香港特別行政區 訴 周柏均及另一人

Read the full judgment text of DCCC 475/2020 on BabelCite. This District Court judgment was delivered on 8 December 2021.

1. 本案有兩名被告。第一被告(簡稱辯方)要求控方披露其所持有的若干文件,包括《警察通例》第 29 章及《程序手册》。控方認為他們已披露所要求的部分文件;對於其他被索文件則以內容與案件無關及基於公眾利益豁免權等理由反對披露。

Cites 17 cases

Case No.DCCC 475/2020[2022] HKDC 1039
Court
District Court
Date08 Dec 2021
Judge
Case Document
100%Judiciary

DCCC 475/2020

[2022] HKDC 1039

香港特別行政區

區域法院

刑事案件2020年第475號

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  香港特別行政區  
   
  周柏均 (第一被告人)
  胡子鍵 (第二被告人)

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主審法官: 區域法院法官謝沈智慧
日期: 2021年12月8日
出席人士: 署理高級助理刑事檢控專員蕭啟業帶領高級檢控官吳加悅,代表香港特別行政區
  駱應淦資深大律師帶領黎建華大律師,由法律援助署委派的周啟邦律師事務所延聘,及劉日成大律師由周啟邦律師事務所以義助服務形式延聘,代表第一被告人
控罪: [1] 故意阻撓在正當執行職務的警務人員(Wilfully obstructing a police officer in the due execution of his duty)- 第一及第二被告人
  [2] 企圖搶劫罪(Attempted robbery)- 第一及第二被告人
  [3] 企圖從合法羈押逃脫(Attempted to escape from lawful custody) ‑ 第一被告人

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判決書

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1.本案有兩名被告。第一被告(簡稱辯方)要求控方披露其所持有的若干文件,包括《警察通例》第 29 章及《程序手册》。控方認為他們已披露所要求的部分文件;對於其他被索文件則以內容與案件無關及基於公眾利益豁免權等理由反對披露。

背景

2.第一及第二被告共同面對兩項控罪:

(1)  控罪一:「故意阻撓在正當執行職務的警務人員」罪,違反香港法例第 212 章《侵害人身罪條例》第 36(b) 條;及

(2)  控罪 二:「企圖搶劫」罪,違反香港法例第 210 章《盜竊罪條例》第 19 條及第 200 章《刑事罪行條例》第 159G 條。

3.另外,第一被告獨自面對一項「企圖從合法羈押逃脫」罪,違反普通法及香港法例第 200 章《刑事罪行條例》第 1011 條予以懲處(控罪三)。

辯方的披露申請

4.2020 年 12 月 23 日,辯方要求控方披露以下的文件及材料(下稱「辯方第一次披露要求」)[詳見:周啟邦律師事務所致控方的信件: 附件一]:

(1)  任何關於控方第一證人(即警務人員 A)在關鍵日期及關鍵地點所發生開槍事件的內部調查結果(下稱「第一類要求文件」);

(2)  所有警方關於槍械使用的訓練資料(Police Training Materials),當中包括《戰術訓練手册》(Tactics Training Manual, “TTM”), 《內部保安手册》(internal Security Manual, “ISM”) (下稱「第二類要求文件」);

(3)  所有其他相關的通例(“General Orders”)(下稱「第三類要求文件」),尤其下列四項文件:

(i)  《警察通例》PGO 29 - 01: 使用武力(Use of Force);

(ii)  《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 03: 使用警察槍械(Use of Police Firearms);

(iii)  《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 04: 拔出或舉起警察槍械(Drawing or Presenting Police Firearms); 及

(iv)  《程序手冊》 FPM 29 - 02: 武力使用層次(Use of Force Continuum)。

5.2021年 3 月 17 日及 3 月 19 日,控方應辯方要求,列出相關文件和材料,回應指部分辯方要求的文件和材料的內容與本案的議題無關,而且部分文件和材料基於公眾利益豁免於披露 [詳見:控方致周啟邦律師事務所的信件:附件二及三];同時送達辯方一份由時任政務司司長發出,日期為 2021 年 3 月 18 日的公眾利益豁免權證書(下稱「 第一份公眾利益豁免權證書」)。該證書說明免於披露的理由。

6.概括而言,控方就辯方第一次披露要求的立場是:

(1)  就第一類要求文件,警方就開槍事件有兩份內部報告,基於公眾利益豁免權,控方不會就該兩份報告作披露;

(2)  就第二類要求文件,基於公眾利益豁免權,控方不會就《戰術訓練手册》(TTM),《武器訓練手册》(Weapon Training Manual “WTM”)及《內部保安手册》(ISM)作披露;

(3)  就第三類要求文件,控方送達辯方一份經編輯(redacted)的《警察通例》(PGO)第 29 章及《程序手册》(FPM)第 29 章,披露了 PGO 29 - 01 及 FPM 29 - 02 (第 1 及 2 段)的內容。至於 PGO 29 - 03, 29 - 04 及 29 - 05; 及 FPM 29 - 02(第 3 至 6 段), 29 - 05, 29 - 14, 29 - 15 及 29 - 16 的章節,基於公眾利益豁免權,控方不作披露。而 PGO 及 FPM 第 29 章的其他段落內容則與槍械使用無關,因此不作披露。[註:2021 年 3 月 19 日送達辯方的 PGO 及 FPM 第 29 章,以黑色遮蓋的內容是政務司司長證書(日期為 2021 年 3 月 18 日 )涵蓋的範圍,而白色留空的內容與槍械使用無關。]

7.辯方之後沒再向控方要求作進一步披露。直至第一次審前覆核前不足兩星期的時間,第一及第二被告在各自的書面陳詞要求控方完整披露下列文件或材料(下稱「辯方第二次披露要求」):

