|
LDPE 1864/2024
[2025] HKLdT 43
香港特別行政區
土地審裁處
申請編號LDPE 2024年第1864宗
____________________
____________________
| 聆訊日期: |
2025年6月30日 |
| 判決書日期: |
2025年7月31日 |
_______________
判 決 書
(逾期上訴許可申請)
_______________
1.此非正審申請是由答辯人於2025年5月20日提出,要求就審裁處於2025年3月14日所發出的收樓令判決 (「該判決」) 提出批准逾期上訴許可,並要求擱置該判決的第(2)至(4)段,及申請援引進一步證據。
背景
2.涉案處所位於香港新界上水馬會道152號地舖連閣樓。
3.申請人於2024年11月29日向土地審裁處 (下稱「審裁處」) 提交收樓申請通知書,指答辯人未有繳付由2024年11月1日起的租金, 因此要求申請收回涉案處所的管有及追收租金。
4.申請人是根據一份日期為2024年6月19日的租約 (下稱「涉案租約」),把涉案處所租予答辯人,租期為兩年,由2024年7月1日至2026年6月30日止,每月租金100,000元 (不包括政府差餉地租及管理費等)。
5.根據涉案租約第三條,答辯人須在每月租期之首日以上期形式繳納租金。「如過期拾天,業主可在該樓宇門口當眼地方張貼告示,催促租客交租[1]。如果租客仍未將租金交到業主或租客不履行合約內任何條件,業主有合法權利將此合約終止 ……。」
6.由於答辯人沒有於收樓申請通知書送達之7日內提交反對通知書,審裁處於2025年1月13日,根據《土地審裁處規則》第15條下令登錄申請人勝訴及答辯人敗訴。
7.可是答辯人於2025年1月20日提出非正審申請,要求擱置審裁處於2025年1月13日所作出的命令,其理由如下:
「由於政府施工建造升降機而封了半條行人路令本餐廳嚴重影響生意,導致收入減小入不敷支。因為工程長達3年以上以同業主懇求減租30%而減輕本餐廳負担。業主以同意減租30%。但12月不知業主什麼原因不同意。我地都有交租70,000元,沒有欠租的。」
8.答辯人並附有一份有申請人公司於2024年6月17日蓋章的箋條如下:
「敬啟者:
本餐廳 (南奇茶餐廳) 於5月開始,由於政府施工建造升降機而封了半條行人路,令本餐廳嚴重影響生意下滑導致收入減少,入不敷支,因為工程長達3年以上,懇求業主体量減租30%,而減輕本餐廳之負担。 謝謝!
此致。
張慧勤
本公司体量餐廳的實際情況,同意減租30%,同客戶共渡難關,在七月壹日執行。
利城發展有限公司
吳海斌[2]
17-6-2024」
9.審裁處成員吳紹林於2025年2月6日在聆聽申請人的代表及答辯人的陳詞後,批准擱置2025年1月13日的命令,但答辯人須於2025年2月14日或之前存檔反對通知書,並派送予申請人。
10.答辯人於2025年2月14日向審裁處遞交反對通知書,內容如下:
「我承認我遲交租不對,根據條例業主要保養和維修排水渠和污水渠,這是結構性問題,業主一直推到租客身上,之後業主已經安排專業的通渠人士來通渠,業主也問了專業人士,他們也說不關租客的事。之後我已立即交回租金,做了快8年,疫情時也沒有拖欠租金。
直到現在因為店舖門口進行工程[3],而且長達三年,封了半條行人路,嚴重影響生意,同業主反映情況,業主公司也同意減租30%租金,而且簽多二年租約,但要交原有10萬元租金才能退回3萬元給我, 而且得到雙方同意。但經過通渠事件,業主反口不減租,那簽了那些文件有什麼作用?……」
11.本案於2025年3月14日於本席席前聆訊。即使審裁處成員吳紹林在2025年2月6日擱置2025年1月13日的命令時,已多次提醒申請人及答辯人徵詢法律意見,似乎雙方也沒有這樣做。申請人代表吳海斌先生 (下稱「吳先生」) 和答辯人親自應訊。
12.吳先生在開庭前亦呈交了申請人的回應,內容如下:
「欠租就是欠租遲交都是不良行為! 編一大堆藉口,……有關這次糾紛來自地下去水道問題!我知結構問題維修是業主負責,但這次問題來自維修的問題!維修不一定歸咎於業主!因由租客第一天租入上述物業我本人己經跟他們說你們一定要定期通渠 …… 在今次發生地下水道外洩,我第一時間到現場問他們有沒有做通渠,他們話有,但原來根本這七,八年都沒有通過!現在反口話不是佢責任,……
重點
1. 由2024年11月開始取消寬減租金,租戶所欠租金必須交齊。
2. 如果租戶想繼續經營,必須在每月1號交租。
3. 如果租戶唔想經營,必須拆除所有物件包括廚房,水吧磚牆,還原並清潔乾淨。」
