香港特別行政區 訴 徐景樺及另五人

Read the full judgment text of DCCC 639/2018 on BabelCite. This District Court judgment was delivered on 10 December 2019.

2. 第二、四、五及七項控罪涉及D2、D4或D5(按情況而言)按串謀人士指示提供銀行戶口用來接收串謀人士所安排的存款,然後提款交給串謀人士。

Cited by 2 cases · Cites 6 cases

Case No.DCCC 639/2018[2019] HKDC 1742
Court
District Court
Date10 Dec 2019
Judge
Case Document
100%Judiciary

DCCC 639及1052/2018

[2019] HKDC 1742

香港特別行政區

區域法院

刑事案件2018年第639號及1052號

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  香港特別行政區  
   
  徐景樺(D1)  
  莊浩文(D2)  
  楊夢儀(D3)  
  韓可欣(又名張鳳艷)(D4)  
  梁惠琳(D5)  
  文學輝Stanley(D6)  

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主審法官: 區域法院法官葉佐文
日期: 2019年12月10日上午10時08分
出席人士: 梁振強先生,為外聘主控官,代表香港特別行政區
李國威先生,由法律援助署委派的M/s Johnny K.K. Leung & Co 轉聘,代表第四被告
李偉恩女士,由法律援助署委派的M/s Hobson & Ma 轉聘,代表第五被告
王國豪先生,由法律援助署委派的M/s Chow Wong & Lawyers 轉聘,代表第六被告
控罪: [2],[4],[5]及 [7]串謀處理已知道或相信為代表從可公訴罪行的得益的財產(Conspiracy to deal with property known or believed to represent proceeds of an indictable offence)
[6] 串謀勒索(Conspiracy to blackmail)

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裁決理由書

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控罪

1.D4、D5及D6否認以下控罪:

(1)控罪二 (訴D1及D4,註:D1已認罪):

罪行陳述

串謀處理已知道或相信為代表從可公訴罪行的得益的財產,違反香港法例第455章《有組織及嚴重罪行條例》第25(1)及(3)條和第200章《刑事罪行條例》第159A及159C條。

罪行詳情

D1及D4於或約於2017年9月29日在香港,知道或有合理理由相信某項財產,即以D4的名義在中國銀行(香港)有限公司持有的帳戶(號碼012-889-1-075694-8)內一筆總額港幣70,000元的款項,全部或部分、直接或間接代表從可公訴罪行的得益而仍一同串謀處理該財產。

(2)控罪四 (訴D1及D4,註:D1已認罪):

罪行陳述

串謀處理已知道或相信為代表從可公訴罪行的得益的財產,違反香港法例第455章《有組織及嚴重罪行條例》第25(1)及(3)條和第200章《刑事罪行條例》第159A及159C條。

罪行詳情

D1及D4於2017年10月25日至2017年10月26日期間(包括首尾兩日)在香港,知道或有合理理由相信某項財產,即以鍾劍鋒的名義在香港上海滙豐銀行有限公司持有的帳戶(號碼010-7-044349)內一筆總額港幣85,000元的款項,全部或部分、直接或間接代表從可公訴罪行的得益而仍一同串謀和與一個身分不詳的人串謀處理該財產。

(3)控罪五 (訴D1及D4,註:D1已認罪)

罪行陳述

串謀處理已知道或相信為代表從可公訴罪行的得益的財產,違反香港法例第455章《有組織及嚴重罪行條例》第25(1)及(3)條和第200章《刑事罪行條例》第159A及159C條。

罪行詳情

D1及D4於2017年12月4日至2017年12月7日期間(包括首尾兩日)在香港,知道或有合理理由相信某項財產,即以D4的名義在中國銀行(香港)有限公司持有的帳戶(號碼012-581-0-009093-4)內一筆總額港幣45,000元的款項,全部或部分、直接或間接代表從可公訴罪行的得益而仍一同串謀和與一個身分不詳的人串謀處理該財產。

(4)控罪六 (訴D1、D2及D6,註:D1及D2已認罪):

罪行陳述

串謀勒索,違反香港法例第210章《盜竊罪條例》第23(1)及(3)條和第200章《刑事罪行條例》第159A條。

罪行詳情

D1、D2及D6於2018年2月18日至2018年2月20日期間(包括首尾兩日)在香港,一同串謀,為使他們自己或另一人獲益,或意圖使另一人遭受損失,而以恫嚇方式,不當地要求梁艷貞、楊思娟及楊宇鋒交出港幣110,000元。

(5)控罪七 (訴D1、D2及D5,註:D1及D2已認罪):

罪行陳述

串謀處理已知道或相信為代表從可公訴罪行的得益的財產,違反香港法例第455章《有組織及嚴重罪行條例》第25(1)及(3)條和第200章《刑事罪行條例》第159A及159C條。