(i)  《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 03: 使用警察槍械(Use of Police Firearms);

(ii)  《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 04: 拔出或舉起警察槍械(Drawing or Presenting Police Firearms);

(iii)  《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 05: 警察開槍 - 報告及調查(Police Open Fire - Reporting and Investigation);

(iv)  PGO 中任何有關 OC Foam(Oleoresin Capsicum) 及伸縮警棍(Extendible Baton)的指引;

(v)  《程序手冊》FPM 29 - 02: 武力使用層次(Use of Force Continuum);

(vi)  《程序手冊》FPM 29 - 05: 警察開槍 報告及調查(Police Open Fire - Reporting and Investigation);

(vii)  FPM 中任何有關使用 OC Foam(Oleoresin Capsicum) 及伸縮警棍(Extendible Baton)的指引;

(viii)  兩份警方針對本案開槍事件的內部調查報告(第二被告進一步要求 PW1 就調查和為兩份內部調查報告所作過或衍生之會面筆記、陳述書、調查報告的副本)。

8.換言之,除了槍械使用文件及警方就開槍事件的兩份內部報告外,辯方首次要求控方披露警棍及胡椒噴劑(OC Foam)的使用指引。

9.2021 年 11 月 9 日,現任政務司司長就辯方第二次披露要求的文件(PGO 及 FPM 內關乎使用警棍及胡椒噴劑的指引)發出公眾利益豁免權證書(下稱「第二份公眾利益豁免證書」)。

10.第二被告的律師團隊於 2021 年 11 月 16 日通知法庭,第二被告不再堅持其披露要求。因此,本聆訊只涉及第一被告的披露要求。控方已向第一被告披露《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 01,而第一被告的披露要求現只限於完整的:

(1)  《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 03 使用警察槍械(Use of Police Firearms);

(2)  《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 04: 拔出或舉起警察槍械(Drawing or Presenting Police Firearms);

(3)  《警察通例》 PGO 中任何有關使用胡椒噴劑 OC Foam(Oleoresin Capsicum)及伸縮警棍(Extendible Baton)的指引;及

(4)  《程序手冊》FPM 29 - 02: 武力使用層次(Use of Force Continuum)。

11.控方反對上述申請,理由是他們所要求的文件或材料與本案的議題無關,而且基於公眾利益豁免(即 Public Interest Immunity)免於披露 [見署理高級助理刑事檢控專員蕭啟業的書面陳詞]。

聆訊範圍

12.控辯雙方同意,如法庭裁定控方毋須披露辯方所索資料,技術上法庭不用再考慮「公眾利益豁免權」。可是,除了《警察通例》及《程序手冊》外,原本辯方亦要求控方披露兩份警方內部調查報告。後來辯方知悉控方已披露所有與調查報告有關的證人供詞,不再堅持控方披露上述報告。可是,辯方表示盤問很大可能會觸及報告內容;他們亦希望就已「公諸於世」的部分《警察通例》及《程序手冊》作出盤問。控方表示會因該些資料享有「公眾利益豁免權」,反對有關盤問。 基於上述爭論,雙方同意,就算法庭裁定辯方所索資料毋須披露,仍應就「公眾利益豁免權」作出裁決;而應考慮的資料,除了辯方現時索取的資料外,亦包括兩份內部調查報告。雖然第二被告再沒披露申請,法庭的裁決可能對他的盤問有影響。因此,法庭邀請第二被告的大律師發表意見。大律師指她沒有陳詞。

聆訊程序

13.雙方同意效法 香港特別行政區 訴 梁天琦及其他人 (HKSAR v Leung Tin Kei & Others) [2020] 3 HKC 501 一案內的聆訊程序,即整個關乎這個議題的聆訊,根據第221章《刑事訴訟程序條例》第 123 條,都在非公開法庭進行。在非公開法庭的聆訊中,雙方可就以下事項陳詞:(1) 披露的相關法律;(2) 法庭應否就相關文件批准控方行使公眾利益豁免權,免於披露;就個別相關文件應否因公眾利益豁免權而免於披露的實質審批,為了司法公正和公安所須,控方可於一個被告人和辯方律師都避席下的非公開法庭聆訊就控方指稱可因受公眾利益豁免權免於披露的資料作進一步陳述。

辯方所索資料是否「需要披露」(disclosable

辯方陳詞

14.辯方指,控方針對第一被告的案情如下:

(1)  於 2019 年 11 月 11 日,有示威者響應網上呼籲參與所謂的「黎明行動」,意圖癱瘓交通。當天早上,控方第一證人(PW1)及第二證人(PW2)乘坐警車前往西灣河一帶進行巡邏。

(2)  同日約 0719 時,PW1 和 PW2 步行至筲箕灣道、太安街及成安街交界(「涉事地點」),並發現約 50 名黑衣人聚集在太安街路面。現場亦有物品/路障阻塞交通。另外,現場群眾亦有指罵 PW1, 並叫他離開。

(3)  現場亦有兩名蒙面男子,將膠繩捆綁在兩條燈柱上,阻礙交通。該兩名男子其後逃離現場。然而,PW1 沒有上前追截;他上前嘗試解開膠繩以疏導交通。

(4)  突然間,PW1 聽到其後方有一男子大叫「唔好比佢走」。PW1 當時相信自己處於危險的情況,因此他轉身,並手按著配槍。當時有約 10 名人士(部分手持長形物品)趨向 PW1 方向。

(5)  其後有一名男子(WP1)走向 PW1,而當時 D1 和 D2 緊隨其後。PW1 擔心自己的安全,他拔出配槍並指向 WP1。由於 WP1 沒有後退跡象, PW1 嘗試制服 WP1, 但不果。

