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HCA 3236/2002
香港特別行政區
高等法院原訟法庭
民事司法管轄權
案件編號2002年第3236號
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| 原告人 |
匠心髮型(商號) |
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對 |
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| 第一被告人 |
The Sun News
Limited |
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| 第二被告人 |
The Sun News
Publisher Limited |
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主審法官:高等法院原訟法庭法官鍾安德
審訊日期:2005年2月28日,2005年3月1日至4日及7日
判案書日期:2005年7月29日
判案書
序言
1.原告人在2002年8月23日開展本訴訟。再經修訂申索陳述書指,兩被告人在2001年11月11日的“太陽報”中刊登的一篇文章誹謗他。原告人要求兩被告人支付:-
(a) 2001年11月至2002年7月31日,原告人的營業損失,約共1,930,101元;
(b) 原告人商譽上的損失,約1,500,000元;
(c) 原告人因誹謗而須支付的額外廣告費用(數額交法庭評估);
(d) 額外損害賠償。
2.原告人在再經修訂申索陳述書並說:-
(1) 原告人是蔡銓友先生(“蔡先生”)在1987年8月創辦的業務,提供髮型服務;
(2) 第一被告人是“太陽報”的收款公司;
(3) 第二被告人是“太陽報”的所有人,印刷人及出版人。
3.再經修訂抗辯書承認“太陽報”在2001年11月11日刊登了一篇標題為“效果差強人意,「免費重做」無保障負離子直髮翹起竟稱無問題”的文章。辯方亦承認第一、二被告人的身份,但否認該篇文章具誹謗性。再經修訂抗辯書並依賴:-
(a) 涉案文章不涉指原告人;
(b) 有理可據(及/或《誹謗條例》(第21章)第26條);
(c) 公允評論(及/或第21章第27條);
(d) 有限制特權
幾項抗辯理據。
涉案文章
4.有關誹謗法的權威法律著作Gatley on Libel & Slander (2004年)第10版,對申索陳述書應如何陳述有關涉案文章的內容的法律原則,作出闡釋。Gatley一書說:-
“Statements of case in an action for defamation are extremely important. Due in part to the ambiguity of words and their capacity for influence and implication, pleadings, particularly in relation to the issues of meaning … can … become tortuous and complex. The increasing tendency has been to require the parties to set out their respective cases with as much charity and openness as possible …” (第26.1段);
“in a libel claim the words used are material facts and they must therefore be set out verbatim in the particulars of claim, preferably in the form of a quotations: it is not enough to describe their substance, purport or effect” (第26.11段);
“The particular passages complained of should be clearly identified and set out. … Where the claimant intends to allege that the meaning of words is affected by the context in which they were written or spoken, he should include this contextual material in the particulars of claim … ” (第26.12段)。
5.涉案文章原刊載於2001年11月11日發行的“太陽報”的D7版。該文章佔該版的一半篇幅,其中約一半內容涉及原告人經營的髮型屋,另一半內容則涉及另一髮型屋。
6.再經修訂申索陳述書中,引述有關該文章的內容的部份是:-
(a) “大標題之一:
‘效果差強人意,「免費重做」無保障’”(第48(A)段);
(b) “大標題之二:
‘負離子直髮翹起竟稱無問題’”(第48(B)段)。
該狀書內有關涉案文章內容的其他部份,僅載有根據原告人的聲稱,涉案文章的內容的真正涵義為何。
7.由於原告人並未依從上述法律原則,清楚引述涉案文章內每段他依賴作為訴因的內容,本席認定有必要先處理,究竟再經修訂申索陳述書,其實是基於涉案文章中的那幾個部份,作為本訴訟的訴因。
