王子鑫 訴 香港警務處長鄧竟成及另一人
Read the full judgment text of CACV 354/2007 on BabelCite. This Court of Appeal judgment was delivered on 20 June 2008.
1. 上訴人針對原訟法庭任懿君法官拒絕向警務處處長(第一被告人)發出非正審強制令及相應的訟費命令提出上訴。
Cited by 4 cases · Cites 3 cases
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CACV 354/2007 香港特別行政區 高等法院上訴法庭 民事司法管轄權 民事上訴 案件編號:民事上訴案件2007年第354號 (原高院民事訴訟2007年第539號) ____________
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聆訊日期:2008年5月20日 判案日期:2008年 6月 20日 判案書 由高等法院原訟法庭法官馮驊頒布上訴法庭判案書: 1.上訴人針對原訟法庭任懿君法官拒絕向警務處處長(第一被告人)發出非正審強制令及相應的訟費命令提出上訴。 背景 2.原告人狀告警務處處長及律政司司長侵權,申索損害賠償及永久強制令。 3.申索陳述書指2006年12月,上訴人在另一宗訴訟狀告警務處處長(HCA 2689/2006)。之後,2006年10月至2007年3月4 日期間,他(有時和弟弟)7次被警員在街上截查身份證。他指稱警務處處長及其僱員或代理人沒有合理懷疑、非法地、重複性地、針對性地作出侵權行爲及/或濫用權力,非法禁錮及/或非法拘捕,恐嚇及侵入私人土地,及在未有法例授權下收集私人資料,對他造成煩厭、滋擾,引至精神損害,要求賠償港幣1,888,888元。 4.上訴人曾向投訴警察科作出投訴,但因訴訟進行中而被暫緩處理。 5.2007年8月15日,上訴人申請非正審強制令,禁止警務人員在中環及上環地區向他強行奪取及記錄個人資料及作出滋擾性行爲。 6.上訴人2007年8月15日的誓章指2006年10月21日至2007年3月4日間,原告人5次被警員在街上截查身份證。有關截查時間在黃昏至淩晨,地點包括上訴人位於上環的店鋪附近、金鐘、西環薄扶林道及北角。上訴人2007年8月25日的誓章指2007年8月20日在他上環的店鋪附近又被警員誡查身份證,對他的業務造成滋擾。 7.任法官引用《官方法律程序條例》(300章)第16(1)(a)及(2) 條:
8.任法官指法院不得對任何官方人員發出強制令。因此,申請駁回。 上訴理由 9.上訴理由歸納如下:
答辯人通知書 10.代表答辯人的岑大律師指:
新的證據 11.上訴人申請提交兩份新近的誓章,指出:
12.岑大律師對誓章(2)沒有反對,但反對誓章(1),因對所述截查過程中一些爭議的事實未及回應。 13.就誓章(1)所提及的6宗截查,上訴人附列了警方的函件,記錄了其中5宗截查的簡述。鑒于這是新近的發展,亦與重複性針對的指稱有關,而警方的函件應無爭議,本庭准予呈堂。 爭議點的擬定 14.上訴聆訊時,上訴人澄清了爭議的範圍:
適用的原則 15.根據英國案例American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon [1975] AC 396指出,發出非正審強制令的考慮如下:
16.在American Cyanamid一案,狄普樂勛爵 (Lord Diplock) 指出:
17.就《基本法》第25條之法律面前、人人平等的原則,終審法院於So Wai Lun v HKSAR [2006] 3 HKLRD 394一案,引述 R v Man Wai Keung (No. 2) [1992] 2 HKCLR 207, 217一案,時任高等法院法官包致金指出,平等並非不顧情況而待遇相同之狹義平等,因為這般一成不變反會破壞而非促進真正的公平。出發點是要公平待遇,但在某些情況,偏離狹義的平等可以是公平的做法。支持這樣做法需要證明:
(見第401頁A-C段)[3]。 18.而終審法院於SJ v Yau Yuk Lung Zigo & anor [2007] 3 HKLRD 903; [2007] 3 HKCU 1195一案指出,法律通常對相類的情況賦予相同的待遇(見第19段)[4]。 討 論 19.上訴人原先提出了若干違憲的指稱。基於上述爭議點的擬定,剩下來的指稱是截查警員記錄受查人的個人資料是妨礙私生活,及針對《官方法律程序條例》第16條的平等性等。 20.首先,本庭不同意岑大律師所指,在非正審階段考慮相對便利的衡量時,特別是廣泛公衆利益時,須假定被指違憲的有關條例均屬有效。 21.在AG of Manitoba v Metropolitan Stores Ltd [1987] 1 SCR 110, 加拿大最高法院就憲法案件的非正審強制令或暫緩令(stay)作出了探討。比茨法官(Beetz J)指出,在非正審階段假定被質疑的法律在憲法上有效不單止對問題沒有幫助,其實簡直是誤導。嚴格來説,如果假定是名乎其實的,那它一定可以被推翻。不然,中止程序的命令永不可能發出。既然假定可以被推翻,就要研究是非曲直,但那在非正審階段通常是不可能的(第122頁)[5]。 22.需要注意,現階段是非正審上訴,除非情況明顯不過,並非最終裁斷是非曲直的時機。尤其是上訴人沒有律師代表,法庭未有正反專業法律意見的辯論。 23.在Metropolitan Stores案,比茨法官引述了前述American Cyanamid案狄普樂勛爵的觀點,指出法庭在非正審階段難以決定案件的是非曲直,涉及違憲的案件尤其不適合以迅速及非正式的程序進行(見第130頁)[6]。即使被質疑的條文表面上違反受保證的權利或自由,根據《加拿大人權及自由憲章》第1條提交的證據或可證明條文得以挽救。即使根據《憲章》第一條可能提交的證據看來比重不大,法庭亦難以在非正審階段決定案件的是非曲直(見第131頁) [7]。 24.以供參考,《加拿大人權及自由憲章》第1條規定:
25.比茨法官指出,無論訴訟者要求暫緩(suspend)抑或被豁免(exempted)的法律最終是否被裁定合憲,該等法律是由民選議會制定的,而通常是爲了公衆利益的。發出非正審強制濟助傾向暫時破壞公衆利益的追求是自明之理(見第135頁)[9]。因此,無論是申請暫緩抑或豁免的案件,除非在相對方便的衡量中,私人訴訟者的利益與公衆利益互相權行,在憲法案件中不應發出非正審的中止命令(見第146頁)[10]。假若(曼尼托巴省)上訴法院認爲每當法律的有效性受到認真的爭論,或者至少每當違反《加拿大人權及自由憲章》的論據表面成立而觸發《憲章》第1條的救助,就理所當然的可以發出非正審中止令,那上訴法院是明顯犯錯(見第157頁)[11]。 26.通常來説,暫緩令針對法律的普遍施行,豁免令只針對申請人,但不排除有其他人效法。 27.於Super Lion Enterprises Ltd & ors v Commissioner of Rating and Valuation [2006] 1 HKLRD 239一案,夏正民法官(Hartmann J)在考慮American Cyanamid案時亦指出,損害賠償的足夠性雖然重要,但在公法的案件中,較廣濶的公共利益問題必須被考慮(見第249頁第37段)[12]。 28.因此,在質疑違憲的非正審強制令申請,較廣濶的公共利益考慮非常重要。頒令禁止《警隊條例》的截查權涉及持治安與公衆安全。茲事體大,必須慎重。 29.根據《警隊條例》第54條規定:
30.上訴人認爲每個向他截查的警員都沒有合理懷疑,截查次數多了,就造成滋擾,並可能顯示針對性。而記錄個人資料加劇了滋擾。警務處處長容許下屬對他重複截查及紀錄個人資料,猶如采納了妨擾(adoption of nuisance)。 31.岑大律師指出,就警員是否對上訴人侵權,視乎當時警員是行使《警隊條例》第54(1)抑或(2)條,又是否有合理懷疑等證據考慮,法庭不能在非正審階段裁斷這些事實爭議。不過,從上訴人在不同地方被不同的警員截查看來,上訴人很難證明警方因針對他而作出截查行動。 32.本庭認爲,儘管上訴人多次被截查,不免引起煩擾,那不等同侵權法的妨擾。如警方無合理懷疑,會成爲濫權。但若有合理懷疑的話,則是按本子辦事。 33.至於警方是否針對上訴人,除了有關個案的數目值得關注之外,無論警員的身份、地點、時間或期間均無指向警務處處長或其下屬針對上訴人。單以被截查次數多寡,極其量證明重複性,也許經常性,但不代表警方濫用權利。是否有合理懷疑視乎個別情況,要留待正審處理。 34.基於上訴人並不質疑截查本身,除了違憲的問題,那很難看出記錄個人資料有多大滋擾。 35.況且,即使有個別警員濫用權力或針對上訴人,令他費時失事甚至精神受損,並非任何損害賠償不足以彌補的。要對全區的警察發出非正審強制令是無限上綱。 36.就截查後記錄個人資料,上訴人指出:
37.根據《香港人權法案》第14條規定:
38.於Reyntjens v Belgium App. No. 16810/90; 73 DR 136一案,當時的歐洲人權委員會考慮比利時警方無須理由檢查身份證並記錄資料是否違反《歐洲人權公約》第8條私人生活須受到尊重的權利的干擾。第8條的條文如下:
39.根據人權委員會的意見,公民須攜帶身份證,並須在警方要求時展示的義務本身並不違反公約的第8條,因爲根據有關法例,身份證只有持有人(及如使用下其配偶)的名字、性別、出生日期、住址,身份證並無載有關於私人生活的訊息(見第152頁)。 40.本地的警員截查身份證時,得到的資料不比Reyntjens案為多。 41.岑大律師指出,根據《警隊條例》第10條規定:
42.岑大律師指警方的工作種類繁多,法例只可以訂明原則,細節需按實際情況而定。《警務處程序手冊》指引記錄受查可疑人士的名字及身份證號碼,一則對《警隊條例》的職權作出規範,防止警員任意行事或濫用權力,是對被查人士權利的適當制衡;二則對偵查區内犯罪或有幫助。因此,記錄個人資料並非削減人權。 43.本庭認爲,就記錄受查人士的個人資料是否有違反《香港人權法案》第14條須視乎情況。即使有任何認真的爭論,考慮到損害賠償及包括公共利益的相對方便的衡量,撇開《官方法律程序條例》而論,拒絕非正審強制令是對的。 44.至於《官方法律程序條例》,第16條適用於由官方提出或針對官方提出的任何民事法律程序。 45.根據《官方法律程序條例》第2(2) 條釋義:
46.皇座法庭的公訴部 (Crown side of the Queen's Bench Division) 是指皇座法庭處理刑事及君主特權轄權(prerogative jurisdiction)的部分,有別於處理民事訴訟的申訴部分(plea side)(見Jowitt’s Dictionary of English Law, 2nd Ed., 1977)。 47.《官方法律程序條例》第16條只適用於由官方提出或針對官方提出的任何民事法律程序,屬私法範疇。根據《高等法院條例》(第4章)第21K條及《高等法院規則》(第4A章)第53號命令第3(10)(b)條規則,法庭可於司法覆核(即舊有的君主特權轄權)的程序中向官員發出正審與非正審強制令,屬公法範疇。其實,有關對官員濫用權力或行事偏頗的指稱屬於公法範疇。 48.顯而易見,第16條的立法意圖在於官方一向尊重法庭的裁決,法庭向官方發出宣佈各方權利的命令已足夠,無須發出強制令。這與強制令屬酌情權是相符的。 49.即使《官方法律程序條例》第16條表面上對官方待遇不同,考慮到實制運作及公法的濟助,其實絕非不公平。 50.本庭不認爲上訴人所提的其他憲法條款對其論據有何幫助。 51.無論如何,上訴人未能符合American Cyanamid一案就非正審強制令之發出的基本要求。 結 論 52.基於上述理由,上訴駁回。 訟 費 53.聆訊時,上訴人同意上訴及任法官席前的訟費按上訴的結果而定。 54.因此,本庭命令上訴人支付答辯人上訴的訟費,如未能就金額達成協議,交聆案官評定。
原告人:無律師代表,親自應訊 第一及第二被告人:由岑炳生大律師代表 [1] 英文: “(1) In any civil proceedings by or against the Crown the court shall, subject to the provisions of this Ordinance, have power to make all such orders as it has power to make in proceedings between subjects, and otherwise to give such appropriate relief as the case may require: Provided that –