(6)  這時候, D1 走近 PW1, 並嘗試搶走 PW1 的配槍。當時 PW1 擔心自己的生命危險和配槍被搶走,因此向 D1 開槍,D1 隨即倒地。

(7)  其後 PW1 以「搶槍」為由拘捕 D1。在等待救護車期間, D1 突然逃往成安街方向。 D1 最終被其他警員制服。

15.辯方指基於控方的指控及控罪一的元素,本案其中一個重要議題是 PW1 當時是否正在正當執行職務,而這個議題自然包括 PW1 在當時的情況直接取出配槍並指向 WP1 或/及 D1 是否正確。辯方認為法庭最起碼須考慮 PW1 有否違反警方有關使用武力(特別是槍械或配槍)的指引。據辯方的理解,他們現要求披露的文件及材料均與上述議題有直接關係。無論如何,法庭應考慮某些 PGO 及 FPM 的相關部分已經被刊登於法律𢑥編,並公諸於世。困此,PGO 及 FPM 的相關部分(全部或部分)不應受「公眾利益豁免權」的保護。

控方的陳詞

16.控方的陳詞要點是「故意阻撓在正當執行職務的警務人員」罪的控罪元素並不包括警員在「正當地」執行職務;因此,案發時PW1有否違反任何內部指引,並非本案的議題。因這個課題與案無關,辯方所要求的文件亦無需披露。控方指,就算「需要披露」,辯方要求的文件及資料應受到「公眾利益豁免權」的保護;而且就算不披露,第一被告仍可獲公平審訊。

適用的法律原則

17.不受爭議的是,有關「披露」的基本法律原則,終審法院在 HKSAR v Lee Ming Tee (2003) 6 HKCFAR 336,[2003] HKCU 997 一案已述明。控方的責任是向辯方披露可能削弱控方案情,或對辯方案情有利的資料。須予披露的資料是指控方明智地進行評估後,可視為屬於下列類別的資料(見判詞第 145 至 146 段):

(1)  確實或可能與涉案爭議點有關;

(2)  確實或可能引發新的爭議點,而單從控方打算使用的證據,該爭議點並不顯而易見;及

(3)  實際上有可能帶出關乎上述(1)及(2)項的證據。

18.就此而言,相關的因素包括控方證人的可信程度。此外,上述責任並不限於披露可予接納的證據。即使資料本身不能獲接納為證據,它仍可能帶出其他可獲接納的證據,故此在盤問控方證人的可信性時可能有關連和有用(第 170 段)。是否披露有關資料是由法官決定,而披露責任是建基於被控人有公平審訊的權利,要保障這權利,辯方有權得知控方所掌握的與案爭議點有關的資料(第 139 及 152 段)。何謂與案有關的爭議點,應該從寬考慮。如控方拒絕披露,便有責任解釋為何不應披露。

19.辯方已於其「進一步陳詞」第 22(i) 段確認,他們要求披露的 PGO 及 FPM 與 PW1 的誠信,及第一被告的行為是否出於自衞無關。他們的披露要求只關乎當時 PW1 是否「正在正當執行職務」。辯方指,這是本案的重要議題,而 PW1 有否正確地跟從指引執行職務不但與該議題密不可分,更很可能引出一連串盤問。因此,控方有責任披露所索資料。

20.香港法例第 212 章《侵害人身罪條例》第 36 條訂明

「任何人‑

(a) …

(b) 襲擊、抗拒或故意阻撓在正當執行職務的任何警務人員或在協助該警務人員的人…

即屬犯可循簡易或公訴程序審訊的罪行,可處監禁 2 年。」

21.辯方沒有提供任何案例,只提及控方援引的香港特別行政區 訴 梁玥睛[2017] 2 HKLRD 1227,第 24 段,並指張慧玲法官分析,「一名警員在控制或拘捕一名疑人時,是否「正在正當」執行職務同樣應該考慮該警員實際的作為是否只是採用必要而且合理的武力」。

22.控方則援引一系列案例:

(1)  於 HKSAR v Tam Lap Fai (談立徽)(2005) 8 HKCFAR 216一案,終審法院清晰述明「故意阻撓在正當執行職務的警務人員」罪(控罪一)的控罪元素如下 [見判詞第 10 段]:

(i)  警務人員被阻撓;

(ii)  當時該名警務人員在執行職務;及

(iii)  被告人是故意地(wilfully)阻撓警務人員。

(2)  在上述案內,終審法院援引 Highcliffe v Sheldon [1955] 1 WLR 1207,並 且述明「阻撓警務人員執行職務」須達致的標準:

(i)  一個人所做的事增加了警方履行職責時的難度,這便足以構成阻撓(第 11 段)。某行為是否構成故意阻撓執行職責的警務人員,必然是事實和程度上的問題。重要的是細看每段案情,包括被告人做過甚麼和他怎樣做、警員正在做甚麼,以及被告人的行為對於該警員的行為造成甚麼影響等,並且憑常識常理作判斷(第 24 段);

(ii)  上述驗證標準並不包括單單可能構成不便或令警員須稍加費力的行為。另一方面,控方毋須證明有關行為大大增加警員執行工作時的難度,因為這種標準太高,若然嚴格運用,將可能窒礙警方工作。這種驗證標準既不適當,亦無必要(第 25 段)。

(3)  常任法官陳兆愷法官強調,警務人員在偵查罪行和進行調查方面負有繁重的職責,而市民有道德或社會責任來幫助他們。畢竟,警察是在保護市民的安全和財產(第 23 段)。

(4)  至於警員是否「在正當執行職務」,控方援引:

(a)  Rice v Connelly [1966] 2 QB 414, 第 419 頁:

“What the prosecution have to prove is that there was an obstruction of a constable; that the constable was at the time acting in the execution of his duty and that the person obstructing did so wilfully. To carry the matter a little further, it is in my view clear that “obstruct” under section 51(3) of the Police Act, 1964, is the doing of any act which makes it more difficult for the police to carry out their duty. That description of obstructing I take from Highcliffe v Shelton. It is also in my judgment clear that it is part of the obligations and duties of a police constable to take all steps which appear to him necessary for keeping the peace, for preventing crime or for protecting property from criminal injury. There is no exhaustive definition of the powers and obligations of the police, but they are at least those, and they would further include the duty to detect crime and to bring an offender to justice.”