8.如前第6(a)及(b)段所述,原告人在狀書引述了涉案文章中的所謂“大標題之一”及“大標題之二”。除此,他在狀書中提及:-
| (1) |
“其他併合內文”(再經修訂“申索陳述書”第48(C)段)。原告人在狀書的該部份指:“[涉案文章]有關原告人的其他內容,無論屬實與否,是轉述投訴人的個人意見”; |
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| (2) |
再經修訂申索陳述書第48(C)段亦指:“原告人 … 倚賴其他併合內文的外在事實(extrinsic
material)而構成的影射意思(legal
innuendo),指出該關鍵標題是涉指原告人;及加深一般正常人閱讀後的普通感覺,突出原告人 …
所佔的份量,而構成更大的損害”; |
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| (3) |
“原告人的現沽單以及有關的廣告部份”(再經修訂申索陳述書第48(D)段)。原告人指被告人未經查証投訴是否屬實,刊出作為識別原告人的標記及商譽的物品。但該等物品只可作為証明原告人曾作出保證的證據,而不能作為他曾拒絕實踐保證的證據; |
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| (4) |
“投訴人的照片”(再經修訂申索陳述書第48(E)段)。原告人指,這只能顯示投訴人的頭髮的狀況,而不能顯示導致頭髮狀況的成因(例如,是否自然問題,先天問題,或技術問題導致)。被告人刊登投訴人的照片,配合涉案文章的“各內文及標題”,加重公眾的不安而迴避原告人的業務; |
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| (5) |
投訴人的照片,是構成影射的外在事實(再經修訂申索陳述書第48(E)段); |
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| (6) |
“整篇報導誤導的成份效力”(再經修訂申索陳述書第48(F)段)。原告人指,整篇報導有誤導成份。被告人未經查証,便作出報導。 |
9.如前所述,涉案文章在“太陽報”的D7版刊登。該頁是“太陽報”用以刊登公眾投訴的部份。涉案文章的摘要述及,負離子直髮服務,日漸普及。不少髮型屋在提供這種服務時,更提供免費重做的保證。涉案文章說,有兩位讀者在接受負離子直髮服務後,認為效果不符理想,要求髮型屋重做,卻遭髮型屋拒絕,因而向“太陽報”作出投訴。
10.涉案文章所述的兩宗投訴,其中一宗是一位涉案文章稱為“梁小姐”的讀者,對原告人作出的投訴。而另一宗是另一位讀者對另一間與原告人無關的髮型屋作出的類似投訴。
11.如前所述,原告人除在再經修訂申索陳述書引述所謂“大標題之一”及“大標題之二”外,並未引述涉案文章的其他部份。本席在審閱過涉案文章後,認定以下部份,可被視為具誹謗涵義:-
| (a) |
“三天膊頭以下無直髮效果”; |
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| (b) |
“梁小姐 …
於旺角匠心髮型惠顧負離子直髮 … 其間她發覺 … 髮型師的手工馬虎,曾即時向他反映”; |
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| (c) |
“…
她覺得理髮前後的效果分別不大”; |
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| (d) |
“…
三天後,她更發現頭髮開始散亂鬈曲,膊頭以下的頭髮更有「翹起」情況,全無直髮效果”; |
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| (e) |
“…「梁小姐」遂到該店投訴。惟該髮型師審核頭髮後,認為沒有問題毋須重做,令她非常不滿”; |
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| (f) |
“…
她質疑該店在雜誌廣告上作出「所有直髮服務均發出保障收據,十四天內有問題免費重做。」的承諾不兌現”; |
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| (g) |
“匠心髮型負責人李先生表示,該店從未接獲相關投訴,梁小姐如有不滿,可再到該店,讓他親自審核 … 如問題屬實,會免費為梁小姐重做一次”。 |
12.除上述各部份,涉案文章亦載有一張顯示投訴人的頭髮的照片。照片下的說明是:-
“梁小姐惠顧負離子直髮後數天,即發現膊頭以下的頭髮鬈曲「翹起」”。
此外,涉案文章亦刊登了原告人的現沽單的照片,及原告人提供的書面保證:-
“首創「服務前後即影即有」相片比較(只影頭髮),所有直髮服務均發出保證收據,十四天內有問題免費重做”
(從上述書面保證的格式及用詞,有關資料似乎來自原告人前曾刊登的廣告的部份內容)。
13.涉案文章亦刊登了:-
| (1) |
據稱是髮型服務業內人士的意見指,負離子直髮效果,取決於理髮技術及產品質素,以及顧客的髮質(該部份的標題是“直髮效果可維持兩至三個月”); |
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| (2) |
據稱是消費者委員會發言人的意見,由於髮型屋沒有清楚述明何謂「有問題」,追討會有困難(該部份的標題是“追討較為困難”)。 |
涉案文章是否具誹謗性?
