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DCCC 584/2021
[2022] HKDC 1333
香港特別行政區
區域法院
刑事案件2021年第584號
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| 出席人士: |
黃恩寧女士,為律政司署理高級檢控官,代表香港特別行政區 |
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利琛先生,由法律援助署委派的張達成葉祺智律師事務所延聘,代表被告人 |
| 控罪: |
煽惑他人製造爆炸品(Incitement to other persons to commit making of explosive substance) |
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判刑理由書
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引言
1.經審訊後,被告就一項「煽惑他人製造爆炸品」罪,被裁定罪名成立,違反香港法例第200章第55(1)條及普通法,並可根據香港法例第221章第101I條予以懲處。
案情
2.本案案情,可參看本案「裁決理由書」。簡言之,被告在2017年11月17日20:46時,於香港高登討論區發布一則標題為「不排除製作硝酸甘油炸藥轟炸解放軍軍營」的帖文,而帖文內容清楚列明製造硝酸甘油所需的原材料、份量、器具、製作步驟及製成品的處理方法,從而非法煽惑他人製造硝酸甘油這爆炸品。政府化驗師黃博士認為涉案帖文所述的材料及步驟,理論上可製作約8至14克屬炸藥的硝酸甘油。
被告背景
3.被告生於1995年4月,現年27歲,中學畢業,未婚,在干犯本案前並無任何刑事定罪紀錄。
爆炸品報告、被告心理報告及檢控時序
4.被告被裁定罪名成立後,本席押後判刑,以便控方索取爆炸品報告以協助本席了解本案爆炸品的威力。在辯方大律師的請求下,本席亦下令索取被告的心理報告。另外,由於案發日是2017年11月17日,但控方在2021年5月21日才起訴被告,本席亦請控方提供檢控時序,以便本席考慮控方在檢控過程中是否有不必要的延誤而須給予被告適度減刑。
5.根據爆炸品處理課炸彈處理主任於2022年10月7日撰寫的專家報告[1]﹕
(i) 硝酸甘油所產生的爆炸能量,約為三硝基甲苯(“TNT”)的1.5倍;
(ii) 8至14克硝酸甘油的爆炸強度,與12至21克TNT近似;
(iii) 若TNT的相對效力指數(Relative Effectiveness factor)為1的話,三過氧化三丙酮(“TATP”)的相對效力指數只是0.8,故此TATP的威力不及硝酸甘油;
(iv) 8至14克硝酸甘油所產生的爆炸效應,能在1米範圍內令人身體受嚴重傷害或死亡;在近距離爆炸可把手或腳炸掉;及
(v) 當硝酸甘油以玻璃瓶或金屬罐盛載而引爆的話,該等容器在爆炸時的碎片可發射到5至10米範圍,實際上就如一個小型手榴彈所產生的效應;榴霰彈(shrapnel)所產生的效應因應盛載硝酸甘油的容器的質料及擊中人體哪個部位而異,但若容器的質料是堅硬如玻璃或金屬的話,則有潛力致死或致傷殘。
6.懲教署臨床心理學家於2022年11月1日就被告的心理報告作結論說被告患有自大型妄想症(Delusional Disorder, Grandiose Type);心理學家亦說由於被告在現階段的心理狀態不可預料,故此亦不能確定被告重犯的風險[2]。
7.關於檢控時序,控方呈交了一份「時序表」,本席稍後會就此再作討論。
求情陳詞
8.辯方大律師向法庭呈交了「被告人的求情陳詞」,其要點如下:
(i) 被告自2021年11月20日起,接受臨床心理學家的診療;他亦被轉介,預約於2023年5月4日前往公立醫院精神科門診;
(ii) 懲教署的臨床心理學家認為被告患有自大型妄想症;
(iii) 根據政府化驗所黃博士的報告,涉案帖文沒有提及脫敏處理[3]及使用方法等重要步驟,故此涉案帖文所指稱的用途並不可行;
(iv) 涉案帖文只有一則,發佈了三天後在警方要求下已被「香港高登」從討論區移除;帖文沒有附上圖片或詳細示範;
(v) 本案並非於2019年「反修例運動」發生時干犯;及
(vi) 控方延誤起訴。
9.辯方大律師亦呈交下列案件的「判案理由書」或「判刑理由書」,供法庭參考:
• 律政司司長 訴 潘榕偉 [2021] HKCA 510
• HKSAR v Chan Yiu-shing and others [2018] 1 HKLRD 421
• 香港特別行政區 訴 伍文浩 [2022] HKDC 471
• 香港特別行政區 訴 許智傑 [2022] HKDC 1076
• HKSAR v Chiu Chi Wing CACC 243/2012
• 香港特別行政區 訴 朱安芷 [2007] 4 HKLRD 310
辯方大律師亦向法庭呈交了被告母親的一封求情信,請法庭輕判被告。
量刑考慮
10.香港法例第200章第55(1)條訂明製造爆炸品的最高刑罰是監禁14年,而香港法例第221章第101I(2)(c)條把煽惑罪的最高刑罰訂為其標的罪行的最高刑罰。由於本案在區域法院審理,本案最高的刑罰是7年監禁。