(b)  R (Laporte) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire

[2007] 2 AC 105, 第 29 段:

“The common law power to prevent a future breach of the peace

29. Every constable, and also every citizen, enjoys the power and is subject to a duty to seek to prevent, by arrest or other action short of arrest, any breach of the peace occurring in his presence, or any breach of the peace which (having occurred) is likely to be renewed, or any breach of the peace which is about to occur…”

(c)  香港特別行政區 訴 梁玥晴 [2017] 2 HKLRD 1227:

「上訴理據(一)

6. 上訴一方基本上是指控方第一證人「捉着」上訴人的手的時候,她是非法扣留上訴人,因此當控方第二證人協助控方第一證人控制上訴人,及為上訴人套上索帶時,控方第二證人的行為屬協助非法扣留,不屬正當執行職責。再者,控方第二證人是在成功控制上訴人後,才宣布拘捕上訴人。

7. 上訴一方引述控方第一證人的證供,指她捉着上訴人時並非行使拘捕權,她無打算拘捕上訴人。石大律師指在控方第一證人見到警方封鎖線越過上訴人,而上訴人仍不肯離開時,她只應將上訴人「推」離,而非用手「捉」上訴人。

8. 石大律師引述案例 Collins v WilcockYeung May Wan v HKSAR 及其他英國案例支持其論點。…

19. 石大律師接納警方在現場執行清場工作是在正當執行職務,他的論點是上訴人只是大叫、不肯離開,控方第二證人無權作出拘捕。控方第一證人無打算作出任何拘捕行動,控方第一證人不是在正當執行職責,而控方第一證人,因此亦並非在正當執行職務。

20. 本席不認同上訴一方此論點。石大律師引述的兩宗案例,案情與本案十分不同,對本案並無幫助。

21. 事發當時正值「佔中」時期,有多至 500 名的人士聚集在添馬公園近龍和道。控方第一證人的職責是與同僚組成封鎖線,驅散現場人士。控方第二證人的職責是在示威者越過封鎖線及不願離開時進行拘捕

24. 本席認同答辯人的陳詞,以當時的環境情況,控方第一證人有合理理由擔憂上訴人的行為即將引發「破壞社會安寧」,她只是採用必要合理武力去控制上訴人(用中等力度捉着上訴人的手)。本席完全不認同石大律師指控方第一證人只應「推」上訴人,而非用手捉着上訴人此論點。控方第一證人事先無被指派作出任何拘捕行動是無關重要的,她當時的作為是正在正當執行職務。」

(5)  就個別警員是否在正當執行職務,控方援引 香港特別行政區 訴 劉家棟 HCMA 137/2020:

「16. 「故意」是這項罪行的其中一個元素,在 Chung Chi-Cheung v R 案,高等法院法官王見秋引述並同意英國案例 Lewis v Cox 案的判決,如果某人蓄意作出一個行為,不論這行為是否針對某警員或是對他有惡意的,只要這行為令該警員不能夠或更難以執行他的職務,加上該人作出此行為時是知道和意圖令他的行為達致所述後果的,便是故意阻撓了,而相關意圖毋須是主要意圖。

17….

18. 至於相關警員是否在正當地執行職務,首先要看《警察條例》第 10 條所列的警隊的責任,第 10 條列明:

「警隊的職責是採取合法措施以‑

(a) 維持公安;

(b) 防止刑事罪及犯法行為的發生和偵查刑事罪及犯法行為;

(c) 損害生命及損毀財產;

(d) 拘捕一切可合法拘捕而又有足夠理由予以拘捕的人;

(e) 規管在公眾地方或公眾休憩地方舉行的遊行及集會;

(f) 管制公共大道的交通,並移去公共大道上的障礙;

(g) 在公眾地方及公眾休憩地方,和公眾集會及公眾娛樂聚會舉行時維持治安;而為上述目的,任何當值警務人員在該等地方、聚會及集會對公眾開放時得免費入場;

19. 在執行《公安條例》下的職務時,警員有權阻止干犯該條例的罪行的人和逮捕他,如情況所須,警員有權使用武力,但所用武力不得大於為達到執行職責的目的而合理需要的程度。

20. 當然,上述是警隊的責任,個別警員是否在正當執行職務,還須檢視案中實況。」

(6)  控方亦援引 Dixon v Crown Prosecution Service [2018] 4 WLR 160,指一名警員是否合法地執行其職務,取決於他的合理信念和意圖:

“15. In McCann, at [19] and [26], Treacy LJ (who gave the judgment of the court) considered that “what needs to be examined is the actions and intentions of the officer actually involved” and, in particular, whether she was acting in a way which she reasonably believed would further a proper policing purpose of the kind described by Lord Parker CJ in Rice v Connelly…

30. …Whether a police officer is acting lawfully and in the execution of his duty depends on the reasonable beliefs and intentions of the officer. It does not depend on the knowledge or beliefs of the defendants…”