14.Gatley一書對在狀書中,如何列明原告方聲稱的誹謗性涵義的法律原則,有以下的敍述:-
“Pleading meanings. The modern practice has been to require the claimant in almost every case to set out in his particulars of claim the defamatory meaning or meanings which he claims were borne by the words …” (第26.20段);
“Pleading the natural and ordinary meaning. In setting out the natural and ordinary meaning of the words, the claimant should be as specific as he can be and should avoid ascribing too strained a meaning. …” (第26.21段);
“Pleading innuendoes. Where the claimant relies on an innuendo meaning, he must plead particulars of the facts and matters on which he relies in support of such sense. These facts or matters will generally incorporate either a special definition of the words known only to a limited class of persons (such as slang or technical terms) or facts extrinsic to the libel which, if known about, affect the way the words complained of are understood…” (第26.22段)。
15.上述法律原則的目的,包括以下幾點。首先,與訟雙方必須可以清楚知悉及理解原告的案情為何:-
“Save where he is permitted to amend, the general rule is that a claimant is bound by his pleading as to meaning, at least to the extent that he is not allowed to trial to contend that the words bear a more injurious meaning than that pleaded. In the case of an innuendo, the rule is that the claimant is pinned precisely to his pleaded meaning and proof of a lesser meaning will not assist him. Where a claimant relies on an innuendo meaning he raises a cause of action which is distinct from that based on the natural and ordinary meaning. …” (Gatley, 第 26-24 段)。
16.此外,法官及/或陪審團在裁決誹謗訴訟時,亦須裁決涉案文章的涵義為何,及是否具原告聲稱的誹謗涵義。正如終審法院在Next Magazine Publishing Ltd. and Others v. Oriental Daily Publisher Ltd. (FACV 19/1999) 的判案書指出:-
“It is not uncommon in Hong Kong for judges to try libel actions without a jury. The correct approach for judges to adopt when so doing is the one explained as follows by Diplock LJ in Slim v. Daily Telegraph Ltd [1968] 2 QB 157 at pp 174G-175C:
‘But where an action for libel is tried by a judge alone without a jury, it is he who has to arrive at a single “right” meaning as “the natural and ordinary meaning” of the words complained of; and with the concentration of functions in a single adjudicator, the need for his distinguishing between meanings which words are capable of bearing and the choice of the one “right” meaning which they do bear disappears. It would be carrying artificiality too far, even for the law of libel, to suggest that a judge sitting alone must approach the issue as to the natural and ordinary meaning of the words complained of by asking himself not only the question: “What is the natural and ordinary meaning in which the words would be understood by reasonable men to whom they were published?” but also the further question: “Could reasonable men understand them as bearing that meaning?’” (上文獲強調處,由本席後加)(其中第23段);
“What the adjudicator of fact, whether a judge alone or a jury, has to ascertain in a libel action is the single meaning which the publication sued upon would convey to the mind of an ordinary, reasonable, fair-minded reader. Thus in Charleston v. News Group Newspapers Ltd [1995] 2 AC 65 at p.71 E-H Lord Bridge of Harwich (in a speech with which all the other Law Lords hearing that appeal agreed) referred to ‘two principles which are basic to the law of libel’ and then continued as follows:
‘The first is that, where no legal innuendo is alleged to arise from extrinsic circumstances known to some readers, the “natural and ordinary meaning” to be ascribed to the words of an allegedly defamatory publication is the meaning, including any inferential meaning, which the words would convey to the mind of the ordinary, reasonable, fair-minded reader. This proposition is too well established to require citation of authority. The second principle, which is perhaps a corollary of the first, is that, although a combination of words may in fact convey different meanings to the minds of different readers, the jury in a libel action, applying the criterion which the first principle dictates, is required to determine the single meaning which the publication conveyed to the notional reasonable reader and to base its verdict and any award of damages on the assumption that this was the one sense in which all readers would have understood it.’