13.本席首先就答辯人反對通知書內的第一段,引述陳健康對宋麗兵,DCCJ 3176/2008(無彙報的案例,日期為2009年12月23日)的判案書[4]第10段指出,租客付租金的承諾,獨立於租約内的其他承諾,並不具付屬性質,其履行並非受制於其他租約條款的履行。業主在租約下的責任並非租客支付租金的先決條件,即使業主沒有履行其租約的責任,租客也必須履行租客付租的責任。所以即使根據涉案租約,申請人有責任保養和維修排水渠和污水渠而他沒有這樣做, 答辯人也必須履行租客付租的責任[5]。
14.陳健康對宋麗兵的判案書第19段更指出,「除非合約有明訂的條件規定,業主沒有隱含責任在租約期間維修物業」。其第20段更與本案相關:
「概括而言,業主在法律上亦無隱含保證,所租樓宇是適宜人居住的(Jones v. Green [1925] 1 KB 659) 或適合於租客租用的目的。業主甚至沒有責任向租客主動披露物業的渠務問題(Fortune Global Development Limited v. Shung Cheong Food Trading Limited [2002] 2 HKLRD 447)。租客應自行作出檢查,而除非租約另有特別規定,租客接受樓宇於租約開始時的狀況。」
15.反觀涉案租約,其中沒有任何一條說業主要負責維修涉案處所任何部份。相反,其第十條卻說:
「該樓一切門窗,廚房及浴室之設備,如潔具,水喉,水渠等如有損壞,租客須負責修理或賠償。如租客因疏忽而毀壞本樓之設備,損及別人之傢具衣物或傷害其他人等,租客須負責賠償,租客須自投風災,水,火,盜竊及意外保險,租客如有任何損失,業主不負任何責任。」
16.因此,答辯人未有根據涉案租約準時繳付2024年11月的租金,申請人於2024年11月29日向審裁處申請收回涉案處所, 絕對有理。
17.答辯人是於2024年11月30日才交回他本應在2024年11月1日繳交的租金。至於2024年12月份的租金,答辯人是於2024年12月10日才繳付40,000元。同樣,答辯人是於2025年1月10日才繳付70,000元,2025年2月繳付70,000元及2025年3月繳付70,000元,未有履行每月繳付10萬元租金的先決條件。
18.吳先生則於2024年12月13日,向答辯人發出 WhatsApp 短訊,指她欠交/遲交租金,違反涉案租約,取消減租安排。
19.就答辯人於反對通知書的第二段提出,「業主公司也同意減租30%租金,而且簽多二年租約,但要交原有10萬元租金才能退回3萬元給我 ……」,吳先生解釋說這是酌情處理。沒有爭議的是,吳先生曾於2024年7月、8月、9月及10月以私人名義向答辯人退回每月30,000元[6]。
20.本席隨即引述申請人於2024年6月17日簽下的承諾: 「本公司体量餐廳的實際情況,同意減租30%,同客戶共渡難關,在七月壹日執行」,質詢吳先生為何不把同意減租的「酌情處理」寫得清楚一些,吳先生表示酌情處理的原因是,若答辯人的生意好轉,他公司會收回原數,並解釋他不可能知道政府建造升降機的工程何時完結。
21.答辯人則指, 他在簽署涉案租約時, 她與申請人原有一份有關租賃涉案處所的租約尚有一年才完結[7]。她是因為申請人願意減租的承諾, 她才簽下涉案租約,租期亦因此得以由2025年5月31日延長至2026年6月30日止。
22.可是答辯人隨即承認,這退租安排是非正式的,所以沒有加在涉案租約中。雖然本席在庭上表示這安排可能有欠公允,但這安排是雙方協議的,雙方應自行判斷應付出多少價值[8]。本席向答辯人解釋,如果她不滿意這非正式安排,她應該堅持不簽署涉案租約。
23.本席基於上述考慮,包括申請人只是「体量餐廳的實際情況」,並同意減租是在「在七月壹日執行」,卻沒有標示是由七月壹日開始至某一期限,不清不楚,所以同意申請人所說的「酌情處理」。
24.亦由於答辯人違反涉案租約,在申請人入禀審裁處前沒有準時根據涉案租約繳付應繳的租金 ,及後亦沒有按照涉案租約繳付租金,本席遂作出以下頒令:
(1) 除以下第(4)段所述外,答辯人須把涉案處所的空置管有權交還申請人;
(2) 答辯人須支付申請人欠租(租金)/中間收益如下:
(i) 由2024年12月1日至2025年3月31日的欠租餘額150,000元;
(ii) 由2025年4月1日至交回處所的空置管有權為止的租金/中間收益,以每月100,000元計算;
(3) 不頒訟費命令;
(4) 如果答辯人在2025年3月24日 (“濟助期屆滿日”) 或之前把以上第(2)段所述的所有欠租/中間收益(包括截至付款當天到期應繳的所有欠租/中間收益)繳存土地審裁處, 則答辯人可獲沒收租賃權的寛免,而涉案處所的租約亦恢復有效;
(5) 除非另有命令,審裁處在本判決中命令答辯人支付的所有款項須以現金、易辦事、香港銀行發出的本票、或香港律師行發出的支票繳存審裁處,及本審裁處會將收到的款項發放給申請人。
逾期上訴許可申請