23.首先,本席同意於 Dixon’s Crown Prosecution Service 一案內,論點是警員是否 合法 地執行其職務;亦因如此,法庭才考慮警員當時的合理信念和意圖。於 梁玥晴 案內,情況亦一樣;辯方指警員無權作出拘捕,拘捕構成非法扣留,因此並非在正當執行職務。因應辯方的立場,張慧玲 法官才考慮警員的行為是否合法。可是,法官從沒指出,當法庭衡量一名警員是否正在正當執行職務時,應該考慮該警員實際的作為是否只是採用必要而且合理的武力。

24.無論是法例或案例,都只是要求警員以合法的方式去執行職務。根據上述的案例,當警員是否「在正當執行職務」受到挑戰時,法庭須考慮有關法例及現場情況。《警察通例》及《程序手冊》並非法例。辯方已表明他們要求披露的文件與 PW1 的誠信無關。就算辯方提出「合法與否」的挑戰,案例顯示法庭應考慮警員的信念和意圖。何況辯方已表明並非指控 PW1 的行為「不合法」[見辯方進一步陳詞第 22(v) 段]。

25.控方指,法庭的職責並非對執法機關或警員行使紀律操守的監管權 [見 SJ v Lam Tat Wing & Another (2000) 3 HKCFAR 168(見 179B)。即使警方在危急及困難的情況下所作的判斷可能有誤,這亦絕不代表被告人可以漠視法紀或公眾利益。本席同意控方的說法。

26.基於上述因素,本席裁定辯方所索資料與本案議題無關,毋須披露。

公眾利益豁免

控方提供的文件

27.為協助法庭就公眾利益豁免權作出裁斷,控方提供下列文件予法庭考慮:

(i)  兩份政務司司長發出的公眾利益豁免權證書(日期為 2021 年 3 月 18 日及 2021 年 11 月 9 日);

(ii)  控方反對披露申請的陳詞;

(iii)  一份輔助文件(「解䆁理據書」,Justifications),協助法庭理解控方申請豁免於披露的文件性質及主要內容,將政務司司長的關注和文件相關部分結合,從而使法庭了解關注所在,作獨立評估;及

(iv)  完整的《警察通例》及《程序手册》第 29 章及兩份警方針對本案開槍事件的內部調查報告。

28.控方亦同時提供兩份政務司司長發出的公眾利益豁免權證書及反對披露的陳詞予已辯方,知會辯方所依賴的理據。本席認為,控方已公平地作出恰當的知會,控方提供了的指這些資料足以讓辯方作有效的陳詞:見 香港特別行政區 訴 梁天琦及其他人 [2020] 3 HKC 501, 第 39 段; R v H, 第 20 段; Nayab Amin ,第 101 段。

議題

29.控方指兩份內部調查報告應受「類別豁免權」及「內容豁免權」的保護,而《警察通例》和《程序手冊》則應受到「內容豁免權」的保護;不但毋須披露,辯方更不可於盤問提及。

30.就兩份內部調查報告,辯方已沒披露申請,但指控方從沒提出任何「清楚而且具說服力的證供支持(clear and compelling evidence that it is necessary),以證明兩份報告應受到「類別豁免權」或「內容豁免權」的保護。至於《警察通例》和《程序手冊》,辯方指某些相關部分曾於其他案件中披露,亦已被刊登於法律𢑥編,並公諸於世;因此不可能再有內容豁免。

曾經披露《警察通例》或/及《程序手冊》的案件

31.控方指出《警察通例》和《程序手冊》第 29 章的部分內容曾在下述情況作披露:

(1)  在 Sony Rai v Coroner [2011] 2 HKLRD 245,《警察通例》 PGO 29 - 01, 29 - 03, 29 - 04, 29 - 09 及 《程序手冊》FPM 29 - 02 在死因研訊時曾向陪審團披露,相關章節的內容摘要在判詞第 39 段有所提及;

(2)  在 HKSAR v Chu Frankly ESCC 1912/2017, PGO 29 - 01 及 FPM 29 - 02 曾作披露(該案的裁斷陳述書沒有上載在司法機構的網站);

(3)  在 Wong Chi Fung v SJ HCSA 29/2018(小額錢債案件),申請人在援引早前案例作陳詞時亦曾提及 OGO 29 - 05(第 28 及 31 段);

(4)  在 香港特別行政區 訴 吳文遠及另六人 [2019] HKMagC 1; WKCC 3654/2017(未經𢑥編,2019 年 5 月 15 日),PGO 29 - 01, 29 - 08 及 FPM 29 - 02, 29 - 08 曾作披露。 PGO 29 - 01 及 FPM 29 - 02 在裁斷陳述書有所引述(第 200, 207 至 208 及 211 段),而 PGO 29 - 08 及 FPM 29 - 08 則有提及;

(5)  在 Sham Tsz Kit and Another v Commissioner of Police & SJ [2021] HKCFI 746; HCAL 2670/2019(未經彙編, 2021 年 3 月 24 日),PGO 29 - 01 曾作披露,而判詞第 19 段亦有所引述;

(6)  部分《警察通例》和《程序手冊》第 29 章的內容可能在未獲警方授權或同意的情況下在坊間流傳;該些內容的真僞未經證實。

適用的法律原則

32.HKSAR v Nayab Amin [2020] 2 HKLRD 1051, 上訴庭簡明扼要地總結了相關的法律原則(第 94 段):

“94. Essentially there are three questions. They are:

(i) is the information which the defence requests disclosable, that is, is it caught by the prosecutor’s common law disclosure duty;

(ii) If the answer to (i) above is “yes”, is the claim to PII in respect of the disclosable established; and

(iii) If the answer to (ii) above is “yes”, can the defendant still receive a fair trial if the PII claim is upheld?

If the answer to (ii) above is “no” and further disclosure cannot be made without causing “a real risk of serious prejudice to an important public interest”, then the prosecution will have to consider whether it should discontinue the proceedings as an alternative to making disclosure.”