That statement of the law, although made in the context of libel actions tried by judge and jury, applies with at least equal force to libel actions tried by judge alone.” (上文獲強調處,由本席後加)(第26段)。
17.涉案文章與本標題相關的部份,已在前第6,8,9,11,12及13段詳述。原告人亦未在狀書中,清晰地列明涉案文章的誹謗性涵義為何。他在狀書中清楚列明誹謗涵義的唯一部份,僅為“大標題之一”及“大標題之二”(詳見前第6(a)及6(b)段)。但該部份本身,其實並無涉指原告人。故此,單憑此點,本訴訟已應被撤銷。但本席為對本訴訟作出全面性裁決,仍會在以下部份,對與訟雙方的論點,作出裁斷。
18.另方面,再經修訂抗辯書否認涉案文章具任何誹謗涵義,並指涉案文章僅具以下涵義:—
| (1) |
“負離子直髮”日漸普及,不少髮型屋提供免費重做保障,加強消費者信心; |
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| (2) |
“太陽報”最近接獲兩宗有關“負離子直髮”服務及重做保證的投訴,其中一宗涉及原告人; |
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| (3) |
投訴人梁小姐是原告人的顧客。她不滿意原告人提供的“負離子直髮”的效果。另外,原告人並未依其承諾為她免費重做“負離子直髮”; |
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| (4) |
原告人提供給梁小姐的直髮服務的效果“差強人意”; |
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| (5) |
受僱於原告人為梁小姐服務的髮型師的手工馬虎; |
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| (6) |
理髮前後的效果分別不大。三天後,梁小姐發現頭髮開始散亂鬈曲; |
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| (7) |
梁小姐覺得原告人承諾不兌現,“免費重做”無保障; |
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| (8) |
“負離子直髮”翹起竟稱無問題; |
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| (9) |
髮型屋的“免費重做”承諾無保障。 |
19.經考慮上述法律原則及涉案文章的整體釋義,本席裁定涉案文章具以下誹謗性涵義:—
| (1) |
涉案文章使普通人認為,原告人提供的服務,效果不大,具貶低原告人的服務的意思; |
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| (2) |
涉案文章質疑,原告人不兌現他曾作出的保證,令普通人覺得,原告人作出的保證,不能提供保障; |
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| (3) |
涉案文章使普通人認為,原告人提供的直髮服務,儘管有“翹起”情況,及“效果差強人意”,原告人會以“無問題”來回應,及拒絕實踐其保證; |
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| (4) |
基於以上各點,涉案文章令“社會上思想正常人仕對原告人的觀感下降或 … 迴避原告人(在此是指業務) … 或蔑視(在此是指商譽誠信)…
或嘲笑 …”(參看再經修訂申索陳述書,第48(B)段)。 |
20.原告人曾在其狀書中提及“影射”(innuendo):例如,前8(2) 及 8(5) 段所述的部份。
21.《最高法院規則》第82號命令第3(1) 條規則規定:-
“凡在永久形式誹謗或短暫形式誹謗的訴訟中,原告人指稱遭投訴的言詞或事宜是含有其一般涵義以外的誹謗意思,則原告人必須提供他所倚據的支持該意思的事實及事宜們詳情”。
由此可見,此規則對以“影射”作為訴因而開展的申索,有特別的要求:詳見 Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2004,第82/3/1 至 82/3/3 段。
22.Gatley 一書,對上述的要求,作出以下的陳述:-
“… Where, however, the defamatory meaning only arises because of extrinsic facts which are known to the recipients there is said to be an ‘innuendo’. This has two principal consequences. First, the claimant must not only identify in his particulars of claim the defamatory meaning … but also identify the relevant extrinsic facts and prove that those facts were known to at least one of the persons to whom the words were published …”.(上文獲強調處,由本席後加)(其中第3.18 段)。
Gatley 一書亦引用Grubb v. Bristol United Press [1963] 1 QB 309 的判案書以下部份:-
“… there is one cause of action for the libel itself … and there is another different cause of action, namely, the innuendo, based not merely on the libel itself but on an extended meaning created by a conjunction of the words with something outside them. The latter cause of action cannot come into existence unless there is some extrinsic fact to create the extended meaning”.