11.在律政司司長 訴 潘榕偉 CAAR 16/2020案,高等法院首席法官潘兆初說:
「33. 煽惑他人犯罪是普通法罪行,是預備性質罪行之一(inchoate offence)。簡言之,慫恿或鼓勵另一人作出某種行為,該行為如由該人作出,會構成罪行,則慫恿或鼓勵者便犯了煽惑罪:R v Curr [1968] 2 QB 944。 因為煽惑罪是為預防犯罪而有,所以即使沒有完成或企圖完成有關罪行,仍足以構成煽惑:R v Higgins (1801) 2 East 5。
34. 煽惑罪的要旨是:
(一) 阻止人慫恿或鼓勵別人犯罪,即使沒有人因被慫恿或鼓勵而犯罪;和
(二) 讓法律在最早可能的時候介入,阻止被煽惑犯罪的人干犯有關的罪行。
35. 至於煽惑罪的懲罰,《刑事訴訟程序條例》第101I(2)(c)條訂明:
“任何人被裁定煽惑他人犯某罪項,而條例雖訂定該罪項的最高刑罰,但除此處外,並無任何條例訂定…煽惑他人犯該罪項的刑罰,則可判處該罪項的最高刑罰。”
36. 第101I(2)(c)條把煽惑罪的最高懲罰訂為其標的罪行的最高刑罰,原因是煽惑罪必須針對某特定的罪行而作出,雖然煽惑者沒有犯該罪行,但因為他煽惑他人犯該罪行,其煽惑的罪責和該罪行的罪責有必然的關係。故此,法庭為干犯煽惑罪者量刑時,需要考慮其煽惑的標的罪行,以及後者的刑責和刑期;至於如何考慮,則應以按案件的實際情況而定。 … 至於在某宗案件中這些因素是否適用或有沒有其他因素需要考慮,和如何以某個適用的因素來評估犯案者的罪責,仍需視該案的實際情況而定。
37. 本案涉及的是煽惑他人干犯涉及暴力的非法集結。在黃之鋒案,上訴法庭和終審法院都強調,涉及暴力的非法集結是嚴重的罪行,法庭在判刑時需要充份考慮阻嚇和懲罰。煽惑他人干犯涉及暴力的非法集結當然也是嚴重的罪行,法庭在判刑時同樣需要充份考慮阻嚇和懲罰。再者,答辯人犯案的情節十分惡劣,大大加重其刑責,法庭必須嚴懲和阻嚇。
38. 第一,根據一般的量刑原則,犯案的處境(context)和罪行的嚴重性和犯案者的罪責有關 …
39. 第二,答辯人煽惑他人非法集結的目標是新屋嶺扣留中心,是當時警方應付非法集會大型拘捕行動的臨時扣留中心。答辯人以該警方設施為目標,不僅有意阻礙警方在該處的工作,更是正面挑戰警方執法,特別是警方因應當時香港所面對治安重大威脅的執法。
…
41. 第四,答辯人在互聯網上一個有超過10,000個會員的群組發放涉案的帖文。眾所週知,在互聯網發放信息,可以很快並廣泛的傳播開去。答辯人選擇以這種方式煽惑他人,即使沒有標明時間,其用意明顯是想盡快煽惑多人到新屋嶺扣留中心作出涉及暴力的非法集結,其所為使其刑責更重:參考Blackshaw案,第73段;庚家駒案,第28段。
…
43. 總的來說,答辯人的罪責極嚴重,必須處以有足夠懲罰和阻嚇的判刑,即時監禁是唯一合適的判刑選項。
44. 譚大律師力陳,答辯人的帖文內容明顯失實及不可信,而引起的回應也不多,並且大部份都是質疑其說法;最終,也沒有人受煽惑到新屋嶺扣留中心作出非法集結。原審裁判官的看法相同,這也是她判處答辯人社會服務令的主要理由。
45. 本庭不接納這些論點,理由是:
(一) 這些論點忽略了煽惑罪的要旨是為預防犯罪。答辯人在發放涉案帖文時已經干犯了煽惑他人非法集結罪,法庭是以當時的情況,包括處境、針對的地方和對象、犯案手法、對破壞治安構成的風險等因素來評估其罪責。若有人受煽惑到新屋嶺扣留中心作出涉及暴力的非法集結,會加重答辯人的罪責,但沒有人這樣做並不會減輕答辯人的罪責。本庭的看法有案例支持。在Divin案,案發時英格蘭多處城市和地區發生暴動,蘇格蘭的媒體也有廣泛的報導;上訴人等在這情況下使用Facebook煽惑他人在蘇格蘭參與暴動。蘇格蘭高等法院 (High Court of Justiciary) 在判詞第20段強調,即使暴動沒有擴散至蘇格蘭,亦不論上訴人等用甚麼措詞或公眾如何回應,他們的罪責仍是相當嚴重。同樣的道理在本案亦適用。…」
12.在HKSAR v Chan Yiu-shing and others [2018] 1 HKLRD 421案的「判刑理由書(Reasons for Sentence)」內,高等法院原訟法庭法官薛偉成(當時官階)說:
“1. In a time where there is heightened concern both domestically and internationally about the safety of the general public by indiscriminate acts of violence, sentences must be imposed for offending of this nature to reflect the gravity and seriousness of the criminality disclosed. Offences for the possession or making of explosive substances fall within this category, and will normally demand the imposition of a custodial sentence that acts as both a specific and general deterrent. As