罪行詳情

D1、D2及D5於2018年2月12日至2018年2月20日期間(包括首尾兩日)在香港,知道或有合理理由相信某項財產,即以D5的名義在香港上海滙豐銀行有限公司持有的帳戶(號碼661125492292)內一筆總額港幣220,000元的款項,全部或部分、直接或間接代表從可公訴罪行的得益而仍一同串謀和與一個身分不詳的人串謀處理該財產。

控方案情簡述

2.第二、四、五及七項控罪涉及D2、D4或D5(按情況而言)按串謀人士指示提供銀行戶口用來接收串謀人士所安排的存款,然後提款交給串謀人士。

3.第六項控罪指D6串謀其他人以恫嚇方式追債。

辯方立場

4.D4及D6不作供,不傳證人。D5作供,不傳證人。他們均沒有刑事定罪記錄,並不爭議控方證人的證言及證物的真確性和連貫性。

5.他們依賴各自在錄影會面中的說法作為辯護基礎。就D4及D5而言,即是她們不知道、也沒有理由相信要處理的是黑錢。就D6而言,即是他只是介紹人以兇惡的方式去打電話追債,對串謀勒索不知情。

6.D4的代表大律師另就“串謀洗黑錢”罪中“串謀”的犯罪意念(mens rea)陳詞指不同於純粹洗黑錢罪,串謀洗黑錢罪的犯罪意念只能建基於“知道”,不能建基於“有理由相信”[1]

控方證供

背景

7.控方傳召了4名證人。PW1楊思娟是PW2楊夢儀(亦即已認罪的D3)的姊姊,PW3梁艷貞是PW2的母親,PW4楊宇峰是PW2的弟弟。

8.2017年5月,PW2透過電腦網絡程式認識D1,D1又名“Ice”。她介紹D1給PW1、PW3及PW4認識,他們短暫見過D1兩次,對D1的認識有限,對D1的印象也不好。

9.2017年初,D1叫PW2外出借錢,PW2將借到的款項全部交給D1,PW2欠下共7間財務公司及銀行約150,000元(港幣,下同)。PW2沒有能力清還,經常接到追債電話。PW2依D1建議,向PW3誐稱股票投資失利,PW3同意代PW2還錢。

控罪二(串謀洗黑錢罪)

10.這裡涉及D4以其戶口處理70,000元的部分或全部。

11.PW1於2017年9月29日及之前接到追債電話,於是與PW3商量,PW3同意代PW2還錢。PW1將PW3提供的70,000元依追債人的指示存入中國銀行帳號012-889-1-075694-8(“戶口1”,),然後用手機拍下存款單,以WhatsApp發送存款單的圖片給對方。戶口1是D4的個人戶口,同日稍後有人在銀行櫃位將該筆錢提走。

控罪四(串謀洗黑錢罪)

12.這裡涉及D4以丈夫的戶口處理共85,000元的部分或全部。

13.PW1於2017年10月25日及之前接到追債電話,於是與PW3商量,PW3同意代PW2還錢。PW1分別將44,000元及41,000元依追債人的指示存入香港上海匯豐銀行帳號010-7-044349(“戶口2”),然後用手機拍下存款單,以WhatsApp發送存款單的圖片給對方。戶口2是鍾劍峰(D4的丈夫)的個人戶口,同日稍後及在翌日有人在自動櫃員機分三次將共85,000元提走/轉走。

控罪五(串謀洗黑錢罪)

14.這裡涉及D4以其戶口處理45,000元的部分或全部。

15.2017年12月,繼續有人打電話向PW1追討PW2的欠債,PW1問PW2是否有這欠款,PW2否認有這欠款,PW1與家人商量後報警。PW1其後依然接到電話追債,於是告訴對方她已報警,對方謂就算已經報警仍要還該筆45,000元欠款,並恐嚇其人身安全。

16.涉及D4處理這筆45,000元。PW1於2017年12月7日將45,000元依追債人的指示存入中國銀行戶口012-581-0-009093-4(“戶口3”)然後用手機拍下存款單,以WhatsApp發送存款單的圖片給對方。戶口3是D4的個人戶口。同日稍後有人將這筆45,000元入帳,透過網上理財轉到戶口1,然後用自動櫃員機分3次每次4,000元提走,另於銀行櫃位提走28,500元,合共40,500元(即12,000元+28,500元)。

控罪七(串謀洗黑錢罪)

17.這裡涉及D5以其戶口處理220,000元的部分或全部。

18.2018年2月,追債人多番來電及短訊給PW1,投訴收款的戶口因她報警而被凍結,除了要求她到警署銷案,並要將110,000元存一個指定銀行戶口,否則不保她的人身安全。她感到驚慌,與家人商量後於2018年2月12日去警署銷案,並依對方指示存款110,000元到對方指定的香港上海匯豐銀行帳號661125492292(“戶口4”),然後用手機拍下存款單。戶口4是D5的個人戶口。同日稍後有人於銀行櫃位將110,000元提走。