(2) The court shall not in any civil proceedings grant any injunction or make any order against an officer of the Crown if the effect of granting the injunction or making the order would be to give any relief against the Crown which could not have been obtained in proceedings against the Crown.” [2] 原文: “It is no part of the court’s function at this stage of the litigation to try to resolve conflicts of evidence on affidavit as to facts on which the claims of either party may ultimately depend nor to decide difficult question of law which call for detailed argument and mature considerations. These are matters to be dealt with at the trial.” [3] 原文: “Clearly, there is no requirement of literal equality in the sense of unrelentingly identical treatment always. For such rigidity would subvert rather than promote true even-handedness. So that, in certain circumstances, a departure from literal equality would be a legitimate course and, indeed, the only legitimate course. But the starting point is identical treatment. And any departure therefrom must be justified. To justify such a departure it must be shown: one, that sensible and fair-minded people would recognise a genuine need for some difference of treatment; two, that the difference embodied in the particular departure selected to meet that need is itself rational; and, three, that such departure is proportionate to such need.” [4] 原文: “In general, the law should usually accord identical treatment to comparable situations.” [5]原文: “Not only do I find such a presumption not helpful, but, with respect, I find it positively misleading. If it is a presumption strictly so-called, surely it is a rebuttable one. Otherwise a stay of proceedings could never be granted. But to say that a presumption is rebuttable is to open the way for a rebuttal. This in turn involved a consideration of the merits of the case which is generally not possible at the interlocutory stage.” [6] 原文: “First, the extent and exact meaning of the rights guaranteed by the Charter are often far from clear and the interlocutory procedure rarely enables a motion judge to ascertain these crucial questions. Constitutional adjudication is particularly unsuited to the expeditious and informal proceedings of a weekly court where there are little or no pleadings and submission in writings …” [7]原文: “Furthermore, in many Charter cases such as the cases at bar, some party may find it necessary or prudent to adduce evidence tending to establish that the impugned provision, although prima facie in violation of a guaranteed right or freedom, can be saved under s. 1 of the Charter… … It was held that a court is not at the interlocutory stage in an adequate position to decide the merits of a case even though the evidence that is