(上文獲強調處,由本席後加),(其中第327頁)。
23.在本訴訟,原告人的狀書雖曾提及“影射”,但狀書並未列明第82號命令第3(1) 條規則規定的事項。原告人亦無提供足以支持“影射”訟因的證據。
24.基於以上各點,本席裁定涉案文章不具“影射”涵義。
對證人證供可信性的裁斷
25.本訴訟審訊時,與訟雙方傳召了以下證人作供:—
(a) 原告人;
(b) 黃創基(原告人的親戚);
(c) 蔡傳威;
(d) 梁少儀;
(e) 施慧玲。
26.辯方傳召的三位證人(即前第25(c)至25(e)段所述的證人),均為受僱於被告人的記者。他們在相關時間,均負責“太陽報”投訴版的工作。他們作供時都表示,涉案文章所載的投訴,是取自投訴人梁小姐及原告人的負責人李先生提供的資料。由於證人不是親歷其事,他們並沒有(亦從未稱)親自目睹事情的經過。
27.原告人在盤問證人(及結案陳詞)時,並無質疑辯方證人的證供可信性,但卻質疑他們報導梁小姐的投訴時,是否已作出充分的調查及/或負責任的報導。
28.本席在考慮本訴訟的整體情況及証據後,信納辯方證人是誠實及可信賴的證人。
29.另方面,辯方對蔡先生的證供,提出以下質疑:-
| (1) |
蔡先生聲稱,他在2001年10月17日(即投訴人指,她到“匠心髮型”作出投訴日)的整個下午都身在“匠心髮型”。當日梁小姐並無作出投訴。 |
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| (2) |
蔡先生聲稱,原告人是一合夥業務,而他是合夥人之一; |
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| (3) |
蔡先生就損害賠償數額所作的證供。 |
前第(3)分段,將在本“判案書”較後部份處理。
30.蔡先生並未在其日期為2003年11月28日的證人陳述書作出前第29(1)段的聲稱。2001年10月至審訊日,中間經歷約3年多時間。本席認定,蔡先生在審訊時聲稱,仍能清楚記憶當日他整天都在髮型屋,並完全清楚知悉,並無顧客在當天對直髮服務作出投訴,不具充分的可信性及/或可依賴性。
31.但本席信納蔡先生指,他是原告人的合夥人之一的聲稱。
對涉案事實的裁斷
32.基於與訟雙方並無爭議的證據(尤其是審訊用文件冊內的證據),及本席信納的證人證供,本席對涉案事實,作出以下裁斷:—
| (a) |
蔡先生是原告人的合夥人之一; |
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| (b) |
被告人僱用的記者蔡傳威,在2001年10月17日晚上接獲投訴人梁小姐的電話。梁小姐對原告人前曾提供的直髮服務,作出投訴; |
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| (c) |
蔡傳威撰寫的書面記錄,準確地記錄了梁小姐的投訴; |
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| (d) |
梁小姐稱,她在2001年10月14日曾獲原告人提供直髮服務。當時她覺得,髮型師的手工“馬虎”(即是,髮型師的服務大意); |
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| (e) |
原告人當日口頭承諾,如梁小姐事後認為效果不如理想,可在14天內憑收據要求原告人重做; |
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| (f) |
梁小姐當時發覺,直髮效果不大。三天後,她發現頭髮開始散亂鬈曲、膞頭以下的頭髮更有「翹起」情況,全無直髮效果; |
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| (g) |
梁小姐在2001年10月17日到原告人處投訴,但髮型師在審查過她的頭髮後,認為沒有問題,不為她重做直髮; |
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| (h) |
被告人僱用的記者施小姐在2001年10月17日被指派跟進梁小姐的個案; |
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| (i)
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施小姐在2001年10月18日致電梁小姐,並獲梁小姐告知有關事件的情況; |
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| (j) |
梁小姐亦在2001年10月18日以圖文傳真,將她的書面投訴交給“太陽報”,及將原告人的收據副本交給“太陽報”; |
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| (k) |
梁小姐在2001年10月18日晚上應邀到“太陽報”,讓被告人僱用的記者梁少儀替她拍照。其中兩張照片其後出現在涉案文章; |
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| (l) |
梁少儀在2001年10月19日致電原告人,並向經理李先生查詢有關梁小姐個案的情況。李先生向梁少儀稱,原告人從未接獲相關投訴。他並說,梁小姐如有任何不滿,可再讓他親自審核其直髮效果。如問題屬實,會免費為她重做; |
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| (m) |
“太陽報”在2001年11月11日在投訴版刊登了有關梁小姐的投訴的涉案文章。該文章有關事實過程的部份,準確地記載了梁小姐提供的資料。 |
抗辯理由(1):有限制特權
33.原告人在審訊時一再表示,他承認涉案文章的內容,屬有限制特權發布場合的範。但他指被告人發布涉案文章時,對他懷有惡意。
34.由於原告人上述提出的理據,本席須先認定,他所指的“有限制特權場合”及“懷有惡意”所涉的法律論據,究竟為何。
35.終審法院在Albert Cheng and Another v. Tse Wai Chun Paul [2000] 3 HKCFAR 339的判案書說:—