is always the case, when passing sentence, the court’s preoccupation is with the facts and circumstances of the offence and of the offender as considered and evaluated by the application of relevant sentencing guidelines and principles. Offences will vary greatly but it needs to be appreciated that persons involved in researching or making explosive substances are likely to face severe punishment.
2. As noted by the Court of Appeal of English and Wales in R v Marcin Kasprzak [2014] 1 Cr App R (S) 20 115 at 119:
“15 In our judgment, at a time when information about how to obtain ingredients for the making of explosives, as well as the instructions themselves, are so readily available on the internet, deterrence must play a significant part in the sentencing process.” ”
13.Chan Yiu-shing案第五項控罪涉及明知而管有TATP及其他爆炸品,薛偉成法官說TATP是危險並且是眾所周知的爆炸品,可致命,對人構成嚴重傷害,也可令財產嚴重受損,他以3年2個月監禁為該控罪的量刑基準[4]。
14.HKSAR v Lui Fui CACC 237/2007案涉及一項「無牌管有彈藥」罪,涉案的彈藥是一個手榴彈[5],該案判詞說:
“10. The prosecution expert’s view was that the grenade was a “plastic bodies hand grenade” of conventional design, Model No: JGS 90 01-94632. It was a practice or stun grenade from the Mainland, designed by the military for training purpose or as a stun grenade for law enforcement purpose. The explosive substance was flash powder, which could cause explosion in the form of a loud bang and a bright flash simulating an explosion.
11. The heat generated by the grenade upon explosion would cause burning out to 0.5 meter and the blast would cause temporary disorientation to anyone within 2 or 3 meters in a confined space, and deafness for several minutes. The fragments produced would be plastic casing, which could cause minor injures at close range.
12. A proprietor selling war games accessories confirmed that the sort of grenades used in war games were detonated by pressurised gas and would only discharge either plastic BB pellets or powdery substances.
…
15. The judge viewed the offence a serious one. She pointed out that the grenade was a live one and could be detonated by the removal of the safety pin and throwing it out. The judge emphasized that the applicant knew that the grenade could be explosive as he took special care to wrap it and put it in a container to avoid accidental explosion.