19.其後,PW1仍接到對方來電要求另外110,000元作為保證金存入同一個戶口,對方謂待其銀行戶口解凍後會退還給她,並作出恐嚇讓她擔心鄰居人身安全。她與家人商量後,於2月20日將第二筆110,000元存入對方指定的同一個戶口,並通知對方。

20.上述兩筆110,000元均是PW1依對方指示存入香港上海滙豐銀行有限公司的帳戶號碼661125492292,這是D5的個人戶口。每次PW1通知對方已經存款後,不久便有人將錢提走。

21.涉及D5以其戶口處理上述共$220,000的部分或全部。

控罪六(串謀勒索罪)

22.這裡涉及D6於2018年2月18至20日期間,向D1介紹D2,目的是讓D2幫助D1用電話以兇惡的方式追債。

D4對指控的說法

23.D4在錄影會面中提到與D1的關係

(1) 她與D1 是朋友關係,二人沒有談過電話,只是WhatsApp;

(2) 可能是在 2014年認識D1,但不記得,經朋友介紹做面部美容,D1使用過兩次服務;

(3) 她不知D1住址、職業、教育背景;

(4) 她持有的卡是:(a)中銀EPS;(b)恆生附屬卡(老公鍾劍鋒給D4的)和(c)中銀信用卡;

(5) 她從事美容行業至2017年11月;

(6) 她結束美容店後,有約D1吃飯、聊天,然後中間有一兩年沒有聯絡;

(7) 2017年12月開始,她在美樂家(直銷公司)工作,WhatsApp D1,想D1入會成為客戶;

(8) D1其後每月會花$500買她直銷的產品。

24.有關控罪二:2017929日,PW1存入70,000元到D4中國銀行戶口(戶口1

(1) 她這個戶口有張EPS(提款卡),只是她一個人持有,至於密碼,認識她的人都知道;

(2) 她不記得有沒有曾經把EPS借給別人;

(3) 就70,000元在相隔1小時在其戶口被存入及被提取存,她沒有印象,不知為何,也不知去向。

25.有關控罪四:20171025日,PW1分別存入$41,000元、44,000元,合共85,000元,到D4的丈夫鍾劍鋒的香港上海匯豐銀行戶口(戶口2

(1) 她的丈夫是鍾劍鋒,結婚18年,沒有子女,一起居住在屯門某住址,關係很好;

(2) 她與鍾沒有聯名戶口,不知道鍾是否獨自持有匯豐戶口0107044349這個戶口;

(3) D1曾致電她,問她要一個戶口(不能再用戶口1)用來提存款項,她便想到用鍾的戶口;

(4) 她沒有問D1為何要借戶口,以及借不同戶口的的原因,也沒有問D1借戶口的用途;

(5) D1指示她收到85,000元存款就通知致電給他;

(6) 鍾並不知情,她當時親口向鍾說,意思是她要借用鍾的戶口幫一個朋友入錢,她不記得鍾以甚麼形式給她戶口資料;

(7) 她向鍾說有錢入到他戶口便拿出來給她,鍾後來親手將錢交給她,沒有問她為何戶口會有大筆錢存入。

(8) 過了一晚後,她將錢交給D1;

(9) 鍾不認識D1,整個過程中,她與鍾沒有任何得益,不知道這些錢的來龍去脈。

26.有關控罪五:2017127日, PW1存入45,000元到D4的中國銀行戶口(戶口3

(1) D1 以WhatsApp問她的戶口資料,她拍下中銀EPS卡,以WhatsApp 給D1;

(2) 然後D1說有筆數入了,約D4去提錢 ;

(3) 她沒有預期會有45,000元那麼多錢存入;

(4) D1約她去旺角道中國銀行, 但她當時沒帶身份證,於是要到山東街以前的工作室去取回,期間D1幫她排隊;

(5) 她在櫃抬提錢交給D1,然後各自離開;

(6) 她沒有問,D1沒有說向她借戶口的原因,她也沒有問D1筆錢來源;

(7) 過程中,她沒有任何得益;

(8) 除了旺角道提錢那次,D4沒有再幫D1忙,或者借過戶口給他人。

D5對指控的說法

27.D5在錄影會面中提到有關控罪七(2018212日及20日,PW1分別存入兩筆110,000元到D5香港上海匯豐銀行戶口(戶口4

(1) 她在交友程式認識D1,D1說D5又讀書又返工,賺不到錢,D1說想幫D5,因為覺得D5好慘;

(2) 向D1透露賺得很少錢,D1說有朋友做貿易生意,若她介紹人給D1做生意,她可收介紹費,每個客計3,000元;