“… The rationale of the defence of qualified privilege is the law’s recognition that there are circumstances when there is a need, in the public interest, for a particular recipient to receive frank and uninhibited communication of particular information from a particular source: see Reynolds v. Times Newspapers Ltd [1999] 3 WLR 1010, 1017. Traditionally, these occasions have been described in terms of persons having a duty to perform or an interest to protect in providing the information. If, adopting the traditional formulation for convenience, a person’s dominant motive is not to perform this duty or protect this interest, he is outside the ambit of the defence. …” (上文獲強調處,由本席後加)(第55段)。
36.但上述的所謂“傳統”有限制特權場合,並不適用於傳媒發布消息的情況,正如Gatley說:—
“Until the very end of the twentieth century there was in England (and, indeed, in the rest of the Commonwealth) a strong reluctance to extend the protection of qualified privilege to publication in the news media … The media defendant … was in no different position from anyone else and had to show the relevant reciprocally of duty and interest. … A privilege for publication to the world at large was, in English law, the exception rather than the rule … Nor was there any defence of ‘fair information upon a matter of public interest,’ still less of ‘fair attributed report’ … or of ‘neutral reportage’” (第14.81段)。
上述情況,在Reynolds v. Times Newspaper Ltd. [2001] 2 AC 127的判決被改變。英國法院在該上訴案中的決定,基本上賦予傳媒另一種有限制特權:—
“Reynolds is couched in the traditional terminology of duty and interest: the media must have a duty to convey the information which the public has a corresponding interest in receiving. However, Lord Nicholls referred to this as the ‘conventional terminology’ for the issue whether the publication was in the public interest and said that the ‘requirement that both the maker of the statement and the recipient must have an interest or duty draws attention to the need to have regard to the position of both parties when deciding whether an occasion is privileged. But this should not be allowed to obscure the rationale of the underlying public interest on which privilege is founded. The essence of this defence lies in the law’s recognition of the need, in the public interest, for a particular recipient to receive frank and uninhibited communication of particular information from a particular source. That is the end the law is concerned to attain. The protection afforded to the maker of, the statement is the means by which the law seeks to achieve that end.’” (Gatley, 第14.87段)。
37.根據Reynolds的判決,法院在裁定傳媒發布的消息是否屬有限制特權場合時,應考慮以下的因素及法律原則:
| “Lord Nicholls then set out a non-exhaustive list of circumstances which would be relevant to the privilege issue in a “media” case: |
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The seriousness of the allegation. The more serious the charge, the more the public is misinformed and the individual harmed, if the allegation is not true. |
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2. |
