the power to accede to the application; which sets out the parameters of the court’s power and which identifies the matters of which the court must be satisfied before exercising the power adversely to anyone. This was not done in the present case but it is the respondent’s position that the relevant power is s.56(1) of the Dangerous Drugs Ordinance.

56. The second question the court must ask is on what evidence is the applicant relying in order to satisfy the court that the particular statutory preconditions to the exercise of the power have been met? The application is adjudicated by the court upon the evidence adduced before it. As the burden of proof is on the person seeking forfeiture, the prosecutor, as applicant, must be familiar with the statutory provision on which the application is based and the legal principles underlying such applications so that he is in a position to assess what evidence he needs to place before the court in order to persuade the court that the statutory preconditions are satisfied and that there is sufficient, credible evidence to enable the court to conclude that, prima facie, the property is liable to forfeiture. In cases where forfeiture is being sought against a defendant in criminal proceedings, the primary evidence will be the set of facts presented to the court by the prosecutor as the basis for the sentencing of the defendant. The prosecutor should ensure that this document contains as much information on the property the subject of the forfeiture application as can be agreed between the parties.

57. Because these two questions were never addressed in the present case the application proceeded in a confused manner. It first arose in the course of Mr Dunn’s mitigation speech after which the prosecutor replied, then Mr Dunn had the last word and the judge ruled. In these circumstances it is hardly surprising that the lines between a mitigation speech and a forfeiture hearing became blurred and the two, in effect, melded into one. No one, the prosecutor, defence counsel or judge seemed to be aware that this was happening and so no consideration was given to what I have described in paragraph 53 of this judgment as the key elements of the application.

58. As a consequence, the application proceeded without anyone addressing issues of pursuant to what power the court was being invited to act, on what evidence the prosecutor was relying and to which the applicant would have to respond, and without the respondent being aware that the judge was satisfied that the US$2,600 was, prima facie, liable to forfeiture and that the burden had passed to her “to make out a case for an exercise of the discretion to order delivery of the article to him” for “a party who seeks to have a judicial discretion exercised in his favour bears the burden of establishing his case”.13 In the end the judge did not hear from the applicant yet, for the purpose of determining the application adversely to her, relied on factual matters about her, not in evidence, but which were advanced on her behalf from the Bar table by her counsel in the course of his mitigation speech.

59. In my view what took place here was not a fair hearing of the application.”

“52. 當確認充公令申請是有別於判罰被告人的司法程序時,任何受充公令影響的人,不論是否是被告人,亦無異於任何司法程序,都有權要求其受影響的財產權利要根據法律恰當地裁決。在Wong Hon Sun案,包致金常任法官在頒下獨立但一致的判案書時強調“充公”程序的重要性,並在判案書第885頁E行有以下表述:

‘它們會影響物主的財產權益。事實上,它們可能將該權益滅掉。因此,必須謹記該些財產權益獲《基本法》的憲法捍衛。’

他在判案書第890頁A-B行,解釋憲法捍衛的意義:

‘根據《香港人權法案條例》第10條,而該條款亦獲《基本法》第39條牢固確立,取得無私的法庭“公正”審訊的權利並非局限在刑事控罪的裁決。該權利亦延展至和權利及義務有關的法律訴訟,故包括 “充公”程序。’

53.根據申請人的憲法捍衛權,本席要處理的問題是申請人在裁決其權利時取得的審訊是否公正。要回答這問題的起步點是理解法庭程序的性質。終審法院在Wong Hon Sun案有作出過解釋。本席將有關看法簡述如下:  

(i)   充公令的申請是民事性質;

(ii)   充公令的申請者有責任確立被扣押的物品可被充公;

(iii)   履行該舉證責任的標準是民事案的舉證標準,即相對可能性較高的舉證標準;

(iv)   如以該標準而履行了舉證責任後,充公被扣押物品令會表面成立;