25.答辯人於2025年5月20日由思雅仕律師行有限法律責任合夥就上述判決的第(2)至(4)段提出逾期上訴許可申請,其理由如下:
1. 本席沒有恰當考慮以下證供:
(1) 該2024年減租協議,即申請人承諾答辯人因為工程所以同意在2024年7月1日開始減租30%;
(2) 申請人分別在2024年8月份,9月份及10月份退回答辯人30,000元;
(3) 答辯人對於有關涉案租約簽署的解釋,即申請人承諾雖然涉案租約條文是每月租金100,000元,但申請人會每月直接將30,000元退回給答辯人,原因是不想影響涉案處所的租值;
(4) 答辯人的證供,即如不是申請人同意減租30%,答辯人不會同意簽署新租約取代舊有租約,並將租約加長一年至2026年。
2. 本席雖然對有關的減租安排對答辯人可能造成不公,卻沒有妥為顧及考慮以下因素而達致不合理的結論:
(1) 未有考慮已作承諾不容反悔的法律原則 (promissory estoppel) 或已作表達不容反悔的法律原則 (estoppel by representation),即該2024年減租協議的減租30%是為申請人對答辯人的承諾,而答辯人是依賴此承諾才願意放棄原有的租約及簽署延長一年的涉案租約;及/或
(2) 未有考慮該2024年減租協議是涉案租約的附屬協議 (collateral contract) 或該2024年減租協議是涉案租約的附屬保證 (collateral warranty) 的法律觀點,亦沒有考慮涉案租約並沒有完整合同條款 (entire agreement clause) 的事實證供;及/或
(3) 未有考慮該2024年減租協議,即承諾減租30%或申請人對答辯人說涉案租約所指明的每月100,000元租金只是為了維持該地舖的租值,而申請人會每月退還30,000元給答辯人是為失實陳述 (misrepresentation) 的法律, 否則答辯人是不會簽署涉案租約的。
26.根據《土地審裁處規則》第30B(3) 款,任何針對審裁處的判決、命令或決定的上訴許可申請,在向上訴法庭提出前,必須自該判決、命令或決定日期起計的28天內向審裁處提出。可是於本案,答辯人是於2025年5月20日才提出逾期上訴許可申請,逾期達39天,是非常嚴重。
27.根據答辯人於2025年5月20日提交的誓詞,她承認是於2025年4月10日收到申請人代表律師的信函,看到正式法庭命令及所載內容後,才於2025年4月14日與律師會面,尋找法律意見。但提出上訴許可申請的限期,已於2025年4月11日屆滿。
28.假若擬上訴人未能於法定期限內提出上訴許可申請,法庭是否行使酌情權延長提出上訴許可申請時限,一般會考慮 (1) 延誤時間的長短; (2) 延誤是否有合理解釋; (3) 擬上訴的成功機會; 與及 (4) 批准延期是否會對擬上訴的對方不利。
29.本席已於上文第11段陳述,於2025年2月6日的非正審申請聆訊中,審裁處成員吳紹林已多次提醒申請人及答辯人徵詢法律意見。顯然,答辯人漠視吳紹林成員的提示。
30.現在代表答辯人的葉靜文大律師 (下稱「葉大律師」)表示,答辯人是普通市民,對法例要求並不認識,但根據上訴法庭在 Elijah Saatori v Raffles Medical Group (Hong Kong) Limited, CAMP 14/2019 (無彙報的案例,日期為2020年3月18日)的判案書第18段指出,這提出上訴許可申請的限期亦適用於自行行事的普通擬上訴人。在該案,擬上訴許可申請的逾期是44天。
31.最近的Chui Marjorie Che Ying & Another v Appeal Tribunal (Buildings) & Building Authority, CACV 291/2022 (無彙報的案例,日期為2025年6月30日)一案更有與本案相似之處。上訴法庭在判案書第16及17段說:
“16. Whilst this court is sympathetic to the medical condition of the 2nd applicant, for the following reasons we do not find the matters relied on by the 1st applicant to be good and sufficient explanations for the significant delay:
(1) Upon receiving the CA Judgment in September 2024, the applicants are presumed to know that the deadline for applying for leave to appeal would expire on 14 October 2024, and it is also not her evidence that she was not aware of the deadline[9].
(2) Despite the fact that the 1st applicant had to focus on attending the 2nd applicant at home, this by itself cannot be a good reason as to why she did not find time to read and consider the CA Judgment properly (which would take no more than at most a few hours to do), especially when she should have promptly realised upon receiving the CA Judgment that she was the losing party. It is therefore purely her personal choice not to do so and to let the time pass.
(3) In our view, even though the 1st applicant had to take care of the 2nd applicant during this period of time, it would be reasonable to expect that she should be able to study the CA Judgment and form a view whether to engage legal advisers to consider the merits of an appeal within 1 ‑ 2 weeks after receiving it. In the premises, when she only decided to engage legal advisers in mid-December 2024 to advise them, there was an inexcusable delay of at least 6 weeks (out of the 2 months’ delay).
(4) In any event, by the time she decided to engage solicitors and senior counsel to consider the prospect of an appeal, it must have been clear to her and her legal representatives that as a fact, the applicants were already 2 months out of time. In the circumstances, the applicants and their legal advisers must, and were expected to, act expeditiously to consider whether to make an application for leave to appeal out of time.
(5) Notwithstanding this:
(a) It had taken almost 4 weeks for legal advice to be provided.
(b) After receiving Senior Counsel’s advice that there “is at least a reasonable prospect” of success of an intended appeal on 13 January 2025, the applicants and their legal advisers took almost another 3 weeks to take out the Notice of Intended Application for Leave to Appeal and then another 10 days to file a Notice of Motion seeking leave to appeal out of time on 13 February 2025.