(3) 第一次見面是1月份。曾見面十次以內;

(4) D1敎她找客技巧,藉以讓她賺介紹費;

(5) 她一直都找不到客,D1說有客就「彈」給她;

(9) 她有D1的電話號碼,知道D1住在葵涌;

(10) 她問過D1的名字,但D1沒有透露;

(11) 她有和D1說過幾次如果涉及洗黑錢,她便不想幹,D1說朋友開“駿一貿易公司”,值得信任,公司位於尖沙咀;

(12) 她沒有見過D1所指的朋友,亦不知D1的朋友的名字,但是她相信D1;

(13) D1說她要找客人要做金錢轉換。即用不到的錢可以轉為用得的錢,客人收到利益,D5便收介紹費,客人要有超過80,000元才可以做到,D5嘗試找客人,但不成功;

(14) D5不知D1有沒有銀行戶口,D1說D5要借戶口出來作為代價來賺到介紹費;

(15) 她有一個銀行戶口和提款卡,即是戶口4,戶口主要用來出糧,有做兼職和在IVE(香港專業教育學院)讀社會服務;

(16) 她有曾經拍攝過提款卡和身分證的圖片以WhatsApp發給D1,因為D1說需要交回公司做紀錄,因怕中間有人「過橋抽板」;

(17) 2018年2月12日,有一次D1說客人會在某個時間存錢入她的戶口,然後讓她去提款,她可以抽起2,000元作為介紹費;

(18) 當時D5提了110,000元,D5抽起2,000元後,交108,000元給D1;

(19) 2018年2月20日,他再說有第二個客,都是110,000元存款,她抽起2,000元,交108,000元給D1;

(20) 她一共借過2次戶口給D1提存,她共收4,000元,沒有其他得益。

28.D5在庭上的證言將在下文的辯方案情中提出

D6對指控的說法

29.有關控罪六(201821820日,PW1被人勒索,其後付了110,000

(1) 他的教育程度是中三,做髮型屋,月入14,000至15,000元;

(2) 拘捕警誡下說他只是介紹D2給D1辦事,自己不知內情;

(3) 他於酒吧認識D1,已有七至八年,幾年不見一次,會用WhatsApp溝通,不知D2住哪裡,不知D2全名,他覺得D1這個人有問題及蠱惑;

(4) 他有D1的電話,D1說是做財務,但實際業務和公司地址不詳,D6也不知D1住哪裡;

(5) 當D1找他時,是年初三,D1說要追債,但D1所屬的財務公司的職員未開工,D1問他介紹人打電話幫公司追數;

(6) 他介紹D2給D1,是因為D2說等錢用,想做兼職;

(7) D1曾說這筆債是110,000元,若成功追債,D1的公司會給D6酬勞7,500元,D1自己也會有7,500元,若追不成便沒有錢;

(8) 他打電話給D2,說D1的財務公司在初三仍沒有人開工,D1想找人幫手打電話追債,若成功追債,D2會有3,500元酬勞,他會有4,000元酬勞,D2同意;

(9) 他叫D2出一張電話卡,以防警察跟線會有麻煩;

(10) D6認為D1是要D2打電話時“兇一兇”債仔;

(11) D2事後說打電話「兇人」成功幫D1追債;

(12) 在初五,他收到D1的錢,分3,500元給D2;

(13) 他自己沒有做,因為不懂如何去兇人,通常收數要好大聲,自認不是這類人;

(14) 他知道打這個電話追債是不正確,追數要好惡,要好大聲,是嚇人的語氣,他是不會這樣做的。

WhatsApp記錄

30.D5在會面記錄中所說的內容跟她和D1的WhatsApp記錄一致,D6在會面記錄中所說的內容也跟他和D1的WhatsApp記錄一致。

被告在庭上的證言

31.D4和D6不作供,D5作供,沒有任何辯方證人。

32.D5在庭上說的與她在錄影會面中及WhatsApp上所說的一致。唯一的補充是有關2018年2月20日在銀行櫃位被問到提款110,000元的目的,經銀行櫃位員如此一問,她心想害怕給警察查,懷疑她洗黑錢,可是後來她仍照原定安排扣起當中2,000元作為自己的酬勞,將108,000元交給D1。

結案陳詞

法律觀點

33.終審庭認為Seng Yuet Fong v HKSAR [1999] 2 HKC 833 at 836E-F就洗黑錢罪的犯罪意念所表達的以下觀點正確:

“To convict, the jury had to find that the accused had grounds for believing; and there was the additional requirement that the grounds must be reasonable: That is, that anyone looking at those grounds objectively would so believe.”

