|
HCLA 7/2008
香港特別行政區
高等法院原訟法庭
民事司法管轄權
高院勞資審裁處上訴2008年第7號
(原勞資申索書編號2007年第3352 及 3888號)
----------------------
| 申索人 |
洪炳新 |
|
| |
對 |
|
| 第一被告人 |
王蔭富 |
|
| 第二被告人 |
王蔭富經營和記 |
|
----------------------
主審法官:高等法院原訟法庭法官鍾安德內庭聆訊
審訊日期:2008年4月22日
判決書期:2008年5月21日
----------------------
判決書
----------------------
1.申請人憑藉香港法例第25章《勞資審裁處條例》第32(1)(a)條提出本申請。該條例的相關部分規定:
“如任何一方不滿審裁處的裁斷、命令或裁定,而理由是該裁斷、命令或裁定…在法律論點上有錯…則可…向原訟法庭申請上訴許可,而原訟法庭可予批准。”
2.申請人乃勞資審裁處(“審裁處”)2007年第3352號及3888號申索中的申索人。他不滿審裁處在2008年2月15日作出的裁斷,提出本申請,要求批予許可以提出上訴。
3.審裁處的裁斷,判定申請人提出的申索敗訴,並撤銷了該申索。
4.申請人在審裁處指第二被告人(“D2”)是其前僱主。他申索的項目包括解僱代通知金,欠薪,有薪年假薪金等。
5.簡略而言,審裁處裁定申請人敗訴的基礎是,申請人與第二被告人之間,並無僱傭關係。
6.申請人在長達11頁的申請理由指,審裁處錯誤地裁斷他和D2之間,屬合夥經營性質。他在申請書中提出的支持論據包括:
(a) 即使他因交通意外而休假期間,D2仍然支付15,000元月薪給他。審裁處並沒有就此點作出裁斷;
(b) 雖然審裁處在作出該裁決時,正確地引用原訟法庭在謝林對陳德偉(經營偉仕工程公司)HCLA 150/1995 (1997年3月5日)判決中列載,用以裁斷僱傭關係有無的十一項因素,但審裁處錯誤地沒有對申請人的部分證供給予足夠的考慮;
(c) 他除因交通意外以致車輛需維修而停工,每晚8時半後都替D2運貨;
(d) 審裁處從申請人的出入境記錄中,發現他於部分日期,是在午夜12時才運貨過關,及以此作為拒絕信納D2對申請人的工作具控制權的論據。但審裁處沒有調查及聽取他就此點所作的證供;
(e) 審裁處錯誤地沒有考慮,縱使申請人有替其他菜商運貨,他亦需得到D2的指示及授權才可這樣做。此外,運貨的開支,風險及利潤亦是屬D2。
(f) 審裁處錯誤地考慮,D2的業務袛是經營運輸行業,沒有考慮D2仍可聘用僱員運貨的可能性;
(g) 在香港終審法院判決Poon Chau Nam v Yim Siu Cheung trading as Yat Cheung Air Conditioning & Electric Co. (FACV 14/2006)中引用的五項因素中,審裁處衹考慮了三項。
7.審裁處在2008年4月10日宣佈的“裁決理由”,列載了:
(1) 事實背景;
(2) 爭議事項;
(3) 申索人案情撮要;
(4) D2案情撮要;
(5) 證供分析;
(6) 法理分析
等標題。而有關申請人與D2之間,究竟屬僱傭抑或合夥關係,審裁處在“證供分析”標題下的部分段落及“法理分析”標題下的段落,作出論述及結論。
8.審裁處在裁斷申請人的部分證供不可信,及申請人並非僱員時,曾考慮的事項包括:
(a) 申請人說,他的收入先由他收取。在扣減了15,000元(替D2運貨的款項)及30%的拆帳費(替其他菜販運貨的部分款項),及再減去營運開支後,才將餘款交給D2;
(b) 申請人的妻子的銀行記錄顯示,在申請人聲稱D2沒有支薪的期間,申請人仍有存入款項;
(c) 申請人呈交的書面證據,都沒有提及他是獲D2授權後,才可外接貨運;
(d) 基於內地法規,衹有申請人才可駕駛D2名下的車輛;
(e) 申請人全權負責管理外接貨運(包括商討運費,收取費用,計算帳目,辦理車輛續保,“入線”申請,及車輛維修等)。D2與申請人每月“對數”;
(f) 在申請人因交通意外而停止替D2運貨期間,他仍每日出入大陸兩次或以上。因此,審裁處推論他仍有很多外接業務,及可從中獲取30%拆帳費;
(g) 申請人在提出申索前,從未向D2追討休息日,法定假日或有薪年假等的薪金。而與他聲稱他一向視D2為僱主不符。
9.審裁處在“裁決理由”曾考慮的案例是:
(1) Lee Ting Sang v Cheng Chi Keung [1992] 2 WLR 1173, 1176;
(2) 前述的Poon Chau Nam案。
10.審裁處對與訟雙方之間存在的關係,是否屬僱傭關係這一點所作的裁斷,在法理而言,性質屬審裁處對涉案事實的裁斷。
11.誠如在行使普通法的各地法院的上級法庭在多宗案例中所言,要成功地令上級法庭對原審法庭這種性質的裁斷作出干預,上訴人(或申請人)需顯示:
(1) 原審法庭在法律論點上,作出錯誤指示;或
(2) 原審法庭的裁斷,完全沒有相關的證據基礎支持;或
(3) 原審法庭的裁斷,完全違背已呈交的證據所顯示的結論。
12.英國上議院在Edwards v Bairston [1956] AC 14一案中說∶
“When the case comes before the court it is its duty to examine the determination having regard to its knowledge of the relevant law. If the case contains anything ex facie which is bad law and which bears upon the determination, it is, obviously, erroneous in point of law. But, without any such misconception appearing ex facie, it may be that the facts found are such that no person acting judicially and properly instructed as to the relevant law could have come to the determination under appeal. In those circumstances, too, the court must intervene. ….. there, too, there has been error in point of law. I do not think that it much matters whether this state of affairs is described as one in which there is no evidence to support the determination or as one in which the evidence is inconsistent with and contradictory of the determination, or as one in which the true and only reasonable conclusion contradicts the determination. Rightly understood, each phrase propounds the same test. For my part, I prefer the last of the three, …. .”(上文獲強調之處,由本席後加)〔第36頁〕。