The nature of the information, and the extent to which the
subject-matter is a matter of public concern. |
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The source of the information. Some informants have no
direct knowledge of the events. Some have their own axes
to grind, or are being paid for their stories. |
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The steps taken to verify the information. |
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The status of the information. The allegation may have
already been the subject of an investigation which commands
respect. |
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6. |
The urgency of the matter. News is often a perishable
commodity. |
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7. |
Whether comment was sought from the plaintiff. He may have
information others do not posses or have not disclosed. An
approach to the plaintiff will not always be necessary. |
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8. |
Whether the article contained the gist of the plaintiff’s side
of the story. |
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The tone of the article. A newspaper can raise queries or
call for an investigation. It need not adopt allegations
as statements of fact. |
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The circumstances of the publication, including the timing. |
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The list is not exhaustive. The weight to be given to these and any other relevant factors will vary from case to case. Any disputes of primary facts will be a matter for the jury, if there is one. The decision on whether, having regard to the admitted or proved facts, the publication was subject to qualified privilege is a matter for the judge. This is the established practice and seems sound. A balancing operation is better carried out by a judge in a reasoned judgment than by a jury. Over time, a valuable corpus of case law will be built up.’” (Gatley, 第14.83段); |
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“Rebutting the Reynolds privilege. It is for the defendant to show that his publication comes within the scope of qualified privilege in the light of the factors set out in Reynolds. Once he does so, then in theory it should be open to the claimant to displace the defence by showing that the defendant was actuated by malice. Whether this is in fact so is considered in Chap.16. It is not, however, part of the defendant’s case under Reynolds to establish that he had an honest belief in the truth of the matter published.” (Gatley, 第14.94段)。 |
38.雖然香港法院從未在任何已知的判決中,明確地表明依Reynolds一案而確立的有限制特權的法律原則,適用於香港。但該案在香港法院多宗訴訟的判決中,已被提及,或被引用以確立其他方面的法律原則。該等判決包括:—
(1) Albert Cheng and Anor,第55段(終審法院);
(2) Next Magazine Publishing Ltd. And Another v. Ma Ching Fat,第113至114段(終審法院)(FACV 5/2002);