(c) In other words, it had taken another 8 weeks for the applicants to take out the Notice of Motion after engaging legal advisers.
(6) Given that the applicants were already 2 months out of time when they engaged the legal advisers, in our view, it would be reasonable to expect (a) legal advice on the merits of an intended appeal to be rendered within 2 weeks (taking into account the nature of the issues involved), (b) the applicants to take out a Notice of Intended Application for Leave to Appeal within 1 or 2 days thereafter, and upon the expiry of the 7-day notice, the Notice of Motion immediately.
(7) In the premises, there is an unreasonable delay of yet another 3 weeks after the initial unreasonable delay of 6 weeks.
17. When all the above are considered as a whole, there is a significant inexcusable delay of 8 ‑ 9 weeks by the applicants in taking out the Notice of Motion.”
32.如果申請人的延誤嚴重及就延誤的解釋並不合理,申請人必須顯示他擬提出的上訴具有真實的成功機會,才可得到逾期上訴許可。在KNM v HTF,HCMP 288/2011 (無彙報的案例,日期為2011年9月7日),高等法院上訴法庭法官霍兆剛 (當時官階)在判案書的第19至20段指出:
“19. Where a delay is inexcusable although insubstantial (which is the situation in the present case), a party seeking an extension of time must show a real prospect of success on the merits: see Secretary for Justice v Hong Kong & Yaumatei Ferry Co Ltd [2001] 1 HKC 125 at 129I applying Chiu Sin Chung v Yu Yan Yan Angela [1993] 1 HKLR 225 at p. 229 line 45.
20. Therefore, in the circumstances of this case, the threshold for the grant of leave is not simply the test of a reasonable prospect of success but rather the test of a real prospect of success on the merits.“
已作承諾不容反悔的法律原則 (promissory estoppel)
33.葉大律師引用終審法院在 Luo Xing Juan Angela v The Estate of Hui Shui See, Willy (2009) 12 HKCFAR 1 第55至57以作承諾不容反悔的法律原則要求如下:
“55. A promissory estoppel may be said to arise where (i) the parties are in a relationship involving enforceable or exercisable rights, duties or powers; (ii) one party (“the promisor”), by words or conduct, conveys or is reasonably understood to convey a clear and unequivocal promise or assurance to the other (“the promisee”) that the promisor will not enforce or exercise some of those rights, duties or powers; and (iii) the promisee reasonably relies upon that promise and is induced to alter his or her position on the faith of it, so that it would be inequitable or unconscionable for the promisor to act inconsistently with the promise.
56. While it is necessary for the purposes of exposition to identify the separate elements of the doctrine, it should be borne in mind that when applying them to the facts, each element does not exist in its own watertight compartment to be kept separate from the others. Each element acquires its meaning and content in the context of the other elements. This was emphasised by Robert Walker LJ in Gillett v Holt in relation to proprietary estoppel in the following terms:
“... the doctrine of proprietary estoppel cannot be treated as subdivided into three or four watertight compartments. ... [The] quality of the relevant assurances may influence the issue of reliance, ... reliance and detriment are often intertwined, and ... whether there is a distinct need for a ‘mutual understanding’ may depend on how the other elements are formulated and understood. Moreover the fundamental principle that equity is concerned to prevent unconscionable conduct permeates all the elements of the doctrine. In the end the court must look at the matter in the round.”
57. Thus in the present case, the meaning of the words or conduct constituting the promise or assurance has to be understood in the light of the parties’ particular relationship and especially in the light of the legal rights or powers exercisable, and known to be exercisable, by the promisor. As the learned authors of Spencer Bower put it, one should put in focus “not simply the actions of the promisor but the proper interpretation to be placed on those actions given the shared background and knowledge of the parties.”