33.就議題(ii),控方須令法庭信納披露相關資料會有違公眾利益,而常見的做法是向法庭存檔一份由政務司司長發出的「公眾利益豁免權證書」,解釋為何披露相關內容會使公眾利益受損:Nayab Amin,第 110 至 111 段。至於議題(iii),於刑事案件中,法庭應以對被控人公平為前題,評估這原則的重要性是否超越了控方所指的公眾利益。法庭必須顧及和防止被控人因欠缺披露而無法獲得公平審訊的情況。上訴法庭在 Nayab Amin 一案內強調(第 150 段):

“150. …in Hong Kong no balancing of competing public interests takes place when adjudicating a PII claim in a criminal trial. The judge cannot disclose the protected information or material unless he concludes that non-disclosure of it would deprive the defendant of his right to a fair trial.”

34.香港法律之下,公眾利益豁免權有兩類,分別為「類別豁免權」(class claim)及「內容豁免權」(contents claim)。於 Apple Daily Ltd v Commissioner of ICAC (No 2)[2000] 1 HKLRD 647,上訴法庭指出法庭在處理聲稱為應得公眾利益豁免權的材料(即「類別豁免權」)與因內容敏感而應得公眾利益豁免權的材料(即「內容豁免權」),在評估公眾利益時會有分別。在評估後者時,不應因文件屬於某一類別便認定應予以豁免,法庭須審視文件內容:

“I appreciate that there is a difference between a claim to public interest immunity in respect of documents falling within a particular class…and a claim to public interest immunity in respect of information of a sensitive nature which might be included in such documents…”

35.Chu Woan Chui & Others v Director of Immigration [2006] 4 HKLRD 280,高等法院原訟法庭援引 Apple Daily Ltd 一案,指出法庭一旦宣告某類文件得享豁免權,便不具有剩餘酌情權,下令披露該類文件或文件的部分內容:

“82. It seems to me that I am bound by this dictum of the Court of Appeal [in Apple Daily Ltd] and that, once public interest immunity has been pronounced in respect of a class of documents, there is no residual discretion vested in the court to nevertheless consider the balance of competing public interests and to order that part or whole of a document falling into the prescribed class be disclosed. Mr. Harris, however, submitted that the law relating to public interest immunity has developed significantly in recent years and that, in the result, the difference between spa class claim and a contents claim has been rendered redundant. In support of this submission, Mr. Harris made reference to the speech of Lord Templeman in R v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police & Another, ex.p Wiley & Another [1995] 1 AC 274…

83. It has, however, been recognised that the observations of Lord Templeman were orbiter and in any event they did not attract the support of other members of the House. Lord Slynn, for example, at p.282, said that, while class claims may sometimes have been pushed too far, they had on occasions been necessary and justified indeed valuable.

84. Leaving aside what I consider to be the binding dictum of Keith JA [in Apple Daily Ltd], I am unable to accept that changes in the common law have abolished the distinction between a class claim and a contents claim.”

36.Nayab Amin,上訴法庭指出「類別豁免權」和「內容豁免權」的法律原則有所不同(第 113 段):

“113. The legal principles that developed in respect of PII claims distinguished between class claims and contents claims. Class claims were areas of executive activity that were recognised by the courts as being harmful to the public interest to reveal.” (另見 R v H [2004] 2 AC 134, 第 36 段)。

37.就兩份警方內部調查報告,控方依賴類別及內容豁免權。

38.Competition Commission v Nutanix Hong Kong Limited CTEA 1/2017 (未經𢑥編,2018 年 3 月 14 日),競爭事務審裁處裁定競爭事務委員會工作人員對案件的評估、委員會成員的內部審議和審核機制等是屬於類別豁免權(第 98 段):

“98. In the context of such reports and minutes, there is in my view much force in the Chairperson’s statement that disclosure could reveal highly sensitive and confidential information, for example in relation to the Commission staff’s appraisal of the case, the Commission members’ internal deliberations and the Commission’s approval mechanisms generally, and that it would prejudice the Commission’s effectiveness in its future operations by stifling proper and robust analysis and debate by Commission members and staff due to disclosure concerns. Taylor v Anderson (Police Complaints Authority Intervening) [1995] 1 WLR 447 and O’Sullivan v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (The Times, 15 June 1995), both declared after the seminal decision of the House of Lords in R v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police, ex.p Wiley [1995] 1 AC 274, are authorities for the view that reports of such nature may properly be said to belong to a class of which public interest immunity attaches.”

39.競爭事務審裁處在上文引用英國案例支持其看法。在 Taylor v Anderson (Police Complaints Authority Intervening) [1995] 1 WLR 447,原告人向警方提出訴訟,稱警方對他作惡意檢控(malicious prosecution)。原告人要求警方披露與他所作的投訴的相關調查報告(第 457 - 459 頁)。在該案,上訴庭指出(465E - H):

“I am fully alive to the existence of a current of opinion strongly flowing in favour of openness and disclosure. I am also, however, mindful of the fundamental public interest in ensuring that those responsible for maintaining law and order are themselves incorruptible, law abiding, honest and responsible. I do not myself find the points made by Mr. Cartwright in his affidavit to be unconvincing, unrealistic or suggestive of self interested special pleading. In very many cases where an investigating officer is appointed, there must be a real prospect of civil, criminal or disciplinary proceedings. I have no difficulty in accepting the need for investigating officers to feel free to report on professional colleagues or members of the public without the apprehension that their opinions may become known to such persons. I can readily accept that the prospect of disclosure in other than unusual circumstances would have an undesirably inhibiting effect on investigating officers’ reports. I would therefore hold that the reports of investigating officers made in circumstances such as these form a class which is entitled to public interest immunity…”