34.代表D4的李大律師指在“串謀洗黑錢”案件中,控方證明犯罪意念(mens rea),只能依賴“知道”涉及黑錢,不能依賴“有理由相信”。

35.第200章 《刑事罪行條例》 第159A條如下:

(1) 除本部條文另有規定外,如任何人與任何其他人達成作出某項行為的協議,而該項協議如按照他們的意圖得以落實,即出現以下的情況 ——

(a) 該項行為必會構成或涉及協議的一方或多於一方犯一項或多於一項罪行;或

(b) 若非存在某些致令不可能犯該罪行或任何該等罪行的事實,該項行為即會構成或涉及犯該罪行或該等罪行,則該人即屬串謀犯該罪行或該等罪行。

(2) 凡任何罪行是犯該罪行的人在不知悉犯該罪行所需的任何特定事實或情況下仍可招致關於該罪行的法律責任的,則除非該人及協議中最少有其他一方意圖使該事實或情況於構成該罪行的行為發生時存在,或知道該事實或情況將會於該行為發生時存在,否則該人不得憑藉第(1)款而被裁定串謀犯該罪行。

36.他援引終審法院在HKSAR v Lai Kam Fat(黎錦發) [2019] HKCFA 36的觀點:

34. Conspiracy is an inchoate offence, meaning that it is constituted by an agreement to pursue a future course of conduct with the necessary intent and does not require the actual carrying out of the agreed upon acts. It is a different offence from the commission of the underlying substantive offence and criminal liability for conspiracy depends on the alleged conspirators’ intentions. As Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead observed, in R v Saik[2]:

“… conspiracy imposes criminal liability on the basis of a person’s intention. This is a different harm from the commission of the substantive offence. So it is right that the intention which is being criminalised in the offence of conspiracy should itself be blameworthy. This should be so, irrespective of the provisions of the substantive offence in that regard.”[3]

35. Under section 159A(1), if two or more persons make an agreement to carry out a course of conduct in the future and if their intentions, when making that agreement, are such that if the course of conduct is carried out in accordance with their intentions it will necessarily amount to or involve the commission of an offence by one or more of them (i.e. the underlying offence), they will be guilty of conspiracy to commit the underlying offence. This is so even if the facts are such that commission of the relevant underlying offence is impossible. The intention to carry out the underlying offence is a critical element of the offence of conspiracy。

36. In satisfying the requirement that a course of conduct, if carried out in accordance with the parties’ intentions, will necessarily amount to or involve the commission of an offence, it is important that both the actus reus and the mens rea elements of the underlying offence are satisfied. Thus, in Saik, Lord Nicholls emphasized that under the English equivalent of section 159A(1):

“… the mental element of the offence, apart from the mental element involved in making an agreement, comprises the intention to pursue a course of conduct which will necessarily involve commission of the crime in question by one or more of the conspirators. The conspirators must intend to do the act prohibited by the substantive offence. The conspirators’ state of mind must also satisfy the mental ingredients of the substantive offence. If one of the ingredients of the substantive offence is that the act is done with a specific intent, the conspirators must intend to do the prohibited act and must intend to do the prohibited act with the prescribed intent.” [4]

37.  The requirement that a conspirator’s state of mind must itself be blameworthy irrespective of the provisions of the substantive offence in respect of mens rea derives from section 159A(2) of the Crimes Ordinance, which provides:

“(2) Where liability for any offence may be incurred without knowledge on the part of the person committing it of any particular fact or circumstance necessary for the commission of the offence, a person shall nevertheless not be guilty of conspiracy to commit that offence by virtue of subsection (1) unless he and at least one other party to the agreement intend or know that that fact or circumstance shall or will exist at the time when the conduct constituting the offence is to take place.” [5]

38.  This sub-section was introduced to codify the common law principle enunciated by the House of Lords in R v Churchill (No.2).[6] That case concerned a defendant charged with the common law offence of conspiracy to commit a strict liability statutory offence.  The House of Lords held that the conspirator was not guilty of the offence of conspiracy if on the facts known to him the act he agreed to do was lawful.  The Law Commission of England and Wales explained the argument for the codification of the principle in Churchill as follows:

“What the prosecution ought to have to prove is that the defendant agreed with another person that a course of conduct should be pursued which would result, if completed, in the commission of a criminal offence, and further that they both knew any facts which they would need to know to make them aware that the agreed course of conduct would result in the commission of the offence.” [7]

39.  As Lord Nicholls further explained, in Saik, in respect of the English equivalents of sections 159A(1) and 159A(2):

“6. Section 1(2) qualifies the scope of the offence created by section 1(1). … Its essential purpose is to ensure that strict liability and recklessness have no place in the offence of conspiracy. …

[7. Under this subsection conspiracy involves a third mental element: intention or knowledge that a fact or circumstances necessary for the commission of the substantive offence will exist. Take the offence of handling stolen goods. One of its ingredients is that the goods must have been stolen. That is a fact necessary for the commission of the offence. Section 1(2) requires that the conspirator must intend or know that this fact will exist when the conduct constituting the offences take place.] (my emphasis) [8]