(3) Chan Chook Tim v. Wong Kwok Hung (HCA 16078/1999),第40段(原訟法庭);
(4) Omar, Zarina v. Chow Yee Ping and Another,第54段 (HCA 3699/2002)。
本席在考慮過前第35至37段所述的判案書後認定,依Reynolds一案而確立的法律原則,已是香港採用的普通法的一部份。
39.Gatley對依據Reynolds一案的法律原則而確立的有限制特權場合,法院是否仍需考慮被告是否懷有惡意這一點,存有疑問:詳見Gatley,第16.21段。本席在處理本訴訟時假設,即使是依Reynolds一案而確立的有限制特權場合,仍需就此點作出考慮及裁斷。
40.本席在考慮過本訴訟的整體情況後裁定,適用於本訴訟的有限制特權場合,是依Reynolds一案而確立的有限制特權。因此,本席在考慮本部份所涉的抗辯理據,是依上述的法律原則對本訴訟所涉的證據作出考慮。
41.原告人在其狀書中,及盤問証人時,對被告人的報導手法,提出以下的批評:—
| (1) |
被告人從未親身接觸原告人或其他有關人士,了解情況; |
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| (2) |
被告人未經公正及準確地證明有關事實;例如,梁小姐的身份,她是否確曾獲原告人提供直髮服務,或曾到原告人投訴,或直髮效果不如理想,是否先天問題或其他問題引致; |
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| (3) |
被告人處事不小心。 |
42.本席考慮過上述各點後,認定被告人是在符合有限制場合的情況下,刊登涉案文章。
43.首先,涉案文章已清楚地指出整個個案是因梁小姐的投訴而起。涉案文章內有關梁小姐的經歷,都已清楚地表明,是根據梁小姐的說法而撰寫。另方面,涉案文章亦清楚記載被告人在接獲投訴後,曾詢問原告人有關情況,並清楚及準確地記載李先生的回覆。
44.至於梁小姐的身份,及她是否確曾光顧原告人這兩點,由於梁小姐能提供原告人的收據給被告人,被告人已有充分合理基礎,信納梁小姐有關的說法。同樣,被告人在聽取梁小姐的陳述,及觀察她的頭髮狀況後,亦有充分合理基礎,信納梁小姐確對直髮服務不滿,及曾向原告人作出投訴。
45.最後,本席認定,涉案文章的主旨是提醒消費者,髮型屋提供的重做服務保證,由於通常沒有說明究竟在什麼情況下才須履行承諾,消費者得到的實質保障,極為有限。
46.第18號命令第12(b)條規則規定,狀書必須載有關於任何人的精神狀況(包括懷有惡意)的必要詳情。但原告人並無在其狀書列載有關被告人懷有惡意的必要詳情。單憑此點,本訴訟已應因被告人成功確立此抗辯理由而被撤銷。但即使狀書載有有關的必要詳情,本席亦裁定,以本訴訟的整體情況及涉案文章的整體內容而言,並無被告人懷有惡意的資料或證據。
抗辯理由 (2):不涉指原告
47.基於本席對“抗辯理由 (1):有限制特權”的裁斷,本席其實無需再處理被告人提出的其他抗辯理由。但為全面處理本訴訟的所有爭議點,本席會簡略地討論該等事項。
48.被告人指,他們發布涉案文章時,原告人的商業登記記錄顯示,原告人是由黃創基先生經營。但本訴訟其實是由蔡先生開展。
49.被告人指這點極為重要,因為假如原告人是黃先生經營的業務:-
(a) 本訴訟應由他 (而非蔡先生) 開展;
(b) 涉案文章只提及“匠心髮型”,從未提及蔡先生。故此,涉案文章從未涉指蔡先生。
50.本席在前第31段裁定,蔡先生有關此方面的證供是可信的。本席在達致此結論時,已考慮過辯方結案陳述大綱第15段的論據。
51.雖然如此,本席亦同意辯方指,原告人並無提出證據證明,一般讀者知道,涉案文章涉指蔡先生:詳見Gatley, 第7.3段 (尤其第185頁)。
抗辯理由 (3):有理可據
52.為確立此抗辯理由,辯方必須確立投訴人梁小姐所述的事項屬實。
53.本席同意辯方指,在確立此抗辯理由時,辯方需確立的,只為涉案文章具誹謗性涵義的“侮辱點”(“sting” of the defamation) 相關的事實。本席已在前第19段裁定涉案文章的“侮辱點”為何。
54.本席亦信納辯方指,雖然辯方已採取所有合理步驟,尋求梁小姐出庭作證,但由於梁小姐已離開原僱主,不知所縱,以致辯方未能傳召她出庭作證。
55.根據《證據條例》(第8章) 第47(1)條,傳聞證據在民事法律程序中,可接納為證據。而第49條則列明,法庭在接納該證據後,應如何決定該給予該證據的分量。
56.本席經考慮本訴訟的整體證據後決定:-
| (1) |
接納梁小姐的聲稱為證據; |
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| (2) |
接納梁小姐有關以下事項的陳述:- |
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(a) |
為梁小姐提供直髮服務的髮型師的服務大意; |
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(b) |
原告人曾提供前第32(e) 段的口項承諾; |
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(c) |
梁小姐在直髮服務後發覺,直髮效果不大。三天後,她發現頭髮開始散亂鬈曲,膊頭以下的頭髮更有「翹起」情況; |
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(d) |
梁小姐在2001年10月17日到原告人處投訴,但髮型師在審查她的頭髮後,認為沒有問題,不為她重做直髮。 |
57.故此,本席裁定,辯方就涉案文章的“侮辱點”(尤其前第19(1) 至19(3) 段),已確立有理可據的抗辯理由。
抗辯理由 (4):公允評論
58.基於以上各點,本席亦裁定辯方已確立此抗辯理由:詳見前第19,43至46及53至57段。
就法律責任的結論
59.本席認定,辯方無須負上本訴訟的法律責任。本訴訟應被撤銷。
損害賠償數額
60.由於本席撤銷本訴訟,本席無需處理有關此點的爭議。但本席裁定蔡先生人就此點而作的證供具臆測成份,不具充分的可信性或可信賴性。
訟費暫淮命令
61.本席依第42號命令第5B(6) 條規則,作出以下訟費暫淮命令。原告人需支付就本訴訟所涉訟費 (包括前曾被保留日後決定的訟費)。如與訟雙方未能就訟費數額達成協議,交訟費評定官評定。
原告人:由蔡銓友代表應訊
第一及第二被告人:由姚黎李律師行轉聘吳港發大律師代表
上訴法庭駁回原告人的上訴。請参閱CACV243/2005 日期: 2006年4月24日 |