(v)   如充公物品可被充公表面成立,責任會轉到物主去證明為何不應該行使司法酌情權作出對他不利的裁決,即為何不應按申請來下令充公有關物品。

54. 當作出不利另一方的法定權益的申請時,申請一方當然有責任去確認其申請的法律基礎及其依賴的證據(如證據是需要的),令法庭信納應發出他要求的命令。如申請一方需要提出證據,證據應該是證人作出過的證言,而非證人會作出的證言,除非雙方對證人的證言並無爭議,故能以同意證人證供或同意案情向法庭展示。

55. 因此,在申請充公程序,法庭首要關注的問題是申請是按甚麼法律條款作出?即授與法庭權力批准申請的法律條款。該些條款要列明法庭權力的範圍而法庭行使對任何人不利的權力時,亦必須確信該些條款列出的事項已確立。答辯人的立場是有關權力來源是《危險藥物條例》第56(1)條,但在本申請,該立場未獲確立。

56. 法庭要問的第二個問題是申請人是依賴甚麼證據來說服法庭行使權力的先決法例條件是甚麼。法庭必須根據在其面前展示的證據就申請作出裁決。由於舉證責任在申請充公令的一方,控方,作為申請人,必知熟識申請所依據的法律條款及其隱含的原則,令他能評核需要向法庭提交那一些證據來說服法庭法例定下的先決條件已確立。控方亦要提出足夠及可信的證據令法庭能得出一個結論,即表面而言,有關物品可被充公。在刑事案件程序,要作出針對被告人的充公令,表面證據是控方呈交法庭的案情摘要,以支持判罰被告人的基礎。控方應確保該案情摘要已全面蓋括雙方同意和支持充公申請有關的物品的資料。

57. 但在本案,上述兩個問題完全沒有觸及,而申請更是以混亂方式進行。它先在Dunn先生的求情陳詞時出現,其後控方回應。Dunn先生作出最後陳述後,法官隨即作出裁決。在該情況下求情陳述和充公申請的界線變得模糊不清絕不為奇,而事實兩者合而為一。主控官、辯方律師或法官都好像不認知該情況,故在本判案書第53段所述及的申請要素未獲考慮。

58. 結果,申請進行時,沒有人關注法庭是根據甚麼權力去考慮有關申請;控方依賴及答辯人需要回應的證據是甚麼,而答辯人亦不知悉法庭認為涉案的2,600美元表面上可被充公後,她有責任去確立法庭應行使酌情權將物品歸還給她。原因是‘要求’法庭行使對他有利的酌情權的一方有責任去確立他的論據。最終,法官沒有聆聽申請人的說法,但在作出對她不利的裁決時,卻依賴和她有關的事情。但該些事情並非是證據,亦只是代表她的大律師在替她作出求情陳述時觸及的。

59. 本席認為本案涉及的申請聆訊,並非是公正審訊。”(非官方翻譯)

24.本庭應先指出,麥偉德法官的判詞雖是少數裁決(minority judgment),但他所論及的充公程序是正確的,而上訴法庭副庭長倫明高和上訴法庭法官麥機智(當時官階)亦沒有表示不贊同。

25.在本案,原審法官並沒有採取麥偉德法官所描述的嚴緊程序,而他的處理手法也頗為粗疏。原審法官在裁定上訴人罪名成立後,控方只是向法庭要求申請充公證物,並向法庭呈上一張要求充公的證物清單。清單內顯示有關證物要全部充公,而涉案的7部手提電話則要歸還給上訴人。當原審法官對歸還7部手提電話給上訴人的申請表示懷疑時,控方才改口修改申請,要求法庭同時充公7部手提電話。