8. It follows from this requirement of intention or knowledge that proof of the mental element needed for the commission of a substantive offence will not always suffice on a charge of conspiracy to commit that offence. In respect of a material fact or circumstance conspiracy has its own mental element. In conspiracy this mental element is set as high as ‘intend or know’. This subsumes any lesser mental element, such as suspicion, required by the substantive offence in respect of a material fact or circumstances. In this respect the mental element of conspiracy is distinct from and supersedes the mental element in the substantive offence. When this is so, the lesser mental element in the substantive offence becomes otiose on a charge of conspiracy. …”[9] (my emphasis)

40.  To similar effect, see Lord Hope’s speech in Saik at [56] to [58].  In Hong Kong, the Court of Appeal has applied this construction of section 159A(2) in HKSAR v Yung Lai Lai, holding that its essential purpose is, as Lord Nicholls stated in Saik, “to ensure that strict liability and recklessness have no place in the offence of conspiracy.” [10]

37.李大律師指Lai Kam Fat(黎錦發)上述段落可套用到串謀洗黑錢罪,被告只能因“知道”這些是黑錢而被定罪,不能因“相信”這些是黑錢而被定罪。

38.主控官梁大律師援引HKSAR v Lung Ming Chu (龍明珠)CACC 165/2008指出,曾有辯方大律師向上訴庭提出與李大律師相同的論點,上訴庭確認串謀洗黑錢罪行的犯罪意念並不僅限於“知道”,“相信”亦足可定罪。上訴庭有以下意見:

31. The offence of conspiracy under s.159A(1) is qualified by s.159A(2) which provides :

“Where liability for any offence may be incurred without knowledge on the part of the person committing it of any particular fact or circumstance necessary for the commission of the offence, a person shall nevertheless not be guilty of conspiracy to commit that offence by virtue of sub-section (1) unless he and at least one other party to the agreement intend or know that that fact or circumstance shall or will exist at the time when the conduct constituting the offence is to take place.”

32. This sub-section, recognised by Lord Nicholls in Saik as being “difficult” and in part “opaque”, arose, it appears, out of the difficulties perceived in R v Churchill (No.2) [1967] 2 AC 244. As Lord Hope, in his speech in Saik, expressed it, Churchill had held that :

“… if on the facts known to them at the time of their agreement what the parties agreed to was lawful, they were not rendered guilty of conspiracy to commit an offence by the existence of other facts not known to them which gave a different and criminal quality to the act or course of conduct that they had agreed on.”

33. Lord Hope commented that the English provision, equivalent in exact terms to s.159A(2), codified this principle. A lucid description of what exactly was codified was given by the Law Commission in England in its 1976 report on Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform, cited in Saik (para. 12) :

“What the prosecution ought to have to prove is that the defendant agreed with another person that a course of conduct should be pursued which would result, if completed, in the commission of a criminal offence, and further that they both knew any facts they would need to know to make them aware that the agreed course of conduct would result in the commission of the offence.”

34. The Law Commission spoke of knowledge “of any facts” that the parties to an agreement would need to know to make them aware that their agreed course of conduct would result in the commission of an offence. In the legislation, this is provided for by the statement that, while a substantive offence may be committed by a person even though that person does not have knowledge of any particular “fact or circumstance” necessary for the commission of the offence, if a conspiracy to commit that same offence is to be proved, the parties to the agreement must “know” either that that same “fact or circumstance” will exist at the time when the conduct constituting the offence takes place or must “intend” that it will exist.

35. Clearly, a “fact or circumstance” relates to an element of the actus reus of the offence. Any required mental element is not a “fact or circumstance” for the purposes of s.159A(2). That was recognised by Lord Nicolls in Saik (para. 9).

36. That being the case, as the law now stands in Hong Kong, when an offence of conspiracy to commit an offence under s.25(1) is charged, the only “fact or circumstance” that must be known to the parties, or which they intend shall exist, is that there will be a dealing in an identified form of property. The mental element; that is, the intention, is to deal with that property having reasonable grounds to believe that it represents the proceeds of an indictable offence. Proof of that intention is by way of the two-stage test described earlier in this judgment (para 27).

37. What must be recognised, as did the trial judge, is that Saik arises out of the judgment of the House of Lords in Montila, the latter judgment holding that, under the English legislation, the ‘fact’ that the property is the proceeds of crime must be proved. Under s.25(1) of the Hong Kong legislation no such ‘fact’ has to be proved. Montila therefore, on the authority of the Court of Final Appeal, has no relevance and it must follow that Saik is fundamentally distinguishable.