40.時任政務司司長在第一份公眾利益豁免權證書闡述為何披露警方就開槍事件調查報告有損公眾利益。在 Chu Woan Chyi 夏正文法官(當時官階)指出,如果政務司司長為了公眾利益而申請豁免披露,並簽發證書,法庭有責任適當地考慮該證書列出的理據,並給予充分的比重(第 77 段)。

41.就《警察通例》及《程序手冊》,控方依賴內容豁免權。

42.Goodwill v Chief Constable of Lancashire Constabulary [1993] PIQR P187, 英國上訴庭指 “Public Order Manual” 可基於公眾利益豁免權免於披露,以及引述英國警方解釋指披露該份文件會損害公眾利益(第 189 頁):

“It is a document that concerns details of Police techniques and tactics in various different fields within the context of public order and it would be injurious to the public interest that details of such techniques and tactics should become public knowledge. If such details fell into the hands of factions hostile to the Police or to the maintenance of law and order the position and safety of the Police would be undermined and these factions would have the opportunity to devise methods of countering the Police techniques and tactics to the detriment of public order.”

43.經考慮該份文件的性質後,Farquharson LJ 接納警方的說法,並且指出(189 頁):

“For my part I would uphold the defendant’s claim for immunity for this document. It is well known that in the past 25 years there has from time to time been disorder in the streets. Sometimes this has developed from political demonstrations involving very large numbers of people. On other occasions, there have been racial riots of a kind which were very difficult to control. Many police forces have had to develop a strategy for dealing with situations of this kind and to introduce appropriate training for its officers. If the organisers of demonstrations which seek to exploit the weapon of public disorder became aware of the police methods of dealing with such situations the opportunity to frustrate the efforts of the police to impose control is clear and obvious.”

44.Conway v Rimmer and Another [1968] AC 910, Lord Reid 指出,在今天犯案手法日新月異的世代,不向可能會進行非法活動的人提供對他們有用的材料有其重要性(953F - 954A):

“The police are carrying on a unending war with criminals many of whom are today highly intelligent. So it is essential that there should be no disclosure of anything which might give away any useful information to those who organise criminal activities.”

Lord Morris 指出(972F):

“…I think that any court must recognise the weight of the consideration that the police in their work of fighting crime, which is work that is so much in the public interest, must in no way be impeded or frustrated. Whether it would or might be is a matter which it is well within the competence of a court to assess.”

45.Ron the application of FIv Secretary of State for the Home Department [2014] HRLR 30 一案,是關於英國政府對於由當地以飛機遣返他國的人士的管制約束政策,而相關的政策載於 “Use of Force Training Manual” (第 2 及 7 段)。英國政府披露了一份經編輯的文件(redacted Manual),只披露一些基本資料或原則,而基於公眾利益豁免權拒絕披露關於管制約束被遣返人士的方法或技巧(the redacted contents)(第 11 至 13 段)。上訴庭裁定英國政府無須就該些遮蓋內容作披露,理由是(第 69 頁):

“69. …the redactions have been made for operational reasons of sensitivity and security, the judgment having been made that it would be damaging and was made to earlier proceedings before the Information Commissioner in which disclosure of the full Manual was sought by a journalist but the Commissioner concluded that the public interest in maintenance of the exemption from disclosure outweighed the public interest in disclosure. The Secretary of State relied on the same justification to resist disclosure in the present case, contending that disclosure would have a seriously prejudicial effect on security and good order, and on the physical health and safety of prison staff and other prisoners, because: (i) the Manual is used in training across the NOMS estate and in immigration detention facilities and the effect of releasing the redacted material would be that this would be available for all serving adult prisoners; (ii) prisons hold a diverse range of individuals, including those who are violent, dangerous and manipulative, as well as those who are vulnerable, and if the redacted parts were to be released all adult prisoners and detainees would be able to study the techniques and prepare to counteract them; (iii) this would increase the risk of insecurity within the detention estate through an inability to control violent and disruptive elements; (iv) the Prison Service and the Secretary of State each has a duty of care to those individuals who are detained as well as to staff who work with them and people who visit them; the increased risk of insecurity would make it more difficult to comply with that duty; detention would be less safe and more intimidating.”

46.就曾經披露的《警察通例》及《程序手冊》章節,控方援引:

(1)  R v Governor of Brixton Prison, ex.p Osman (1991) 93 Cr App 292, 第 210 頁:

“I should deal in regard to public interest immunity, which as I have said I regard as here sustained, with an argument to the effect that by reason of the disclosure in the third application for habeas corpus, the public interest immunity has evaporated or, if one prefers a more feline phrase, “the cat has been let out of the bag.” True it is that the documents were disclosed in the third proceedings. They were not, very responsibly, read in open court and have never been read in open court. The degree of dissemination has, in truth, been small. The Minister of State is conscious that discovery was made and the matter is alluded to in paragraph 8 of the certificate, which I have read. The Minister of State regards himself as under a duty to put forward the claim. Public interest immunity is not a matter which can be waived (see Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade (No. 2) [1983] 2 AC 394, 446). Indeed, it has been said that it is the courts’ own bounden duty to assert a public interest immunity. For my part, I would regard prior dissemination of a document as being a matter to be taken into account in the balance. If, as was put in the Australian case of Sankey v Whitlam (1977) 42 CLR 1 (Aus) 45, there has been publication to the whole world, then that side of the balance concerned with the public interest must collapse…”

(2)  於 Rogers v Home Secretary [1973] AC 388, Lord Reid 指出:

“In my judgment on balance the public interest clearly requires that documents of this kind should not be disclosed, and that public interest is not affected by the fact that by some wrongful means a copy of which a document has been obtained and published by some person. I would therefore dismiss the appellant’s appeal.”