34.但正如代表申請人的范紫馨大律師 (下稱「范大律師」) 反駁,指「本公司体量餐廳的實際情況,同意減租30%」的陳述有欠清晰,不是“a clear and unequivocal promise”。
35.范大律師更引用上述Luo Xing Juan Angela案的第59段:
“… the meaning of the promise conveyed by the promisor’s words or conduct must be clear and unequivocal. He must make it clear that he is promising not to enforce the relevant rights or powers. This message must be conveyed with a clarity similar to that needed to vary a contract…” (後加強調)
36.本席並不同意未有考慮該2024年減租協議是涉案租約的附屬協議 (collateral contract) 或該2024年減租協議是涉案租約的附屬保證 (collateral warranty) 的法律觀點,本席只是不同意申請人承諾答辯人減租30%是因為工程所致。「餐廳的實際情況」是指「政府施工建造升降機而封了半條行人路」?還是指餐廳「生意下滑導致收入減少」? 又或是其他的「實際情況」?又加上減租是在「在七月壹日執行」,卻沒有標示是由七月壹日開始至某一期限。如果,本席跟隨葉大律師所說,減租是由2024年7月1日開始,至2026年6月30日或升降機工程完工還是拆去工程圍板[10]為止,本席便有替答辯人重寫涉案租約之嫌。
37.而工程完工還是拆去工程圍板兩者在實質上亦有很大分別[11]。
38.而重要的是,答辯人唯一倚賴的證據,是申請人公司於2024年6月17日蓋章的箋條,及承認申請人會在答辯人每月繳交原有10萬元租金後,才能退回3萬元給答辯人。雖然葉大律師嘗試援引合約以外的證據 (parol evidence rule),但答辯人在2025年2月6日的聆訊中,在其2025年2月14日的反對通知書中或於2025年3月14日的聆訊中,從來沒有提出有其他附屬協議或條款。
39.至於答辯人在其2025年5月20日誓詞中第43段[12]聲稱的所謂新的證據,即2025年2月6日下午12時03分在庭上播放的數碼錄音,審裁處成員吳紹林已表示聽不到有關證據:「仲未有喎」[13]。在2025年3月14日本席席前聆訊中,根本就沒有在庭上播放任何數碼錄音。
40.在英國的 Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1956] 1 All ER 256,257一案,業主也曾同意減租:
“DENNING, J: On Sept 27, 1937, Central London Property Trust, Ltd, the landlords, let a block of flats to High Tree House, Ltd, the tenants, for a term of ninety-nine years from Sept 29, 1937, at a rent of £2,000 a year, the lease being by deed and properly executed. Those two companies were closely linked. The plaintiffs held all the shares of the defendant company (the tenants) and they were linked by directors and secretaries.
This new block of flats had not been fully occupied by the beginning of the war in 1939 owing to the absence of people from London; I think only one-third of it had been let by the outbreak of war. With war conditions prevailing, it was plain to those who ran these companies that the rent payable under the lease could not be paid out of the profits. In those circumstances, as a result of discussions, an arrangement was made between the directors concerned, which was put into writing. On Jan 3, 1940, the landlords wrote to the tenants in these terms:
“We confirm the arrangement made between us by which the ground rent should be reduced as from the commencement of the lease to £1,200 per annum”[14]” (後加強調)
41.接下來在258頁:
“I am satisfied that that arrangement simply as a temporary expedient to deal with the exceptional conditions then prevailing, under which the block of flats was only partially let. The arrangement had no reference to events in which the block of flats was wholly let, if they subsequently occurred.”
42.相對本案,申請人公司於2024年6月17日蓋章的箋條說:「本公司体量餐廳的實際情況,同意減租30%,同客戶共渡難關 ……」,與這英國案例何等相似,該案的業主是因為出租物業入不敷支的「果」,而不是因為戰亂的「因」,才同意減租。同樣,根據申請人公司於2024年6月17日蓋章的箋條,申請人「体量餐廳的實際情況」,本席不同意這等同工程所以同意在2024年7月1日開始減租30%。
43.而這英國案例與本案另一相似之處,是租客聲稱減租的安排適用於整個租期。
44.在這英國案例,Denning, J (當時官偕)在259頁同意這減租只是臨時安排:
“I am satisfied that such a promise is binding in law, and the only question is the scope of the promise in the present case. I am satisfied on the evidence that the promise was that the ground rent should be reduced to £1,250 a year as a temporary expedient, while the block of flats was not fully or substantially fully let owing to the conditions prevailing...