38. The crucial importance of the finding in Montila was recognised by Lord Nicolls in Saik when, at the conclusion of his speech, he said :

“… in the present case the court of appeal ... expressed their conclusion, in para 67, as :

“if two people agree that property shall be converted or transferred, and each of them knows or suspects that the property represents the proceeds of criminal conduct and realises that the purpose of the conversion or transfer is to assist someone to avoid prosecution for the criminal conduct which they know or suspect has been committed, that is sufficient to make each of them guilty of conspiracy to contravene s.93C(2). There is nothing in s.1(2) of the 1977 Act [equivalent to s.159A(2) of the Hong Kong Ordinance]which in any way affects this conclusion.”

This decision was given before the decision of your Lordships’ House in R v Montila. At that time the provenance of the property was not understood to be an ingredient of the substantive offence. It was not a fact necessary for the commission of the offence. That is no longer the law.”

39. In Hong Kong, however, in respect of s.25(1), the provenance of the property is not an ingredient of the offence, it is not a fact that must be proved to prove the commission of the offence. Accordingly, in our judgment, the conclusion of the English Court of Appeal cited above reflects the law in Hong Kong as to conspiracy to commit an offence under s.25(1); namely, that if two people agree to deal with property, and if each of them knows or has reasonable grounds to believe that it represents, or will represent, the proceeds of an indictable offence, that is sufficient to make each of them guilty of conspiracy to contravene s.25(1).

39.上訴庭已清楚指出“相信”是可以作為串謀洗黑錢的犯罪意念。

40.李大律師力陳上述法律原則應已被龍明珠之後的HKSARvPang Hung Fai (彭洪輝)FACC 8/2013所推翻,可參照終審庭在彭洪輝所表達的以下意見:

52. As the Appellant submitted in this Court, the better and, I add, less complicated test was propounded in the Appeal Committee of this Court in Seng Yuet Fong v HKSAR [1999] 2 HKC 833 at 836E-F:

“To convict, the jury had to find that the accused had grounds for believing; and there was the additional requirement that the grounds must be reasonable: That is, that anyone looking at those grounds objectively would so believe.”

41.本席並不認為上述觀點會產生李大律師所指的效果,終審庭只是就洗黑錢罪的犯罪意念中“相信”的意思作出較簡單直接的闡述,沒有提過摒除“相信”作為串謀洗黑錢罪的犯罪意念。

洗黑錢罪的犯罪意念

42.終審庭在Pang Hung Fai (彭洪輝)案例就“有合理理由相信”這元素釐清舉證標準,同意Seng Yuet Fong v HKSAR [1999] 2 HKC 833E-F所闡述為:

若要將被告人定罪,陪審團須達致的裁斷是“被告人有理由相信,而具該等理由必須是合理的:即是說:任何人客觀地看該等理由均會如此相信”。另一個可接受的闡釋是兩項精神元素應理解為“知道或理應知道”的意思。

銀行戶口持有人讓他人使用其銀行戶口存取款項

43.根據HKSAR v Wong Chor Wo and Another CACC 314/2006:

108. In the normal course of events, if a man allows another person to use his bank accounts to deposit and withdraw funds, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the inevitable inference will arise that the holder of the bank account has reasonable grounds to believe that the funds passing through the account represent the proceeds of an indictable offence.

109. The Judge was quite right to rely upon this proposition, as she did in paragraph 490 of the reasons for verdict.

110. That the account is used to conceal the transactions is an inference which inevitably arises from the fact that a person uses another’s bank account to undertake transactions without any explanation to the holder of the bank account.

(per Saunders J)

44.上文意思是在一般情況下,戶口持有人容許他人使用其銀行戶口存取款項,在沒有反證下(例如對方沒有向戶口持有人解釋為何要這樣做),不容抗拒的推論是該戶口持有人有合理理由相信透過其銀行戶口處理的款項是黑錢。

D4是否串謀洗黑錢

45.D4沒有刑事定罪記錄,法庭考慮她的證供或說法的可信性、以及犯罪傾向性時,應採納對她較有利的觀點。

46.D1經朋友介紹來D4的美容店光顧了兩次,雙方只是透過電話或WhatsApp聯絡,D1不會主動找D4,私交有限,D4從不知道D1的個人背景和職業。2017年11月D4結束美容店,因為沒有錢賺,改為在直銷公司工作,用WhatsApp 接觸D1,因想D1入會成為客戶,D1其後每月會花500元買D4的公司的產品。相關D4的三項洗黑錢控罪發生在她任職直銷公司期間,D1沒有解釋為何要借用D4的戶口存款和提款,D4也沒有問D1。

47.第二項控罪涉及70,000元,D4說不知道有這筆款項進出她的銀行戶口,本席不相信D4,她必然知情。本席認為她有合理理由相信透過其銀行戶口處理的這筆款項是黑錢,她與D1串謀洗黑錢。