(3)  在 R (on the application of Pewter) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2010] EWHC 3927, 法庭重申相關的法律原則(第 26 至 27 段):

“26. …Public interest immunity attaching to the reports making up the MAPPA arrangements cannot be destroyed or affected adversely by the wrongful act of [the detective constable], in disclosing the contents or summarising the contents of one of the reports obtained pursuit to those arrangements to a third party, thereby placing it in the public domain. If the author of the document was entitled to the protection of PII initially, the wrongful disclosure of it into the public domain cannot affect that status.

27. In my judgment that is very much the position here. The report referred to by [the detective constable] plainly attracted public interest immunity. [Be] brought it into the public domain, perhaps inadvertently, no doubt so, but wrongfully. But the fact that it has thus come into the public domain does not affect the status of the document as attracting public interest immunity.”

(4)  在 梁天琦,黃崇厚法官指出(第 80 至 81 段):

「80. 本席留意,在 Sony Rai v Coroner 案控方披露一部份辯方要求的警察通例和訓練資料。本席同意控方的陳詞,控方曾作披露,不代表控方便失去了依賴公眾利益豁免的權利,不過,這是一個法庭可考慮的因素,考慮時應顧及當時披露的程度。

81. 同時,由於部份披露了的資料,已刊登於法律𢑥編,公諸於世,本席考慮了辯方依賴那些資料,是否已足夠,達到平衡之效。」

控方的陳詞

47.控方指 Goodwill 在香港案例時有引用:見 Chu Woan Chyi 第 77 段; Nayab Amin, 第 116 段。控方指,雖然香港警方的《警察通例》及《程序手冊》與英國警方的 “Public Order Manual” 內容不盡相同,但無疑它們性質相近,均涵蓋武器或裝備的使用,相關內容一旦披露,將會嚴重損害公眾利益,甚至破壞社會安定。

48.控方續指《警察通例》是警務處處長根據香港法例第 232 章《警隊條例》第 46 條 所作的命令,該條例訂明處長可不時發出他認為適宜於管理警隊,使警隊有效率地履行職責及達致本條例的目的和規定等的命令。而《程序手冊》則載述有關警務程序的資料,建議及指引。政府一貫立場是不應向公眾披露《警察通例》及《程序手冊》第 29 章的內容:見 I.C. Paper No.CB(2)235/02 - 03(05) (第 5 至 7 段);LC Paper No. CB(2) 494/02 - 03; LC Paper No. CB(2) 493/02 - 03(1); Paper No. CB(2) 1779/02 - 03(1); 及 Policy on police use of force in public order events in selected places(第 2.4 段)。

49.控方陳述,就算部分的《警察通例》及《程序手冊》曾被披露,這只是一個法庭可考慮的因素,考慮時應顧及當時披露的程度。

辯方的陳述

50.辯方對上述的法律原則並無異議,但指 梁天琦 對本席沒有約束力。他們依賴 R v Governor of Brixton Prison, ex.p Osman (上同),指有關章節已公諸於世,不可能再享有「公眾利益豁免權」。

非公開及辯方避席的聆訊

51.在這部分的聆訊,那份稱為「Justifications」的文件,共 4 頁,內容恰當。該份文件的內容,與蕭檢控官的陳詞,都旨在協助法庭了解申請免於披露的文件的性質和主要內容,並將政務司司長的關注和文件相關部分結合,令法庭了解關注所在,可作獨立評估。

考慮和評估

52.本席已審慎考慮雙方的陳詞、有關的案例及法律原則、兩份政務司司長證書的內容、蕭主控官的輔助陳詞。本席亦小心參閲兩份內部調查報告及辯方所索《警察通例》和《程序手冊》的每一個有關章節的內容。雖然《警察通例》及《程序手冊》曾經於其他案件作披露,但本席留意到,只有 Sony Rai 被𢑥編;所引述的只是極少部分。於 Wong Chi Fung 內所引述的部分與本申請無關。Frankly ChuSham Tsz Kit 未經𢑥編;引述的只是極少部分。因此,辯方所索的資料並非公諸於世。本席裁定兩份內部調查報告及辯方所索的《警察通例》及《程序手冊》的章節均應獲「公眾利益豁免權」的保護。

有關文件的處理

53.為確保相關公眾利益毋損,該聆訊程序的錄音、控方呈交的輔助文件(Justifications)、控方呈交予法庭審閲的文件和兩份政務司司長所發證書,全部由法庭封存,未得法庭批准,任何人不得閲覽。

公平審訊

54.因法庭裁定與本申請有關的資料可獲「公眾利益豁免權」,本席必須考慮在欠缺這些資料的情況下,第一被告能否獲得公平的審訊。

55.辯方已不再要求控方披露兩份內部調查報告,只要求披露所有有關的證人供詞(包括口頭供詞)。控方也不下一次確認,所有供詞已披露。因此,欠缺兩份內部調查報告並不會對第一被告造成不公。

56.本席於上文已解釋,根據案例,當警員是否「在正當執行職務」被質疑時,法庭是要參考法例及考慮當時現場的情況,與《警察通例》及《程序手冊》並無關係。既然無關(irrelevant ),根本就不應提問。因此,欠缺該些資料亦不會造成不公。

57.本席下令:

(1)  本申請內的《警察通例》及《程序手冊》與案件議題並無關連,因此不需披露;

(2)  無論有否關連,兩份警方內部調查報告及辯方所索的《警察通例》和《程序手冊》的章節均受到「公眾利益豁免權的保護;

(3)  辯方不得在審訊過程中藉盤問證人取得相關資料。

  ( 謝沈智慧 )
區域法院法官