likely to be adduced under s. 1 seems of little weight…” [8]原文: “The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a free and democratic society.” [9] 原文: “Whether or not they are ultimately held to be constitutional, the laws which litigants seek to suspend or from which they seek to be exempted by way of interlocutory injunctive relief have been enacted by democratically-elected legislatures and are generally passed for the common good… It seems axiomatic that the granting of interlocutory injunctive relief in most suspensions cases, and up to a point, as will be seen later, in quite a few exemption cases, is susceptible temporarily to frustrate the pursuit of the common good.” [10]原文: “It has been seen from what preceeds that suspension cases and exemption cases are governed by the same basic rule according to which, in constitutional litigation, an interlocutory stay of proceedings ought not be granted unless the public interest is taken into consideration in the balance of convenience and weighted together with the interest of the private litigants.” [11]原文: “The judgment of the Court of Appeal could be construed as meaning that an interlocutory stay of proceedings may be granted as a matter of course whenever a serious argument or, at least, whenever a prima facie case of violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms will normally trigger a recourse to the saving effect of s. 1 of the Charter, it was clearly in error…” [12] 原文: “While I consider the adequacy of damages issue to be of importance, I do acknowledge that in public law cases - the present case being one - broader questions of the public interest must be taken into account.” [13] 英文: “(1) If a police officer finds any person in any street or other public place, or on board any vessel, or in any conveyance, at any hour of the day or night, who acts in a suspicious manner, it shall be lawful for the police officer –
(2) If a police officer finds any person in any street or other public place, or on board any vessel, or in any conveyance, at any hour of the day or night, whom he reasonably suspects of having committed or of being about to commit or of intending to commit any offence, it shall be lawful for the police officer-
(3) … …” [14]英文: “(1) No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.” [15]英文: “(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.” [16] 英文: “ ‘civil proceedings’ includes proceedings in the Supreme Court or the District Court for the recovery of fines or penalties, but does not include proceedings of a nature such as in England are taken on the Crown side of the Queen's Bench Division of Her Majesty's High Court of Justice;” |
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