16. The judge further emphasized that, when detonated, the grenade could cause burning out to 0.5 meter, temporary disorientation and deafness to persons within 2 to 3 meters in a confined space, and minor injuries at close range from the fragments.
17. The judge took the view that the applicant, by his possession of the grenade, had created a situation of grave risk to the community, as the grenade could fall into the wrong hands and be used for illegal purposes.
18. Pointing out the applicant’s eight previous criminal convictions, mostly drug related, the judge took a starting point of 4 ½ years’ imprisonment and reduced it by one-third on account of the guilty plea. The judge further reduced the sentence by another 3 months to 33 months to reflect that the charge was only laid until the applicant had almost served out a sentence of possession of dangerous drug.
…
31. The judge, in her reasons for sentence, pointed out the vicious nature of the grenade in question, as it was capable of causing quite serious injuries when detonated. The judge said:
“The sort of grenades used in war games are detonated by pressured gas and would discharge either plastic BB pellets or powdery substance. The grenade in question here was a plastic body hand grenade made on the Mainland. It is a practice or stun grenade, probably designed to be used by the military for training purposes or as a stun grenade for law enforcement purposes.
The grenade contained flash powder and it is intended to be used for causing explosions as it contains low explosives with a means to ignite the explosives. When the grenade is detonated by removing the safety pin and throwing it out, it will produce a loud bang with a bright flash simulating an explosion generating heat which can cause burning for up to 0.5 metres. The blast will cause temporary disorientation to any person within 2 to 3 metres in a confined space and also deafness for several minutes. The fragments produced will be plastic casing and only capable of causing minor injuries at close range but, of course, one cannot discount that if fragments enter into the eyes or hit other sensitive parts of the body, the injuries could be more severe.”
…
33. In view of the nature of the grenade and the expert’s evidence, the judge was perfectly entitled to reject the suggestion that the grenade was for fun when it was capable of causing serious injuries and when the applicant was unable to provide the name and contact means of any of his alleged war game players.
34. There was no evidence to suggest that the applicant had intended to use the grenade for any illegal purpose, and the judge did not sentence him on that basis.