If it had been a case of estoppel, it might have been said that the estoppel in any event would end with the ending of the conditions to which the representation applied, or alternatively only on notice…” (後加強調)
45.但本案與這英國案例不同之處 ,是答辯人在2024年11月在沒有任何合法理據支持下沒有準時繳付租金,申請人因此於2024年11月29日向審裁處提出收回涉案處所,在法律上這已等同申請人已接受答辯人的悔約。即使答辯人於2024年11月30日交回10萬元租金,其後也沒有按照涉案租約每月先行繳付10萬元租金。
46.這表面上不公的結果是答辯人自己促成的,答辯人承認在她違反涉案租約前,吳先生是有分別於2024年7月、8月、9月及10月於答辯人交付10萬元租金後,退回3萬元給答辯人。申請人並非如葉大律師所指有失實陳述 (misrepresentation)。
47.在英國另一案例Arnold v Britton [2015] UKSC 36,[2015] 2 WLR 1593,[2015] AC 1619,[2016] 1 All ER 1,英國最高法院列出7個要點以詮釋合約條文,其中包括:
“17. First, the reliance placed in some cases on commercial common sense and surrounding circumstances (eg in Chartbrook[15], paras 16-26) should not be invoked to undervalue the importance of the language of the provision which is to be construed. The exercise of interpreting a provision involves identifying what the parties meant through the eyes of a reasonable reader, and, save perhaps in a very unusual case, that meaning is most obviously to be gleaned from the language of the provision. Unlike commercial common sense and the surrounding circumstances, the parties have control over the language they use in a contract. And, again save perhaps in a very unusual case, the parties must have been specifically focussing on the issue covered by the provision when agreeing the wording of that provision.
18. Secondly, when it comes to considering the centrally relevant words to be interpreted, I accept that the less clear they are, or, to put it another way, the worse their drafting, the more ready the court can properly be to depart from their natural meaning. That is simply the obverse of the sensible proposition that the clearer the natural meaning the more difficult it is to justify departing from it. However, that does not justify the court embarking on an exercise of searching for, let alone constructing, drafting infelicities in order to facilitate a departure from the natural meaning. If there is a specific error in the drafting, it may often have no relevance to the issue of interpretation which the court has to resolve.
19. The third point I should mention is that commercial common sense is not to be invoked retrospectively. The mere fact that a contractual arrangement, if interpreted according to its natural language, has worked out badly, or even disastrously, for one of the parties is not a reason for departing from the natural language. Commercial common sense is only relevant to the extent of how matters would or could have been perceived by the parties, or by reasonable people in the position of the parties, as at the date that the contract was made. Judicial observations such as those of Lord Reid in Wickman Machine Tools Sales Ltd v L Schuler AG [1974] AC 235, 251 and Lord Diplock in Antaios Cia Naviera SA v Salen Rederierna AB (The Antaios) [1985] AC 191, 201, quoted by Lord Carnwath at para 110, have to be read and applied bearing that important point in mind.