48.第四項控罪涉及85,000元,D4知道有這筆款項進出她的丈夫的這個銀行戶口。本席認為她有合理理由相信透過其丈夫的銀行戶口處理的這筆款項是黑錢,她與D1串謀洗黑錢。

49.第五項控罪涉及45,000元,D4知道有這筆款項進出她的銀行戶口。本席認為她有合理理由相信透過其銀行戶口處理的這筆款項是黑錢,她與D1串謀洗黑錢。

D5是否串謀洗黑錢

50.D5沒有刑事定罪記錄,法庭考慮她的證供或說法的可信性、以及犯罪傾向性時,應採納對她較有利的觀點。

51.D5與D1在交友程式認識,D5對D1的背景所知不多,只是普通朋友,D1聲稱任職的貿易公司,D5沒有查察清楚,D1沒有任何原因不用自己的銀行戶口幫人轉錢,D5沒有想過為何D1不用自己的銀行戶口幫人轉錢,D1的做法等同送錢給D5。

52.第七項控罪涉及220,000元,D5知道有兩筆110,000元,合共220,000元,分別在2018年2月12日及2月20日進入她的銀行戶口及由她提取給D1,自己每次可獲2,000元。

53.2018年2月20日,她在銀行櫃位被問到提款110,000元的目的,經銀行櫃位員如此一問,她心中害怕給警察查,懷疑她洗黑錢。本席認為她當時有合理理由相信這筆110,000元是黑錢,可是後來她仍照原定安排扣起當中2,000元作為自己的酬勞,然後將108,000元交給D1,她與D1串謀洗黑錢(即該110,000元)。

D6是否串謀勒索

54.D6沒有刑事定罪記錄,法庭考慮他的證供或說法的可信性、以及犯罪傾向性時,應採納對他較有利的觀點。

55.代表D6的王大律師指,就“串謀勒索”罪而言,控方須證明D6對勒索行為的認知。本席考慮過控方以下的證供:

(1) D1向D6說自己所屬的財務的公司借了錢給某人,該人要還110,000元,但沒有錢還;

(2) D1要求D6找人出張電話卡,打電話兇惡一點地追該筆債,若追債成功,D1會將15,000元酬勞中的7,500元給D6;

(3) D6聯絡D2,D2同意幫D1追債;

(4) 若追債成功,D6會將7,500元當中3,500元給D2,D6自己會得4,000元;

(5) 若不成功,D2仍可獲D1發給3,500元,D6則沒有酬勞;

(6) D1會聯絡D2去談D2如何兇惡地追債;

(7) 他知道警察會跟線,所以建議D2用另一張電話卡;

(8) 他也知道用這方式追債是不正確的。

56.王大律師指D6只是同意介紹D2給D1去追債,若不成事便沒有酬勞,反映D6的角色卑微及有限。

57.根據《盜竊罪條例》第210章第23(1)條,勒索罪是:

(1) 任何人如為使自己或另一人獲益,或意圖使另一人遭受損失,而以恫嚇的方式作出任何不當的要求,即屬犯勒索罪;而就此而言,凡以恫嚇的方式作出要求,均屬不當,除非作出要求的人在如此要求時 ——

(a) 相信他有合理理由作出該項要求;及

(b) 相信使用恫嚇是加強該項要求的適當手段。

(2) 所要求的作為或不作為的性質是無關鍵性的,而不論該項恫嚇是否與作出要求的人將採取的行動有關,並無關鍵性。

58.本席認為以兇惡的言語追債,即是“恫嚇”,法例指明“凡以恫嚇的方式作出要求,均屬不當”,王大律師坦言沒有提出23(1)條(a)(b)款的說法。D6知道D1要求D2以兇惡的言語追討110,000元,D6於是介紹D2給D1,讓D2替D1以這方式追債,縱然D6不知道D1會叫D2實際用甚麼兇惡的言語,但是D6已有足夠認知參與這個串謀勒索的勾當。

裁決

59.在上述基礎上,控方已在毫無合理疑點水平證明D4干犯了第二、四、五項控罪、D5干犯了第七控罪、D6干犯了第六項控罪,本席裁定各人罪成。

( 葉佐文 )
區域法院法官

[1] D5的情況完全相同

[2] [2006] UKHL 18

[3] [2007] 1 AC 18 at [13].

[4] Ibid. at [4].

[5] Equivalent to section 1(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1977.

[6] [1967] 2 AC 224.

[7] Report on Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform (1976) (Law Com No 76), at [1.39].

[8] Paragraph filled in and emphasized by myself

[9] [2007] 1 AC 18 at [6], [8].

[10] 本席認為這裡所指的是intend or know of a fact or circumtances,當中a fact or circumtances是actus reus,例如處理賍物罪之中,被告須知道是賍物