35. The judge pointed out that the applicant had “created a situation of grave risk to the community, as no one can be sure that the grenade might not fall into the wrong hands and be used for illegal purposes”.
36. The judge was entitled to take the view that what the applicant did posed a real threat to the public.”
在考慮了該案手榴彈的性質及該案被告有八項刑事定罪紀錄(大部份與毒品有關),上訴庭認為4年半監禁的量刑基準,並非過重。
15.本案中,政府化驗師黃博士在他2021年3月24日的報告說雖然涉案帖文詳述了硝酸甘油的製造方法,卻沒有提及脫敏處理及使用方法等重要步驟,由於配製品/製劑的高度不穩定性,故此涉案帖文所指稱的用途並不可行[6];黃博士續說在沒有任何形式的脫敏處理,按照涉案帖文的製作步驟行事是極其危險的,可導致人命傷亡或更嚴重後果[7]。
16.根據黃博士的報告,由於涉案帖文沒有提及脫敏處理,故此在按照涉案帖文製作硝酸甘油時,已可能因配製品/製劑的高度不穩定性而導致人命傷亡或更嚴重後果,故此已來不及把配製品/製劑(即硝酸甘油)運送到目標地進行轟炸。但無論如何,根據黃博士的報告,按照涉案帖文製作硝酸甘油是可導致人命傷亡或更嚴重後果的,只是被炸的未必是目標人/物而可能是製作硝酸甘油者或其後經手處理或運送硝酸甘油的一干人等,及在爆炸時身處硝酸甘油附近而被波及的無辜市民。
17.上訴庭在律政司司長 訴 SWS [2021] 1 HKLRD 1117案指出,縱火罪是嚴重罪行,原因是香港人煙稠密,居住及工作環境擠迫,一旦發生火災後果往往十分嚴重,會造成嚴重的人身傷害或財產損失。本席認為上訴庭在SWS案的這一番見解,也適用於本案,尤其是涉案帖文沒有提及脫敏處理,故此依從涉案帖文製作硝酸甘油後,運送此等未經脫敏處理的硝酸甘油途中可能發生爆炸而殃及附近的無辜市民。
18.另外,涉案帖文清楚指示把硝酸甘油置於燒杯中,根據炸彈處理主任的專家報告第3.2段,當硝酸甘油以玻璃瓶[8]或金屬罐盛載而引爆的話,容器在爆炸時的碎片可發射到5至10米範圍,實際上就像一個小型手榴彈所產生的效應,可致死或致傷殘。
19.考慮了炸彈處理主任的專家報告後,本席認為硝酸甘油爆炸時所產生的殺傷力,比TATP及HKSAR v Lui Fui CACC 237/2007案涉及的手榴彈的殺傷力更為厲害。
20.除了考慮本案爆炸品硝酸甘油爆炸後所引致的傷害程度外,本席也要考慮本案被告所採用的煽惑方式,是通過在「香港高登」討論區發佈帖文來進行的;被告通過互聯網在「香港高登」的討論區發佈帖文來煽惑他人製造爆炸品,他的帖文可以很快及廣泛地傳播開去[9]。「香港高登」是一個網上公眾平台,市民大眾(而不限於「香港高登」討論區的會員)均可取覧涉案帖文[10];從證物P1可見,至2017年11月20日止,涉案帖文共引致有60個回應,毫無疑問,曾閱覧涉案帖文但沒有作出回應的人數,一定不會少於60個。雖然本案只涉及一則帖文,而帖文所載述的材料及步驟理論上只可產生約8至14克的硝酸甘油,但涉案一則帖文可煽惑多人,這些受煽惑的人可以是分佈於不同區域的,而受煽惑的人亦可以依據涉案帖文以倍數的數量去製造硝酸甘油,故此被告以互聯網方式發布涉案帖文來煽惑他人製造爆炸品,後果可以是極為嚴重的,受影響的地區也可以是廣泛的。
21.另外,涉案帖文的標題的目標是解放軍軍營。涉案帖文煽惑他人製造爆炸品來轟炸解放軍軍營,這令本案案情再進一步地惡化,也加重了被告的刑責。
判刑
22.本席沒有忽視本案發生於2017年11月,當時尚未發生2019年中開始的「反修例」風波。本席也考慮了臨床心理學家對被告的心理報告,但正如本席在「裁判理由書」所說,被告心理自我膨脹是關於他對中國歷史、中醫及中國文化方面,從「被告人的求情陳詞」附件2可見,被告在2021年獲得倫敦大學取錄修讀國際關係理學士課程,他在2020年9月亦考獲SAT試1170分,可見被告智力並無異常,而他的心理狀況亦沒有削弱他應考時的表現。本席認為被告在發佈涉案帖文時是經過深思熟慮、有邏輯、有意識的,是完全清楚明白自己在進行着甚麼事情的,本席不會因被告心理狀況而把判刑下調。考慮了上訴庭分別在Chan Yiu-shing及Lui Fui的判詞[11],以及本席在第19至21段的觀察,本席以5年監禁為量刑基準。
23.辯方在審訊過程中,務實地同意了極大部份的控方案情,節省了法庭時間。就這一方面,本席把刑期扣減2個月。
24.另外,本席亦審視了控方呈交的檢控時序﹕案發於2017年11月17日,被告於2018年5月3日被拘捕,一直至2021年5月21日才被起訴,由被告被拘捕至被起訴,隔了三年時間;本席認為控方在2017年11月27日至2018年4月6日,以及2018年9月18日至2021年5年18日即三年時間當中,有大部份時間是可以更快捷更有效地運用的;本席認為在檢控本案過程中,是有不必要的延誤的。就這一方面,本席把刑期再扣減2個月。
25.被告在干犯本案前並無刑事定罪紀錄,本席酌情把判刑再下調2個月。
26.再沒有任何其他有效的求情因素可令判刑有進一步扣減,因此本席判處被告4年6個月監禁。
27.本席亦請懲教署署長在被告有需要的情況下,為被告提供適當的心理及/或精神輔導及/或治療。
[1] “2 BACKGROUND
2.1 Nitroglycerine (NG) is a substance capable of producing an explosion by practical effect and is therefore classified as an explosive substance. It was discovered in 1847 but has largely been superseded as a commercial explosive, in its pure form, by more stable explosive substances. It remains one of the most important and frequently used components in explosive materials where it is mixed with stabilising materials to reduce its, well documented, sensitivity to impact and shock.