26.原審時,代表上訴人的大律師回應時要求法庭歸還斜孭袋給上訴人,並就7部手提電話的來源作出一些言不由衷的陳述。

27.控方除了在充公證物清單內表示要求充公在上訴人身上搜出的4萬多元現金外,完全沒有提及充公申請的基礎是甚麼,亦沒有提及支持該申請的證據。

28.原審法官除按充公證物清單作出充公令外,完全沒有提及充公令是根據甚麼條例作出,亦沒有提及支持充公令的證據是甚麼,更沒有列出他作出充公令的理由。

29.在整個充公申請過程,沒有人提及過舉證責任、舉證標準等議題;沒有人提及那些證據能構成表面證供,足以令涉案的4萬多元現金被充公;亦沒有人提示上訴人如他要求取回該4萬多元現金,他有責任去提出足夠證據以說服法庭應行使酌情權作出對他有利的裁決,即下令將4萬多元現金歸還給他。

30.如上文所述,柏高級檢控官強調原審法官作出的充公頒令必然是按《危險藥物條例》第56條作出。即使柏高級檢控官的陳述正確,控方仍必須提出足夠的表面證據顯示該4萬多元現金曾被用以犯有關罪行或在與該等罪行有關的情況下使用過,才有基礎要求法庭充公從上訴人身上檢獲的4萬多元現金。法庭亦要考慮控方是否有足夠表面證據證明《危險藥物條例》第56條適用。

31.在本案,根據雙方同意支持控罪的案情摘要,警方是在2017年3月2日凌晨1時45分拘捕上訴人。當時上訴人口帶面罩,身上孭着斜孭袋,以急速步伐行走更不時四處張望,形跡可疑。除了在上訴人孭着的斜孭袋內搜出涉案的毒品外,亦在他身上搜獲7部手提電話及港幣4萬多元現金。上訴人有向警員聲稱該筆現金是他工作賺取的。  

32.不管上訴人的說法是否合信或真確,控方要申請充公上訴人身上搜獲的現金,理應向法庭表明申請的法理及證據基礎。如上訴人反對控方的充公申請,其代表大律師亦須要列出其反對理由,包括涉案款項全部或部分並沒有用以犯有關罪行或與該等罪行有關的情況下使用過。假若控方不接納該立場,上訴人應列出相關證據以支持其立場。  

33.不幸地,原審時,控辯雙方都以極為草率的方式處理事件。本庭須重申“充公”程序涉及個人財產權益,必須慎重處理,否則會造成不公。

34.雖然原審的充公程序有極其不足的地方,但這並不表示原審法官的決定有錯。

35.原審的證據充分顯示,上訴人從事“販毒”活動,目的必然是為了取得經濟得益,他在午夜時份,在街上出現,形跡可疑。他的身上藏有價值萬多元的氯胺酮,亦同時管有7部手提電話及現金4萬多元。雖然原審法官沒有明言,但他必然是不接納上訴人就該4萬多元現金的來源的解釋,並信納案件的同意案情足以構成表面證據顯示該4萬多元現金是和上訴人的“販毒”罪行有關,故可以根據《危險藥物條例》被充公。上訴人有權反對控方的申請及列出其反對理由及證據。而有需要時,法庭會聽取上訴人的證據,以決定在相對可能性較高的舉證標準下,決定應否充公涉案的4萬多元現金。

36.但在本案,上訴人不只沒有履行其舉證責任去說服法庭不應該行使司法酌情權,及不作出對他不利的充公令,上訴人更是沒有反對控方的申請充公該4萬多元現金。

37.在上述特殊的情況下,上訴人沒有足夠的法律基礎要求上訴法庭推翻原審法官作出充公有關4萬多元現金的命令。上訴人要求法庭採納的新證據,亦不會影響本庭會作出的裁決。因此,本庭亦不接納該些新證據。

38.本庭駁回上訴人的上訴,維持原判充公涉案4萬多元現金的命令。

39.本庭冀望在處理同類的充公財物申請時,控辯雙方和主審法官都會採納較嚴謹的方式,避免上述不足的情況再次出現。

( 楊振權 ) ( 潘兆初 ) ( 彭偉昌 )
高等法院上訴法庭副庭長 高等法院上訴法庭法官 高等法院上訴法庭法官

答辯人:由律政司高級檢控官柏愛莉代表。

上訴人:沒有律師代表,親自應訊。

Cited by 1 case

Other judgments that cite this case