20. Fourthly, while commercial common sense is a very important factor to take into account when interpreting a contract, a court should be very slow to reject the natural meaning of a provision as correct simply because it appears to be a very imprudent term for one of the parties to have agreed, even ignoring the benefit of wisdom of hindsight. The purpose of interpretation is to identify what the parties have agreed, not what the court thinks that they should have agreed. Experience shows that it is by no means unknown for people to enter into arrangements which are ill-advised, even ignoring the benefit of wisdom of hindsight, and it is not the function of a court when interpreting an agreement to relieve a party from the consequences of his imprudence or poor advice. Accordingly, when interpreting a contract a judge should avoid re-writing it in an attempt to assist an unwise party or to penalise an astute party.” (後加強調)
拒絕上訴許可
48.《土地審裁處條例》第11(2) 條列明在土地審裁處席前進行的法律程序的任何一方均可以審裁處的判決、命令或決定在法律論點上有錯誤為理由,而針對該項判決、命令或決定向上訴法庭提出上訴。
49.又土地審裁處條例第11AA(6)條規定,除非法庭信納:(a)有關上訴有合理機會得直;或(b)有其他利於秉行公正的理由,因而該上訴應進行聆訊,否則不得批予上訴許可。本席經審閱答辯人提出的上訴理由,並經聆聽答辯人所作的證供及雙方的陳述後,本席認為答辯人擬提的上訴沒有合理的得直機會,或有其他有利於秉行公正的理由,而應允許上訴。
50.基於上述理由,本席拒絕答辯人要求批予上訴許可申請。
51.同時,葉大律師在聆訊中告知本席,答辯人已於2025年6月6日把涉案處所的所有鑰匙交回申請人[16]。
訟費
52.最後, 由於答辯人於是案申請逾期上訴許可敗訴,理應支付申請人的訟費。本席在考慮本案的案情及聆聽雙方就訟費的陳詞後, 頒令答辯人須支付申請人是次非正審申請的訟費,並給予大律師證書。如雙方未能就訟費數額議定,則由法庭依照區域法院基準作評定。
申請人: 由梁浩然律師事務所有限法律責任合夥轉聘的范紫馨大律師代表
答辯人: 由思雅仕律師行有限法律責任合夥轉聘的葉靜文大律師代表
[1] 根據《業主與租客(綜合)條例》(香港法例第7章)第126條,任何租賃,如無任何繳交租金
的明訂契諾,亦無任何沒收租賃權的明訂條件,則仍隱含到期之日即繳交租金的契諾及在該日
期的15天內未交租即可沒收租賃權的條件。
[2] 吳海斌是申請人公司的總經理。
[3] 根據答辯人提供的擬逾期上訴申請的文件,這工程是根據《土地(雜項條文)條例》(香港法例
第28章) 第10A(1)條於2023年3月發出的挖掘准許證進行,預計完工日期為2026年5月8
日。見擬逾期上訴申請文件冊第25頁。
[4] 本港上訴法庭在HCMP 142/2010 (無彙報的案例,日期為2009年12月23日)拒絕了宋女士
所提出的上訴許可。
[5] 本港上訴法庭最近在 Worldwide Flight Services Holdings S A Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited &
Neo Crown Limited 訴 Kai Tak Cruise Plaza Limited & Mui Kok Ki[2019] 4 HKLRD 56 的判案
書第21段亦重申這法律原則:”… it is trite law that a tenant’s covenant to pay rent is regarded as
independent of all other covenants or obligations under a lease. A tenant’s obligation to pay rent
therefore does not depend on the landlord’s compliance with its obligations under the lease.”
[6] 見擬逾期上訴申請文件冊第43頁。
[7] 根據答辯人提供的擬逾期上訴申請的文件,租期由2023年6月1日起至2025年5月31
日止,每月租金同是10萬元。
[8] Consideration need not be adequate.
[9] In any event, ignorance of the deadline is never a good excuse for delay.
[10] 根據答辯人提供的擬逾期上訴申請的文件,該升降機工程的圍板,與涉案處所的舖面有超過2.5米的距離。見擬逾期上訴申請文件冊第29頁。
[11] 見 Berwell Trading Limited v Secretary for Transport, LDMR 6/2001(無彙報的案例,日期為 2001年11月9日) 。
[12] 見擬逾期上訴申請文件冊第20頁。
[13] 見擬逾期上訴申請文件冊第67頁。
[14] 反觀申請人公司於2024年6月17日蓋章的箋條,只說「在七月壹日執行」, 沒有 “from the commencement”的字眼。
[15] 即Chartbrook Ltd v Persimmon Homes Ltd [2009] UKHL 38, [2009] 1 AC 1101。
[16] 見擬逾期上訴申請文件冊第151至153頁。
|