…
2.3 Home-made NG is unlikely to be as effective as commercially or laboratory produced NG, however NG will produce approximately 1.5 times more explosive energy than Trinitrotoluene (TNT). TNT is the explosive against which all explosives relative strengths are rated (this system is referred to as the Net Explosive Quantity (NEQ) or Relative Effectiveness factor (RE) where the NEQ or RE of TNT has a factor of l). Thus, given a quantity of 8 to 14 grammes of NG, the explosive strength would be an approximate 12 to 21 grammes of TNT. Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) has an RE of 0.8 and is thus considered less powerful than NG but is similar to NG in its sensitivity to impact and shock.
3 OPINION
3.1 In my opinion, 8 to 14 grammes of NG would produce a blast effect capable of causing serious bodily injury or death out to approximately one metre. In practical terms an explosion of this amount of NG would remove a hand or foot if it occurred in close proximity and is at the lower end of explosive quantity used in anti-personnel mines designed to maim rather than kill.
3.2 It is my opinion that the effect of the explosion could be further enhanced by shrapnel from the casing used to hold the explosive. NG is a liquid explosive and it would be impracticable to attempt to cause an explosion without a form of container for the explosive. NG is highly sensitive to shock and impact and throwing a container of NG against a hard surface would produce a practical explosion. If the explosive was contained in a glass bottle or metal tin can then fragments from this container could be projected out to approximately 5 to 10 metres, effectively producing the effects of a small hand grenade (military hand grenades typically contain three times this NEQ of explosives). The effects of this shrapnel would vary according to the material used and where they struck a human body, but would have the potential to kill or maim they consisting of a hard material such as glass or metal.
3.3 It is my further opinion that 8 to 14 grammes of NG would be unlikely to cause structural damage to property but that it is a practical amount for breaking locks or damaging windows.”
[2] 臨床心理學家在其報告中說在與被告會面期間,被告否認有意圖製造爆炸品或使用爆炸品作任何用途(但本案控罪並非「製造爆炸品」罪);另外,被告說他發佈針對解放軍的涉案帖文,是因為他相信案發期間解放軍就某些病毒進行實驗,而解放軍的此等行動會不利於被告的傳統中醫藥研究。就被告對臨床心理學家說他發佈涉案帖文是因解放軍就某些病毒進行實驗而不利於他的傳統中醫藥研究,被告在審訊時是完全沒有提及的。臨床心理學家亦在其報告說被告在學術上是一名成績稍遜的學生,並說被告願望能在世界頂級大學攻讀看來是不切實際;但「被告人的求情陳詞」附件2是一封倫敦大學發給被告的信件,說取錄被告於2021年8月開始修讀國際關係理學士學位課程;本席深信,若然被告與臨床心理學家會面時,曾告知臨床心理學家他曾獲得倫敦大學取錄,臨床心理學家定必不會說被告願望能在世界頂級大學攻讀看似是不切實際。
[3] Desensitization.
[4] 見HKSAR v Chan Yiu-shing and others [2018] 1 HKLRD 421 Reasons for Sentence 第46及47段。
[5] 見HKSAR v Lui Fui CACC 237/2007的Reasons for Judgment第2、6及7段。
[6] 原文為“Although the questioned text in Para. 3 details the preparation of nitroglycerine, essential steps including desensitization and usage have not been included and thus its intended use, as alleged in Para. 1, would not be feasible owing to the highly unstable nature of the preparation.”
[7] 原文為“In view of the above, it would be an extremely risky undertaking in following the preparation steps in Para. 3 without any form of desensitization, which may result in casualties or more severe consequences.”
[8] 燒杯是玻璃容器。
[9] 見潘榕偉案「判案理由書」第41段。
[10] 見「獲承認事實」(證物P10)第3段。
[11] 伍文浩 DCCC 212/2021及許智傑 DCCC 1105/2020兩案均是區域法院的判刑,對本席沒有約束力;而伍文浩案的爆炸品殺傷力亦不及本案硝酸甘油。
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