13.英國上議院其後在Griffiths v J P Harrison (Waterford) Ltd. [1963] AC 1一案中亦說:
“Harrisons appealed to the High Court seeking to get the decision of the commissioners reversed. Now the powers of the High Court on an appeal are very limited. The judge cannot reverse the commissioners on their findings of fact. He can only reverse their decision if it is “erroneous in point of law.” Now here the primary facts were all found by the commissioners. They were stated in the case. They cannot be disputed. What is disputed is their conclusion from them. And it is now settled, as well as anything can be, that their conclusion cannot be challenged unless it was unreasonable, …. It is not sufficient that the judge would himself have come to a different conclusion. Reasonable people on the same facts may reasonably come to different conclusions, and often do. Juries do. So do judges. And are they not all reasonable men? But there comes a point when a judge can say that no reasonable man could reasonably come to that conclusion. Then, but not till then, he is entitled to interfere. ……... .” (上文獲強調之處,由本席後加)〔第19頁〕
14.換言之,要成功地作出這一類推翻原審裁斷的申請,申請人要顯示的是:
“…… when the question is asked whether the evidence upon which the commissioner could arrive at their findings, I take it that this means whether (to adapt the words … in Edwards v Bairston) the contrary conclusion is the true and only reasonable one.” (上文獲強調之處,由本席後加)〔英國上議院在Griffiths一案中第10至11頁的用詞〕。
15.審裁處在“裁決理由”中明確地曾考慮過前第6(a), 6(c), 6(f)及6(g) 段所述的事項(見前第8(a), 8(c), 8(d), 8(e), 8(f)及8(g)段),而審裁處基於曾考慮過的事項所作的結論,亦並非全不合理的結論。
16.至於前第6(b)段所述“沒有對申請人的部分證供給予足夠考慮”,申請人並沒有詳列,該段所指的究竟是他證供的哪一部分。此外,一般而言,給予證供的考慮充分與否,屬審裁處權衡證據比重多少的範疇,不屬法律論點。
17.審裁處對申請人的出入境記錄的處理,並不涉及前第6(d)段所述的情況(見前第8(f)段)。
18.雖然審裁處並未專題處理第6(e)段所述的事項,但該點應已經審裁處列入為考慮事項之一(見前第8(a)及8(e)段)。
19.英國上議院曾分別在Biogen Inc. v Medeva plc. [1997] RPC 1 及Piglowska v Piglowski [1999] 1 WLR 1360 兩案的判決書中重覆:
“The need for appellate caution in reversing the trial judge’s evaluation of the facts is based upon much more solid grounds than professional courtesy. It is because specific findings of fact, even by the most meticulous judge, are inherently an incomplete statement of the impressions which was made upon him by the primary evidence. His expressed findings are always surrounded by a penumbra of imprecision as to emphasis, relative weight, minor qualification and nuance … of which time and language do not permit exact expression, but which may play an important part in the judge’s overall evaluation”。
20.申請人在聆訊後,寄交了兩封日期分別為2008年4月18日及2008年5月9日的函件,其中指出審裁處在審訊時宣讀的裁決理由,與其後宣布的書面“裁決理由”,內容:
“有數個不相同之處”。
21.根據錄音謄本所載,審裁處宣讀的裁決,用詞確與書面“裁決理由”有不同的地方。但單是用詞不同,不足以顯示審裁處在法律論點有錯。
22.無論在審訊時宣讀的裁決,或在其後的書面“裁決理由”,審裁處都已處理/考慮過與訟雙方提出的各自論據(詳見前7至9段)。
23.基於以上各點,本席認定,審裁處並未在法律論點有錯。故此,本席拒絕批予許可。
申索人(申請人):自行應訊
|